海积软土力学特征与固化新技术研究
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摘要
本文阐述了天津滨海新区海积软土的特点、成因、工程力学性质和微观结构特征,分析了现有软土地基处理方法的适用条件和影响纯水泥固化软土强度的主要因素,提出了使用外掺剂改善水泥固化土物理化学环境并进而提高其强度的新理念,通过大量室内试验,研究出了两种新型固化剂。经实际工程应用,证实上述两种新型固化剂不但固化软土效果好,而且使用方便、经济效益好。同时,还从固化软土的微观结构和物理化学作用出发,探讨了新型固化剂的固化机理。
本文主要研究内容与成果如下:
1.分析了天津滨海新区海积软土的结构特征。发现区内海积软土均属结构性土,大港区结构性较强,塘沽区结构性较弱,而汉沽区在二者之间。在组构特征上,塘沽区软土属于典型的絮凝状结构,骨架松散,孔隙尺寸较大;汉沽区软土属于团粒-絮凝状结构,片状结构单元体以及粒状颗粒之间排列相对密实,而大港区软土与汉沽区类似,但单元体与颗粒之间排列更为紧密。组构特征的差异是三个区软土力学性质差异的主要原因。
2.将多重分形算法引入到海积软土微观结构研究中,发现孔隙多重分形谱特征参数f(α)_(max)可作为土质松散与密实的评价指标。f(α)_(max)值越高,土质越松散。
3.提出了一个能有效反映海积软土孔隙破损趋势的评价指标—孔隙结构因子(PSF),它综合反映了孔隙大小、形态、分布、定向性四方面的因素。孔隙结构因子越大,土体破坏的趋势越大,土的结构强度越低。
4.分析了影响天津滨海新区纯水泥固化土强度的主要因素,指出除了常见的因素之外,软土的含水量、有机质含量、PH值影响较大,主要表现在水泥土的强度随软土的含水量和有机质含量的增加和PH值的降低而减弱,故将其称为“水泥土强度弱化因子”,在滨海地区勘察时,要特别注意“水泥土强度弱化因子”的勘察测试,以便采取相应措施。
5.发现了水泥土搅拌法存在水泥饱和效应:当龄期相同时,随着掺灰量的增加,水泥固化土抗压强度有较明显的增加,并在某一最佳掺灰量时,水泥固化土强度达到最大,此后无论怎样增加含灰量都不能明显提高桩身强度和单桩极限承载力。水泥饱和现象的存在、发现和界定,可以在保证工程质量的前提下节省大量的资金,其经济意义不言而喻。
6.通过多地段、多孔位、多地层和多掺量的水泥土强度实验,提出了水泥土强度增长的各向异性问题。在掺入量和配合比相同的条件下,水泥土强度随龄期增长的规律在垂向上因各层土质不同或各层土的物理力学性质不同而有差异,即每层水泥土的强度增长是不同步的,它存在强度增长的纵向异性,如果地层在水平方向上变化较大,则由于土性在水平方向的较大差异,也可能使强度增长存在横向异性。水泥土强度增长的纵向异性和横向异性总称为强度增长的各向异性。水泥土存在的强度增长的各向异性,揭示了单桩桩身强度的差异性和单桩承载力及复合地基承载力的差异性。
7.研究出了新的软土固化剂:水泥+NaOH组合和水泥+Na_2CO_3组合,并经实验和工程实践证实经济有效,可以推广使用。
8.探讨了软土固化剂的固化机理,指出将NaOH和Na_2CO_3作为外掺剂加入水泥土中,可以使水泥土保持强碱性,使OH~-浓度增加,促使生成大量针状棒状或纤维状水化硅酸钙晶体,抑制了能产生膨胀作用的钙矾石的生成,同时有Ca(OH)_2晶体析出,它们共同构成土颗粒间和土颗粒表面的充填物和包裹物,使水泥土的孔隙明显减小,土体得到加固,强度得以提高。
This paper describes the characteristics, the formation mechanism, engineering mechanical properties and microstructure characteristics of marine soft soil in Tianjin Binhai new developed area. The existed applicable condition of ground treatment methods and the major factors that influence the intensity of soft soil solidified by cement are discussed and analyzed. For improving physical chemistry environment of soft soil, a new idea has been put forward, in which the soft soil can be solidified by cement with agents in addition. Two new curing agents were invented by a large number of laboratory tests.Through in-site application, it was found that the new curing agents not only have wonderful effects on solidifying soft soil but also can be used conveniently and economically. Meanwhile, the solidified mechanism of new curing agents has been discussed from the microstructure and physical chemistry reaction of the soft soil.The main results of this paper are as follows:
1. The structural characteristics of the soft soil in Tianjin Binhai new developed area have been analyzed. It is found that the soft soil in this area is all structural soil; in Dagang district it is relatively strong; in Tanggu district it is relatively weak; and in Hangu district it is located between the former two. In the aspect of fabric characteristic, the soft soil in Tanggu district belongs to the typical flocculent form structure. The skeleton of the soil is incompact and the pore is relatively large in size. The soft soil in Hangu district belongs to granule-flocculate form structure. Its unit body is slice structural and the granulous particles are relatively close-knit in tactic modality.The soft soil in Dagang district is similar to Hangu district, but it has closer arrangement between unit body and particle than the former one. The difference of the fabric structure characteristic is the main reason leading to the difference of mechanics property of soft soil among the three districts.
