攀西矿业开发集中区生态环境遥感信息提取及生态安全评价研究
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摘要
随着世界人口的大量增加以及科学技术的迅猛发展,人类正以前所未有的规模和速度改变着全球生态环境,人地矛盾日趋尖锐,全球生态环境总体呈现恶化的趋势。在此形势下,生态安全研究现已成为地球科学、资源与环境科学、生态学等研究的前沿和重要领域,但目前关于生态安全研究的评价指标体系与评价方法还有待进一步深入,生态安全区域类型还有待进一步拓展与完善。
攀西地区是我国长江上游重要生态屏障,对维持四川乃至我国整体生态环境稳定具有重要作用。本区作为我国矿产重点开发区和特大型钢铁工业基地,长期大规模和超强度的矿产资源开发,在为国家建设和发展做出巨大贡献的同时,也因忽视环境影响造成了生态环境的破坏甚至生态失衡,严重影响着该区乃至四川、整个长江流域的社会安全以及国民经济的可持续发展。
本研究在综合分析前人研究成果基础上,采用3S技术,应用多类型、多时相和不同空间分辨率遥感图像,建立了一套实用的高精度矿业开发类型遥感图像解译标志,提出了矿业开发类型等目标物有效遥感信息提取的关键技术和方法。基于“压力-状态-响应”理论建立了一套科学实用的矿业开发区生态安全评价指标与标准体系;在此基础上,利用人工神经网络模型对攀西矿业开发集中区生态安全进行了客观评价和预警,研究成果对保障本区资源和生态环境安全具有重要的理论和实践意义,同时为国家、省市等有关部门制定该区生态环境保护和重建政策与规划提供了重要科学依据。
本论文取得的主要研究成果与创新认识如下:
(1)针对本矿业开发区地理、地质等特殊条件,应用多类型、多时相和不同空间分辨率遥感图像(TM、SPOT5、IKONOS等),通过遥感图像数字处理并结合野外现场调研,建立了一套实用的高精度矿业开发类型(采场、开采硐口、废石堆、煤矸石堆、尾矿库、排土场),地质灾害(泥石流、滑坡、地质灾害隐患),环境污染(水体污染、粉尘污染)等遥感图像解译标志。论述了应用多类型多时相高精度遥感图像进行上述目标物有效信息提取的关键技术和方法。
(2)在遥感与地理信息系统技术支持下,应用地学信息图谱理论与景观生态学理论,对研究区土地利用结构、土地利用空间格局、土地利用程度、景观空间结构进行了全面定量研究,为研究区生态安全评价提供基础数据和背景资料。
(3)针对研究区矿产资源开发集中的特点,基于压力-状态-响应(Pressure-State-Response,P-S-R)框架模型,建立了一套科学合理、实用性强的研究区生态安全评价指标与标准体系,为客观真实地评价研究区生态安全状况提供了理论基础。
(4)针对研究区生态安全状况与评价指标之间的非线性关系,本研究创新性地开展了基于人工神经网络模型进行研究区生态安全状况评价,人工神经网络模型的训练采用了SCE-UA算法,较好地克服了BP神经网络算法学习速度缓慢、难以收敛的缺陷,得到的研究区生态安全评价结果客观合理、可信度高。
研究表明,五种生态安全状态类型(安全状态、较安全状态、预警状态、较不安全状态、不安全状态)在研究区均有分布,其中较安全状态和预警状态两种类型主导着整个研究区的生态安全等级水平,生态安全状况总体上处于中游水平;研究区生态安全等级区域差异较明显,北部生态安全状况明显好于南部;矿产资源开发导致的土地资源被占用、植被破坏,地质灾害频发且隐患较多,环境污染问题突出是影响研究区生态安全、生态环境破坏的主导因素。
(5)本文创新性地开展了攀西矿业开发集中区生态安全研究,形成了一套从生态安全评价指标与标准体系建立、评价指标数据处理到评价模型的较为完整的区域生态安全评价理论体系和技术方法,为本区特别是类似矿业开发区生态安全研究提供了新的思路和方法。
With the substantial increase of world population and the rapid development of science and technology, the global ecological environment is being changed at an unprecedented scale and speed, the contradiction between the Earth and the human beings is increasingly acute, and the trend of the global ecological environment is deteriorating in general. However, the research on the ecological security evaluation index system and evaluation method has yet to be deepened, and the type of eco-security zone has yet to be further expansion and improvement.
