微小尺度燃烧中淬熄距离和贫燃极限的研究
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摘要
微型推力器、微小能源或动力装置中高密度能量可通过在微小尺度空间组织燃烧获得。通过调研国内外相关研究工作,总结了微小尺度燃烧在新型能源环境下的重要意义,提出了微小尺度燃烧领域里存在的问题和挑战,并指出催化燃烧、多孔介质燃烧及二者相结合的技术是减小淬熄距离,提高贫燃熄火极限的最主要和最有效的手段。微小尺度燃烧研究具有重要的工程应用与学术价值。
建立了基于CHEMKIN和FLUENT平台的二维催化燃烧数值方法,并利用详细化学反应动力学机理,对CH_4/Air在Pt表面催化燃烧进行数值研究与模型验证。首先,在滞止流研究平台上,利用基于一维假设的Spin程序计算滞止点催化燃烧温度场,并获得与Deutschmann的计算一致的结果。引入气相反应后,对二维轴对称和一维模拟的催化燃烧火焰结构进行对比分析,验证了所建立的二维数值模型,同时考察滞止流一维假设的适用性。通过比较不同拉伸率的一维和二维计算结果,指出低拉伸率时必须考虑径向扩散;在高拉伸率时,温度和组分浓度一维特性较好。最后,为研究表面催化燃烧对淬熄距离和空间气相燃烧的影响,对微小尺度二维渐扩通道内表面的催化燃烧进行数值模拟。研究结果表明,表面催化能使气相燃烧稳定在更小尺寸的空间内,显著缩小淬熄距离。另外,表面催化燃烧能降低局部高温,减少热损失同时能有效提高燃料转化率,有利于在微小尺度空间组织更稳定的燃烧和减少污染物排放。
利用多孔介质燃烧技术设计了用作TPV热源的中空和非中空侧面辐射器、端面辐射器。侧面辐射器的辐射表面积较大,功率约为4kW的燃烧即可获得高达1000℃以上的辐射表面温度。功率为4.3kW时,最高辐照密度可达9kW/m~2;多孔介质内可组织大面积均匀燃烧,且温度均匀性好。功率一定时,低当量比可获得更好的辐射表面温度均匀性。功率4.3kW、当量比0.5时,辐射表面沿流向平均温度梯度为1.7℃/mm;回热能有效提高辐射温度和辐射效率,但易导致回火。与侧面辐射器相比,端面辐射器的辐射表面温度更高、更均匀,且便于PV电池安装和系统集成,但辐射面积小。端面辐射器的研究结果表明,最大相对温差小于3%;可实现最低当量比0.33的稳定可持续燃烧。实验工况下,两种辐射器的NO_x排放都低于25 PPM;当量比高于0.45时,CO排放均低于10 PPM。
为了研究辐射对小尺度贫燃料燃烧特性的影响,设计了带回热的小尺度燃烧器,实验研究了甲烷和丙烷两种燃料的小尺度燃烧特性、贫燃熄火极限、污染物排放等,并辅以数值手段分析燃烧温度和回热效率。实验结果显示,该燃烧器在热负荷为0.2~3.8kW范围内能长时间稳定燃烧。甲烷吹熄当量比为0.40,而丙烷为0.39;多数研究工况能保证NO_x排放约20PPM ,CO排放低于100PPM。利用双温度、等效热传导等模型建立的数值方法能很好地预测多孔介质和燃烧器壁面温度。数值计算结果表明,燃烧区域温度高达2000K,而回热后的烟气出口温度仅900K左右,长130mm的环形回热通道实现了约40%的回热效率,使得燃烧在极贫燃条件下仍然稳定。
Micro-thruster, miniature energy or power devices require high-density energy source, which can be obtained by mini-scale combustion. Via the review of related work at home and abroad, the importance of the mini-scale combustion for the future requirements of micro structure energy and power equipments was summarized, and its problems and challenges were also pointed out. Meanwhile, the catalytic combustion, combustion in porous media and a combination of both technologies were the most main and the most effective methods to reduce the quenching distance and expand lean extinction limit. Study on mini-scale combustion is very important for both engineering applications and academic research.
The 2D numerical method for catalytic combustion was developed based on CHEMKIN and FLUENT platform. Using detailed chemical kinetic mechanism, the catalytic combustion of CH_4/Air on Pt was numerical studied and the catalytic combustion models were validated. Firstly, on the platform of stagnation flow, the catalytic temperatures of the stagnation point calculated by 1D program Spin were compared with the Deutschmann’s calculations. Introducing gas phase reactions, the 2D axisymmetric simulation was compared with 1D simulation by analysising the flame structure, and the validation of the 2D numerical model and the applicability of 1D assumption were investigated. By comparion of the 1D and 2D calculations at several stretch rates (SR), it can be found the radial diffusion must be taken into consideration at low SR while the temperature and species distribution agreed well with 1D assumption at high SR. Finally, in order to study the effection of catalytic combustion on the quenching distance, combustion in the mini-scale 2D expanding channel was simulated. The results showed that the surface catalytic combustion stabilized the flame in a smaller space and significantly reduced the extinction distance. In addition, the surface catalytic combustion can reduce the local high temperature, reduce heat loss and improve the fuel conversion rate. It is conducive to organizing a more stable combustion within mini-scale space and reducing pollutant emissions.