2. By introducing multi-fractals algorithm into a study of marine soft soil's microstructure, multi-fractals spectrum of pore characteristic parameters f(α)_(max) are found as evaluation indexes of the looseness and the compacity of the soft soil. The higher of the f(α)_(max) value, the looser of the soil.
3. An evaluation index which is a reflection of marine soft soil pore's breaking trend -pore structure factor (PSF) is proposed. PSF is a synthetical reflection of the pore's size, shape, distribution and directivity. The higher of the PSF' s value, the greater of the tendency of the soil to disrepair and the lower of the soil's structure intensity.
4. The major factors affecting the intensity of soil solidified by cement in Tianjin Binhai new developed area have been analysed. It is pointed out that water content, organic matter content and PH value of soft soil are key influencing factors besides common factors. It has been shown that the intensity of soil solidified by cement weakens with the increasement of moisture content and organic matter content , but weakens with the decreasement of the PH value. Therefore, all of them are called "the intensity of cement soil weakening factor". Special attention must be paid to the factors when making investigations in coast area so that some corresponding measures should be taken.
5. The cement saturation effect existing in mixing law of cement soil has been found: in the condition of the same age period, the compression strength of soil solidified by cement increases obviously with the increasement of cement adulterated content. At the same time, with the optimum cement content, the intensity of soil solidified by cement reaches the maximum value. As long as the cement adulterated content is over optimum content, the intensity of the pile and the ultimate bearing capacity of the single pile can't be improved obviously no matter how much of the increasing of the cement content. The economic meaning of existence, discovery, and confirmation of the saturated phenomenon of cement is self-evident because it plays an important role in saving a large amount of fund on the premise of guaranteeing the project quality.
6. The anisotropism of intensity increasement of cement soil has been put forward firstly by experimental study on the strength of soil-cement with different sites, multi-hole location, multi-stratum and different cement adulterated contents. In the condition of the same adulterating content and mixture ratio, the law of intensity increasement with age period of each layer varies with soil property and physical mechanical character. The growth of intensity of cement soil of each layer is out of step. It has vertical isometric in intensity increasement. If the stratums are veried different in horizontal direction, it has horizontal isometric possibly because of the great difference of soil property in horizontal direction. The vertical isometric and horizontal isometric of the intensity increasement of cement soil are called by a joint name anisotropic intensity increasement. This anisotropism indicates the otherness of intensity and bearing capability of single pile and bearing capability of compound-ground.
7. The new curing agents have been invented, which is the conjugate of cement with sodium hydroxide and combination of cement with sodium carbonate. According to the engineering application and practical experience, it was proved to be an effective and economical method and it should be spreading used.