Panxi area is the ecological barrier of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and it is one of an important region to maintain the ecological environment of Sichuan as well as the overall stability of our country. As a key mineral resources development region and a large iron and steel industrial base, Panxi area's development of mineral resources is in the long-term large-scale and super-strength. With great contributions to the country's construction and development, people's ignorance of environmental impact caused the ecological environment and even ecological imbalance damage, that not only the social development of the area but also the social security of Sichuan and entire Yangtze River basin will be impacted.
Based on the results of previous studies, using 3S technology, and selecting multi-type, multi-temporal and different spatial resolution remote sensing images, the interpreter marks of remote sensing of mining activities types were established, and effective remote sensing information extraction techniques and methods of the key types of mineral development were put forward. Based on the "Pressure- State-Response" framework model, a scientific and rational ecological security evaluation index and standard system of the study area was established. On this basis, this study took the evaluation of ecological security situation of the study area by using artificial neural network. The research results have important theoretical and practical significance to the protection of resources and the ecological environment security in this area, and provided an important scientific basis for the departments of the country or provinces' policy development about a region environmental protection and ecological reconstruction.
Through general-depth scientific research, this study drew the main conclusions and innovations as follows:
(1) According to the special geographical and geological characteristics of the mining zone, selecting multi-type, multi-temporal and different spatial resolution remote sensing images(TM, SPOTS, IKONOS, etc.), through remote sensing digital images processing and field research, the interpreter marks of remote sensing of mining activities types (stope, mining tunnel mouth, dumps, coal refuse pile, tailings), Geological disasters (mudslides, landslides and geological disasters risk), environmental pollution (water pollution, dust pollution) of study area were established. An effective remote sensing information extraction techniques and methods of information extraction of the above target by using high-precision multi-type multi-temporal remote sensing image were put forward.
(2)In supporting of remote sensing and geographic information systems technology, applying geo-information TuPu theory and of landscape ecology theory, a comprehensive quantitative study about land use structure, the spatial pattern of land use, the extent of land-use and landscape spatial structure of the study area was taken, which can provide the basic data and background information for ecological security evaluation of the study area.
(3) According to the characteristics of the study area whose development of mineral resources were focused, based on the Pressure-State-Response (P-S-R) framework model, a scientific and rational ecological security evaluation index and standard system of the study area was established, which provides a theoretical basis for an objective evaluation of the security situation of study area.
(4)For the non-linear relationship between the evaluation indicators and the ecological security situation in the study area, this study innovative took the evaluation of ecological security situation of the study area by using artificial neural network whose training used SCE-UA algorithm that well overcome the slow learning and difficult convergence of BP neural network algorithm. The results of Ecological security evaluation of study area were objective, reasonable and the credibility was high.
The studies have shown that, five types of eco-security status which were safe status, relatively safe status, early warning status, relatively insecurity status, and insecurity status are distributed in the whole study area. The ecological security levels of the study area were dominated by two types which were the relatively security status and early warning status, and the overall ecological security situation was in the middle level; The regional differences of ecological security level at the study area were more pronounced, and ecological security situation in the north is better than the south; The development of mineral resources make large number land resources has been occupied, vegetation has been destroyed, and frequent geological disasters, more potential risk, and environmental pollution problems became the dominant affecting factor of ecological security, ecological damage to the environment of the study area.