Using porous medium combustion technology, a hollow and non-hollow side-face radiator and top-face radiator were designed as heat sources of TPV system. The side-face radiator has larger radiation surface area. The radiation temperature was above 1000℃at the firing power about 4kW. When the power was 4.3kW, the maximum radiation density reached up to 9kW/m~2. Combustion in porous media can be organized in large area with better temperature uniformity. For a given firing power, the better uniformity of surface radiation temperature can be obtained at low equivalence ratio. When the equivalence ratio was 0.5, the surface radiation temperature gradient was 1.7℃/mm at power of 4.3kW. Heat recuperation can improve the radiation temperature and the radiation efficiency. However, it easily led to flashing back. In contrast with the side-face radiator, the top-face radiator can obtain higher and more uniform radiative surface temperature and it is easily installed with PV cells for systems integration. However, the radiative surface area was smaller. Experimental results of the top-face radiator showed that the maximum relative temperature difference was less than 3% and a self-sustainable combustion was achieved at the lowest equivalence ratio of 0.33. For all experimental cases, the NO_x emissions in both radiators were less than 25 PPM; the CO emissions are lower than 10 PPM at the equivalence ratio higher than 0.45.
A mini-scale porous combustor with heat recuperation was designed. Both methane and propane combustion are experimentally investigated in terms of small scale combustion characteristic, lean extinction limit and low pollutant emissions. Research was assistanted by numerical method to study combustion temperature and heat recovery efficiency. Experimental results showed that a long time stable combustion can be maintained with the firing power in the range of 0.2 ~ 3.8kW. The lean extinction limit was 0.40 for the methane combustion, while 0.39 for the propane combustion. In most cases, the NO_x emission was about 20PPM and the CO emission was lower than 100PPM. Using two temperature model, effective thermal conductivity model, the established numerical method can well predict the porous media temperatures and the wall temperatures. Numerical results showed that the combustion zone temperatures reached up to 2000K, while the exhausts temperatures at the exit were lower than 900K. The 130mm-long annular channel achieved 40% of the thermal recycle efficiency, which made the ultra-lean combustion extremely stable.
建立了基于CHEMKIN和FLUENT平台的二维催化燃烧数值方法,并利用详细化学反应动力学机理,对CH_4/Air在Pt表面催化燃烧进行数值研究与模型验证。首先,在滞止流研究平台上,利用基于一维假设的Spin程序计算滞止点催化燃烧温度场,并获得与Deutschmann的计算一致的结果。引入气相反应后,对二维轴对称和一维模拟的催化燃烧火焰结构进行对比分析,验证了所建立的二维数值模型,同时考察滞止流一维假设的适用性。通过比较不同拉伸率的一维和二维计算结果,指出低拉伸率时必须考虑径向扩散;在高拉伸率时,温度和组分浓度一维特性较好。最后,为研究表面催化燃烧对淬熄距离和空间气相燃烧的影响,对微小尺度二维渐扩通道内表面的催化燃烧进行数值模拟。研究结果表明,表面催化能使气相燃烧稳定在更小尺寸的空间内,显著缩小淬熄距离。另外,表面催化燃烧能降低局部高温,减少热损失同时能有效提高燃料转化率,有利于在微小尺度空间组织更稳定的燃烧和减少污染物排放。
利用多孔介质燃烧技术设计了用作TPV热源的中空和非中空侧面辐射器、端面辐射器。侧面辐射器的辐射表面积较大,功率约为4kW的燃烧即可获得高达1000℃以上的辐射表面温度。功率为4.3kW时,最高辐照密度可达9kW/m~2;多孔介质内可组织大面积均匀燃烧,且温度均匀性好。功率一定时,低当量比可获得更好的辐射表面温度均匀性。功率4.3kW、当量比0.5时,辐射表面沿流向平均温度梯度为1.7℃/mm;回热能有效提高辐射温度和辐射效率,但易导致回火。与侧面辐射器相比,端面辐射器的辐射表面温度更高、更均匀,且便于PV电池安装和系统集成,但辐射面积小。端面辐射器的研究结果表明,最大相对温差小于3%;可实现最低当量比0.33的稳定可持续燃烧。实验工况下,两种辐射器的NO_x排放都低于25 PPM;当量比高于0.45时,CO排放均低于10 PPM。
为了研究辐射对小尺度贫燃料燃烧特性的影响,设计了带回热的小尺度燃烧器,实验研究了甲烷和丙烷两种燃料的小尺度燃烧特性、贫燃熄火极限、污染物排放等,并辅以数值手段分析燃烧温度和回热效率。实验结果显示,该燃烧器在热负荷为0.2~3.8kW范围内能长时间稳定燃烧。甲烷吹熄当量比为0.40,而丙烷为0.39;多数研究工况能保证NO_x排放约20PPM ,CO排放低于100PPM。利用双温度、等效热传导等模型建立的数值方法能很好地预测多孔介质和燃烧器壁面温度。数值计算结果表明,燃烧区域温度高达2000K,而回热后的烟气出口温度仅900K左右,长130mm的环形回热通道实现了约40%的回热效率,使得燃烧在极贫燃条件下仍然稳定。
Micro-thruster, miniature energy or power devices require high-density energy source, which can be obtained by mini-scale combustion. Via the review of related work at home and abroad, the importance of the mini-scale combustion for the future requirements of micro structure energy and power equipments was summarized, and its problems and challenges were also pointed out. Meanwhile, the catalytic combustion, combustion in porous media and a combination of both technologies were the most main and the most effective methods to reduce the quenching distance and expand lean extinction limit. Study on mini-scale combustion is very important for both engineering applications and academic research.
