多脉冲喷油模式的调制及其对柴油HCCI燃烧过程影响的研究
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摘要
均质压燃着火(HCCI)燃烧因具有实现高效率、低排放的潜力而成为国际内燃机界研究的热点。但在应用上仍有许多难题。对柴油HCCI燃烧过程而言,混合气形成过程和自燃着火过程的控制是其中的关键。有效的燃油喷射策略能减少燃油湿壁现象,控制均质混合气的形成,进而控制预混燃烧过程。本文提出了调制多脉冲燃油喷射技术,通过对喷油模式的调制实现了柴油均质压燃着火过程中预混速率、自燃着火速率和燃烧速率的控制,并有效扩展了HCCI发动机的负荷范围。
共轨式喷油器电磁阀具有高的电磁响应速度是实现多次燃油喷射策略的基础。采用直流110V高压驱动有助于保证电磁阀的高速响应特性。本文基于斩波升压电源的工作原理,开发了高性能的非隔离DC-DC升压型变换器,将直流24V升压到110V。并对Boost变换器驱动共轨式喷油器时的动态工作特性进行了创新性的研究。
本文创新提出并设计了调制多脉冲燃油喷射的电控开发系统。开发系统基于PC机丰富的硬件和软件资源,以中断控制技术为核心,通过软件的层次化设计和控制信号的逻辑合成,实现了对多脉冲喷射定时、脉冲喷射次数、控制脉宽和脉冲间隔的独立灵活地调制。
在电控开发系统的基础上,进行了典型喷油模式的调制。基于对组织HCCI燃烧过程的认识,设计并实现了如下四种典型喷油模式,交错式(SM)、驼峰式(HM)、递增式(PIM)和均衡式(EM)喷油模式,并开展了基于调制喷油模式的预混燃烧机理的研究。研究结果发现,通过调制喷油模式可以实现对预混燃烧着火速率和燃烧速率的控制。可以有多种喷油模式组织的预混燃烧实现接近于零的NOx和碳烟排放。但为了获得更高的HCCI燃烧的功率输出,喷油模式需要仔细地调制,多脉冲喷射次数、脉冲喷油量、脉冲喷油比例和喷油间隔是喷油模式调制的关键控制参数。
在拓展柴油HCCI燃烧工况的研究中,不同发动机转速1400、1600和1800rpm下,基于调制喷油模式的预混燃烧仍具有极低的NOx和碳烟排放。随着发动机转速升高,预混燃烧NOx排放轻微的恶化,预混合气可能出现较大的分层现象。此时调制的喷油模式,其后期脉冲喷油量应递减且减少单次喷油量。在高转速(如1800rpm)下,进气压力和喷油定时等参数对预混燃烧的影响减弱,喷油模式的调制更关键。
Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) is a promising combustion process that offers the potential for simultaneous reductions in NOx and PM emissions while has high thermal efficiency. However, for the diesel-fuel HCCI, there are still some critical problems that need to be solved. The low volatility of diesel fuel together with its tendency of auto-ignition attributed to high fuel cetane number makes it extremely difficult to form a homogeneous mixture, control the auto-ignition process and expand HCCI operation range. A fuel injection technology that can help homogeneous mixture formation without fuel wall impingement is in active demand.
In order to achieve the multi-stage fuel injection technique, it’s necessary to ensure the high-speed electro-magnet response of solenoid of the common rail (CR) injector. Under the drive voltage of 110V, the solenoid has the fastest open and close electro-magnet response. A high performance and noninsulated power supply unit that converts 24V of the battery to 110V was developed based on the operating principle of chopper boost. In addition, the characteristic of output voltage of the convertor was studied when it was used to drive the CR injector.
In this paper, modulated multi-pulse injection technology is firstly presented. Based on the PC computer resources of hardware and software, a multi-pulse injection modulation and control system was developed, which simplifies creation and management of the control signals of pulse width and dwell time and by which up to 10 pulses can be flexibly controlled. On the developed system, typical modulated injection modes such as staggered mode (SM), hump mode (HM), progressive increase mode (PIM) and even mode (EM) were designed and realized based on prejudgment of combustion requirement. At the engine speed of 1400rpm, with the typical injection modes, HCCI combustion got near zero NOx and smoke emissions. However, the injection mode must be carefully designed for higher power output. It was found that there were very critical control parameters including multi-pulse injection number, pulse injected fuel mass, pulse injected fuel ratio and dwell time of pulse injection.