(5)This study carried out innovative research focused on ecological security of Panxi mining concentrated areas. A comprehensive theory of regional ecological security system and technology which included the establishment of ecological security evaluation index system and standards, processing of evaluation data and evaluation model were formed. New ideas and methods has provided for ecological security research of a region, particularly the mining zones.
攀西地区是我国长江上游重要生态屏障,对维持四川乃至我国整体生态环境稳定具有重要作用。本区作为我国矿产重点开发区和特大型钢铁工业基地,长期大规模和超强度的矿产资源开发,在为国家建设和发展做出巨大贡献的同时,也因忽视环境影响造成了生态环境的破坏甚至生态失衡,严重影响着该区乃至四川、整个长江流域的社会安全以及国民经济的可持续发展。
本研究在综合分析前人研究成果基础上,采用3S技术,应用多类型、多时相和不同空间分辨率遥感图像,建立了一套实用的高精度矿业开发类型遥感图像解译标志,提出了矿业开发类型等目标物有效遥感信息提取的关键技术和方法。基于“压力-状态-响应”理论建立了一套科学实用的矿业开发区生态安全评价指标与标准体系;在此基础上,利用人工神经网络模型对攀西矿业开发集中区生态安全进行了客观评价和预警,研究成果对保障本区资源和生态环境安全具有重要的理论和实践意义,同时为国家、省市等有关部门制定该区生态环境保护和重建政策与规划提供了重要科学依据。
本论文取得的主要研究成果与创新认识如下:
(1)针对本矿业开发区地理、地质等特殊条件,应用多类型、多时相和不同空间分辨率遥感图像(TM、SPOT5、IKONOS等),通过遥感图像数字处理并结合野外现场调研,建立了一套实用的高精度矿业开发类型(采场、开采硐口、废石堆、煤矸石堆、尾矿库、排土场),地质灾害(泥石流、滑坡、地质灾害隐患),环境污染(水体污染、粉尘污染)等遥感图像解译标志。论述了应用多类型多时相高精度遥感图像进行上述目标物有效信息提取的关键技术和方法。
(2)在遥感与地理信息系统技术支持下,应用地学信息图谱理论与景观生态学理论,对研究区土地利用结构、土地利用空间格局、土地利用程度、景观空间结构进行了全面定量研究,为研究区生态安全评价提供基础数据和背景资料。
(3)针对研究区矿产资源开发集中的特点,基于压力-状态-响应(Pressure-State-Response,P-S-R)框架模型,建立了一套科学合理、实用性强的研究区生态安全评价指标与标准体系,为客观真实地评价研究区生态安全状况提供了理论基础。
(4)针对研究区生态安全状况与评价指标之间的非线性关系,本研究创新性地开展了基于人工神经网络模型进行研究区生态安全状况评价,人工神经网络模型的训练采用了SCE-UA算法,较好地克服了BP神经网络算法学习速度缓慢、难以收敛的缺陷,得到的研究区生态安全评价结果客观合理、可信度高。
研究表明,五种生态安全状态类型(安全状态、较安全状态、预警状态、较不安全状态、不安全状态)在研究区均有分布,其中较安全状态和预警状态两种类型主导着整个研究区的生态安全等级水平,生态安全状况总体上处于中游水平;研究区生态安全等级区域差异较明显,北部生态安全状况明显好于南部;矿产资源开发导致的土地资源被占用、植被破坏,地质灾害频发且隐患较多,环境污染问题突出是影响研究区生态安全、生态环境破坏的主导因素。
(5)本文创新性地开展了攀西矿业开发集中区生态安全研究,形成了一套从生态安全评价指标与标准体系建立、评价指标数据处理到评价模型的较为完整的区域生态安全评价理论体系和技术方法,为本区特别是类似矿业开发区生态安全研究提供了新的思路和方法。
With the substantial increase of world population and the rapid development of science and technology, the global ecological environment is being changed at an unprecedented scale and speed, the contradiction between the Earth and the human beings is increasingly acute, and the trend of the global ecological environment is deteriorating in general. However, the research on the ecological security evaluation index system and evaluation method has yet to be deepened, and the type of eco-security zone has yet to be further expansion and improvement.