8. The curing mechanism of curing agents in soft soil has been discussed. It is indicated that sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate as cement additives can make cement soil maintain strong alkalescence and increase concentrations of hydronium. It makes large amounts of hydrate calcium silicate crystals of needle-like rod-shaped or fibrous and inhibits the generation of calcic alum crystal which would bring expansile action, At the same time, it can separate out hydrate calcium. All of them constitute the filling and inclusions together among soil particles and on the surface of soil particles, which cut down the interstices of cement soil obviously. Therefore, soil mass has been reinforced, and its intensity has been improved.
本文主要研究内容与成果如下:
1.分析了天津滨海新区海积软土的结构特征。发现区内海积软土均属结构性土,大港区结构性较强,塘沽区结构性较弱,而汉沽区在二者之间。在组构特征上,塘沽区软土属于典型的絮凝状结构,骨架松散,孔隙尺寸较大;汉沽区软土属于团粒-絮凝状结构,片状结构单元体以及粒状颗粒之间排列相对密实,而大港区软土与汉沽区类似,但单元体与颗粒之间排列更为紧密。组构特征的差异是三个区软土力学性质差异的主要原因。
2.将多重分形算法引入到海积软土微观结构研究中,发现孔隙多重分形谱特征参数f(α)_(max)可作为土质松散与密实的评价指标。f(α)_(max)值越高,土质越松散。
3.提出了一个能有效反映海积软土孔隙破损趋势的评价指标—孔隙结构因子(PSF),它综合反映了孔隙大小、形态、分布、定向性四方面的因素。孔隙结构因子越大,土体破坏的趋势越大,土的结构强度越低。
4.分析了影响天津滨海新区纯水泥固化土强度的主要因素,指出除了常见的因素之外,软土的含水量、有机质含量、PH值影响较大,主要表现在水泥土的强度随软土的含水量和有机质含量的增加和PH值的降低而减弱,故将其称为“水泥土强度弱化因子”,在滨海地区勘察时,要特别注意“水泥土强度弱化因子”的勘察测试,以便采取相应措施。
5.发现了水泥土搅拌法存在水泥饱和效应:当龄期相同时,随着掺灰量的增加,水泥固化土抗压强度有较明显的增加,并在某一最佳掺灰量时,水泥固化土强度达到最大,此后无论怎样增加含灰量都不能明显提高桩身强度和单桩极限承载力。水泥饱和现象的存在、发现和界定,可以在保证工程质量的前提下节省大量的资金,其经济意义不言而喻。
6.通过多地段、多孔位、多地层和多掺量的水泥土强度实验,提出了水泥土强度增长的各向异性问题。在掺入量和配合比相同的条件下,水泥土强度随龄期增长的规律在垂向上因各层土质不同或各层土的物理力学性质不同而有差异,即每层水泥土的强度增长是不同步的,它存在强度增长的纵向异性,如果地层在水平方向上变化较大,则由于土性在水平方向的较大差异,也可能使强度增长存在横向异性。水泥土强度增长的纵向异性和横向异性总称为强度增长的各向异性。水泥土存在的强度增长的各向异性,揭示了单桩桩身强度的差异性和单桩承载力及复合地基承载力的差异性。
7.研究出了新的软土固化剂:水泥+NaOH组合和水泥+Na_2CO_3组合,并经实验和工程实践证实经济有效,可以推广使用。
8.探讨了软土固化剂的固化机理,指出将NaOH和Na_2CO_3作为外掺剂加入水泥土中,可以使水泥土保持强碱性,使OH~-浓度增加,促使生成大量针状棒状或纤维状水化硅酸钙晶体,抑制了能产生膨胀作用的钙矾石的生成,同时有Ca(OH)_2晶体析出,它们共同构成土颗粒间和土颗粒表面的充填物和包裹物,使水泥土的孔隙明显减小,土体得到加固,强度得以提高。
This paper describes the characteristics, the formation mechanism, engineering mechanical properties and microstructure characteristics of marine soft soil in Tianjin Binhai new developed area. The existed applicable condition of ground treatment methods and the major factors that influence the intensity of soft soil solidified by cement are discussed and analyzed. For improving physical chemistry environment of soft soil, a new idea has been put forward, in which the soft soil can be solidified by cement with agents in addition. Two new curing agents were invented by a large number of laboratory tests.Through in-site application, it was found that the new curing agents not only have wonderful effects on solidifying soft soil but also can be used conveniently and economically. Meanwhile, the solidified mechanism of new curing agents has been discussed from the microstructure and physical chemistry reaction of the soft soil.The main results of this paper are as follows:
1. The structural characteristics of the soft soil in Tianjin Binhai new developed area have been analyzed. It is found that the soft soil in this area is all structural soil; in Dagang district it is relatively strong; in Tanggu district it is relatively weak; and in Hangu district it is located between the former two. In the aspect of fabric characteristic, the soft soil in Tanggu district belongs to the typical flocculent form structure. The skeleton of the soil is incompact and the pore is relatively large in size. The soft soil in Hangu district belongs to granule-flocculate form structure. Its unit body is slice structural and the granulous particles are relatively close-knit in tactic modality.The soft soil in Dagang district is similar to Hangu district, but it has closer arrangement between unit body and particle than the former one. The difference of the fabric structure characteristic is the main reason leading to the difference of mechanics property of soft soil among the three districts.