The study of the expansion of HCCI operation range was also conducted. Under the different engine speeds, such as 1400,1600 and 1800 rpm, HCCI combustion organized by the modulated injection mode also got very low NOx and smoke emissions. However as the engine speed increases, NOx emissions become gradually worse. Therefore, athigher engine speeds, the fuel-air mixture appeared more serious stratification and the modulated injection mode should be getting reduced later injections. It was also found that the effects of intake pressure and injection timing on engine performance were reduced.
共轨式喷油器电磁阀具有高的电磁响应速度是实现多次燃油喷射策略的基础。采用直流110V高压驱动有助于保证电磁阀的高速响应特性。本文基于斩波升压电源的工作原理,开发了高性能的非隔离DC-DC升压型变换器,将直流24V升压到110V。并对Boost变换器驱动共轨式喷油器时的动态工作特性进行了创新性的研究。
本文创新提出并设计了调制多脉冲燃油喷射的电控开发系统。开发系统基于PC机丰富的硬件和软件资源,以中断控制技术为核心,通过软件的层次化设计和控制信号的逻辑合成,实现了对多脉冲喷射定时、脉冲喷射次数、控制脉宽和脉冲间隔的独立灵活地调制。
在电控开发系统的基础上,进行了典型喷油模式的调制。基于对组织HCCI燃烧过程的认识,设计并实现了如下四种典型喷油模式,交错式(SM)、驼峰式(HM)、递增式(PIM)和均衡式(EM)喷油模式,并开展了基于调制喷油模式的预混燃烧机理的研究。研究结果发现,通过调制喷油模式可以实现对预混燃烧着火速率和燃烧速率的控制。可以有多种喷油模式组织的预混燃烧实现接近于零的NOx和碳烟排放。但为了获得更高的HCCI燃烧的功率输出,喷油模式需要仔细地调制,多脉冲喷射次数、脉冲喷油量、脉冲喷油比例和喷油间隔是喷油模式调制的关键控制参数。
在拓展柴油HCCI燃烧工况的研究中,不同发动机转速1400、1600和1800rpm下,基于调制喷油模式的预混燃烧仍具有极低的NOx和碳烟排放。随着发动机转速升高,预混燃烧NOx排放轻微的恶化,预混合气可能出现较大的分层现象。此时调制的喷油模式,其后期脉冲喷油量应递减且减少单次喷油量。在高转速(如1800rpm)下,进气压力和喷油定时等参数对预混燃烧的影响减弱,喷油模式的调制更关键。
Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) is a promising combustion process that offers the potential for simultaneous reductions in NOx and PM emissions while has high thermal efficiency. However, for the diesel-fuel HCCI, there are still some critical problems that need to be solved. The low volatility of diesel fuel together with its tendency of auto-ignition attributed to high fuel cetane number makes it extremely difficult to form a homogeneous mixture, control the auto-ignition process and expand HCCI operation range. A fuel injection technology that can help homogeneous mixture formation without fuel wall impingement is in active demand.
In order to achieve the multi-stage fuel injection technique, it’s necessary to ensure the high-speed electro-magnet response of solenoid of the common rail (CR) injector. Under the drive voltage of 110V, the solenoid has the fastest open and close electro-magnet response. A high performance and noninsulated power supply unit that converts 24V of the battery to 110V was developed based on the operating principle of chopper boost. In addition, the characteristic of output voltage of the convertor was studied when it was used to drive the CR injector.
In this paper, modulated multi-pulse injection technology is firstly presented. Based on the PC computer resources of hardware and software, a multi-pulse injection modulation and control system was developed, which simplifies creation and management of the control signals of pulse width and dwell time and by which up to 10 pulses can be flexibly controlled. On the developed system, typical modulated injection modes such as staggered mode (SM), hump mode (HM), progressive increase mode (PIM) and even mode (EM) were designed and realized based on prejudgment of combustion requirement. At the engine speed of 1400rpm, with the typical injection modes, HCCI combustion got near zero NOx and smoke emissions. However, the injection mode must be carefully designed for higher power output. It was found that there were very critical control parameters including multi-pulse injection number, pulse injected fuel mass, pulse injected fuel ratio and dwell time of pulse injection.
The study of the expansion of HCCI operation range was also conducted. Under the different engine speeds, such as 1400,1600 and 1800 rpm, HCCI combustion organized by the modulated injection mode also got very low NOx and smoke emissions. However as the engine speed increases, NOx emissions become gradually worse. Therefore, athigher engine speeds, the fuel-air mixture appeared more serious stratification and the modulated injection mode should be getting reduced later injections. It was also found that the effects of intake pressure and injection timing on engine performance were reduced.
引文
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