Panxi area is the ecological barrier of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and it is one of an important region to maintain the ecological environment of Sichuan as well as the overall stability of our country. As a key mineral resources development region and a large iron and steel industrial base, Panxi area's development of mineral resources is in the long-term large-scale and super-strength. With great contributions to the country's construction and development, people's ignorance of environmental impact caused the ecological environment and even ecological imbalance damage, that not only the social development of the area but also the social security of Sichuan and entire Yangtze River basin will be impacted.
Based on the results of previous studies, using 3S technology, and selecting multi-type, multi-temporal and different spatial resolution remote sensing images, the interpreter marks of remote sensing of mining activities types were established, and effective remote sensing information extraction techniques and methods of the key types of mineral development were put forward. Based on the "Pressure- State-Response" framework model, a scientific and rational ecological security evaluation index and standard system of the study area was established. On this basis, this study took the evaluation of ecological security situation of the study area by using artificial neural network. The research results have important theoretical and practical significance to the protection of resources and the ecological environment security in this area, and provided an important scientific basis for the departments of the country or provinces' policy development about a region environmental protection and ecological reconstruction.
Through general-depth scientific research, this study drew the main conclusions and innovations as follows:
(1) According to the special geographical and geological characteristics of the mining zone, selecting multi-type, multi-temporal and different spatial resolution remote sensing images(TM, SPOTS, IKONOS, etc.), through remote sensing digital images processing and field research, the interpreter marks of remote sensing of mining activities types (stope, mining tunnel mouth, dumps, coal refuse pile, tailings), Geological disasters (mudslides, landslides and geological disasters risk), environmental pollution (water pollution, dust pollution) of study area were established. An effective remote sensing information extraction techniques and methods of information extraction of the above target by using high-precision multi-type multi-temporal remote sensing image were put forward.
(2)In supporting of remote sensing and geographic information systems technology, applying geo-information TuPu theory and of landscape ecology theory, a comprehensive quantitative study about land use structure, the spatial pattern of land use, the extent of land-use and landscape spatial structure of the study area was taken, which can provide the basic data and background information for ecological security evaluation of the study area.
(3) According to the characteristics of the study area whose development of mineral resources were focused, based on the Pressure-State-Response (P-S-R) framework model, a scientific and rational ecological security evaluation index and standard system of the study area was established, which provides a theoretical basis for an objective evaluation of the security situation of study area.
(4)For the non-linear relationship between the evaluation indicators and the ecological security situation in the study area, this study innovative took the evaluation of ecological security situation of the study area by using artificial neural network whose training used SCE-UA algorithm that well overcome the slow learning and difficult convergence of BP neural network algorithm. The results of Ecological security evaluation of study area were objective, reasonable and the credibility was high.
The studies have shown that, five types of eco-security status which were safe status, relatively safe status, early warning status, relatively insecurity status, and insecurity status are distributed in the whole study area. The ecological security levels of the study area were dominated by two types which were the relatively security status and early warning status, and the overall ecological security situation was in the middle level; The regional differences of ecological security level at the study area were more pronounced, and ecological security situation in the north is better than the south; The development of mineral resources make large number land resources has been occupied, vegetation has been destroyed, and frequent geological disasters, more potential risk, and environmental pollution problems became the dominant affecting factor of ecological security, ecological damage to the environment of the study area.
(5)This study carried out innovative research focused on ecological security of Panxi mining concentrated areas. A comprehensive theory of regional ecological security system and technology which included the establishment of ecological security evaluation index system and standards, processing of evaluation data and evaluation model were formed. New ideas and methods has provided for ecological security research of a region, particularly the mining zones.
引文
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