2. By introducing multi-fractals algorithm into a study of marine soft soil's microstructure, multi-fractals spectrum of pore characteristic parameters f(α)_(max) are found as evaluation indexes of the looseness and the compacity of the soft soil. The higher of the f(α)_(max) value, the looser of the soil.
3. An evaluation index which is a reflection of marine soft soil pore's breaking trend -pore structure factor (PSF) is proposed. PSF is a synthetical reflection of the pore's size, shape, distribution and directivity. The higher of the PSF' s value, the greater of the tendency of the soil to disrepair and the lower of the soil's structure intensity.
4. The major factors affecting the intensity of soil solidified by cement in Tianjin Binhai new developed area have been analysed. It is pointed out that water content, organic matter content and PH value of soft soil are key influencing factors besides common factors. It has been shown that the intensity of soil solidified by cement weakens with the increasement of moisture content and organic matter content , but weakens with the decreasement of the PH value. Therefore, all of them are called "the intensity of cement soil weakening factor". Special attention must be paid to the factors when making investigations in coast area so that some corresponding measures should be taken.
5. The cement saturation effect existing in mixing law of cement soil has been found: in the condition of the same age period, the compression strength of soil solidified by cement increases obviously with the increasement of cement adulterated content. At the same time, with the optimum cement content, the intensity of soil solidified by cement reaches the maximum value. As long as the cement adulterated content is over optimum content, the intensity of the pile and the ultimate bearing capacity of the single pile can't be improved obviously no matter how much of the increasing of the cement content. The economic meaning of existence, discovery, and confirmation of the saturated phenomenon of cement is self-evident because it plays an important role in saving a large amount of fund on the premise of guaranteeing the project quality.
6. The anisotropism of intensity increasement of cement soil has been put forward firstly by experimental study on the strength of soil-cement with different sites, multi-hole location, multi-stratum and different cement adulterated contents. In the condition of the same adulterating content and mixture ratio, the law of intensity increasement with age period of each layer varies with soil property and physical mechanical character. The growth of intensity of cement soil of each layer is out of step. It has vertical isometric in intensity increasement. If the stratums are veried different in horizontal direction, it has horizontal isometric possibly because of the great difference of soil property in horizontal direction. The vertical isometric and horizontal isometric of the intensity increasement of cement soil are called by a joint name anisotropic intensity increasement. This anisotropism indicates the otherness of intensity and bearing capability of single pile and bearing capability of compound-ground.
7. The new curing agents have been invented, which is the conjugate of cement with sodium hydroxide and combination of cement with sodium carbonate. According to the engineering application and practical experience, it was proved to be an effective and economical method and it should be spreading used.
8. The curing mechanism of curing agents in soft soil has been discussed. It is indicated that sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate as cement additives can make cement soil maintain strong alkalescence and increase concentrations of hydronium. It makes large amounts of hydrate calcium silicate crystals of needle-like rod-shaped or fibrous and inhibits the generation of calcic alum crystal which would bring expansile action, At the same time, it can separate out hydrate calcium. All of them constitute the filling and inclusions together among soil particles and on the surface of soil particles, which cut down the interstices of cement soil obviously. Therefore, soil mass has been reinforced, and its intensity has been improved.
引文
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