The 2D numerical method for catalytic combustion was developed based on CHEMKIN and FLUENT platform. Using detailed chemical kinetic mechanism, the catalytic combustion of CH_4/Air on Pt was numerical studied and the catalytic combustion models were validated. Firstly, on the platform of stagnation flow, the catalytic temperatures of the stagnation point calculated by 1D program Spin were compared with the Deutschmann’s calculations. Introducing gas phase reactions, the 2D axisymmetric simulation was compared with 1D simulation by analysising the flame structure, and the validation of the 2D numerical model and the applicability of 1D assumption were investigated. By comparion of the 1D and 2D calculations at several stretch rates (SR), it can be found the radial diffusion must be taken into consideration at low SR while the temperature and species distribution agreed well with 1D assumption at high SR. Finally, in order to study the effection of catalytic combustion on the quenching distance, combustion in the mini-scale 2D expanding channel was simulated. The results showed that the surface catalytic combustion stabilized the flame in a smaller space and significantly reduced the extinction distance. In addition, the surface catalytic combustion can reduce the local high temperature, reduce heat loss and improve the fuel conversion rate. It is conducive to organizing a more stable combustion within mini-scale space and reducing pollutant emissions.
Using porous medium combustion technology, a hollow and non-hollow side-face radiator and top-face radiator were designed as heat sources of TPV system. The side-face radiator has larger radiation surface area. The radiation temperature was above 1000℃at the firing power about 4kW. When the power was 4.3kW, the maximum radiation density reached up to 9kW/m~2. Combustion in porous media can be organized in large area with better temperature uniformity. For a given firing power, the better uniformity of surface radiation temperature can be obtained at low equivalence ratio. When the equivalence ratio was 0.5, the surface radiation temperature gradient was 1.7℃/mm at power of 4.3kW. Heat recuperation can improve the radiation temperature and the radiation efficiency. However, it easily led to flashing back. In contrast with the side-face radiator, the top-face radiator can obtain higher and more uniform radiative surface temperature and it is easily installed with PV cells for systems integration. However, the radiative surface area was smaller. Experimental results of the top-face radiator showed that the maximum relative temperature difference was less than 3% and a self-sustainable combustion was achieved at the lowest equivalence ratio of 0.33. For all experimental cases, the NO_x emissions in both radiators were less than 25 PPM; the CO emissions are lower than 10 PPM at the equivalence ratio higher than 0.45.
A mini-scale porous combustor with heat recuperation was designed. Both methane and propane combustion are experimentally investigated in terms of small scale combustion characteristic, lean extinction limit and low pollutant emissions. Research was assistanted by numerical method to study combustion temperature and heat recovery efficiency. Experimental results showed that a long time stable combustion can be maintained with the firing power in the range of 0.2 ~ 3.8kW. The lean extinction limit was 0.40 for the methane combustion, while 0.39 for the propane combustion. In most cases, the NO_x emission was about 20PPM and the CO emission was lower than 100PPM. Using two temperature model, effective thermal conductivity model, the established numerical method can well predict the porous media temperatures and the wall temperatures. Numerical results showed that the combustion zone temperatures reached up to 2000K, while the exhausts temperatures at the exit were lower than 900K. The 130mm-long annular channel achieved 40% of the thermal recycle efficiency, which made the ultra-lean combustion extremely stable.
引文
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