中高层大气气辉辐射研究
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摘要
中高层大气作为地球大气的重要组成部分,同时受到低层大气和大气圈之外的空间环境和空间条件的影响。在该区域内存在着多种光学现象和动力学过程。气辉是该区域内的重要光学现象之一。气辉是处于激发态的大气分子或者原子跃迁到较低能态是辐射出来的一定波长的光。因此,气辉辐射强度依赖于光化学辐射机制。此外,辐射强度还受到大气组分密度和大气动力学的影响。气辉因此而成为研究辐射区域内的大气组分密度、温度、以及能量和物质输送的重要工具。气辉研究中的一个基础课题是气辉辐射的光化学模式。光化学模式具有预报功能,但是理论模式的建立是以实验为基础的,它的正确与否最终要靠实验检验。因此,本论文有两个研究重点:研究气辉辐射的光化学模式及其应用;分析处理气辉辐射的实验观测资料。
气辉辐射的光化学模式分析,气辉辐射光化学模式在中高层大气研究中的应用主要包括以下内容:
1.详细分析了OH夜气辉辐射的光化学模式,探讨了反应HO_2 +O→OH(v≤6)+O_2对OH Meinel带夜气辉辐射中的振动带-转动带的影响。结果证明这个反应对初始振动能级低于7的振-转带的贡献很大,并且贡献随着初始振动能级的降低而增大。
2.本文首次通过将模式计算得到的O_2夜气辉辐射率的高度-纬度分布与搭载在TIMED卫星上的SABER探测仪测量得到的相比较,研究O_2(1.27μm)夜气辉辐射的光化学模式。结果表明:反应O + O + M→O_2(Δ) + M和OH~* + O_2→O_2(Δ) + OH在O_2(1.27μm)夜气辉辐射中起着重要作用。其中,前者是88km以上高度范围内的O_2 (1.27μm)夜气辉辐射的主要源,后者是88km以下高度范围内的O_2 (1.27μm)夜气辉辐射的主要源。
3. OH夜气辉辐射率高度分布剖面常被用于反演MLT区域内的原子氧密度高度分布剖面,反演时,输入参数的测量误差将对反演结果产生影响。在许多实际应用中,输入参数的测量误差对反演结果的影响还没有被全面地分析。本文对这种误差进行了系统的估算,找出其测量误差对反演结果影响最大的参数,这为在将来的实验中应精确测量哪些参数提供理论依据。
4.建立了利用单一OI558nm夜气辉辐射强度反演MLT区域原子氧密度峰值的方法。由于我们观测OI558nm夜气辉强度的历史比较悠久,已拥有长期、多经、纬度上的大量OI558nm夜气辉强度的观测资料,这种方法的建立有助于从OI558nm夜气辉强度的时间和空间大尺度变化特征中提取出MLT区域原子氧密度峰值的相应时、空尺度的变化特征。
此外,我们依据该方法,利用位于52°N地区的地基观测站在2000-2004年期间观测到的OI558nm夜气辉强度估算原子氧密度的峰值,分析了原子氧密度峰值的夜间变化特征和季节变化特征。
在气辉辐射实验观测数据的分析处理方面,所做的主要工作如下:
1.分析了2000-2004年期间,位于(52°N,103°E)地区的ISTP SD RAS的地球物理观测站地基测量得到的OI558nm和OI630nm气辉辐射强度的夜间变化特征和季节变化特征。
2.统计分析了2000-2004年期间,ISTP SD RAS的地球物理观测站测量得到的OI558nm和OI630nm两种气辉强度的夜间变化特征之间的相关性。结果表明,二者之间有一定程度的相关性,相关系数在0.7-0.9之间的夜晚数占总夜晚数的比例最高,并且正相关的几率大于负相关的。由于在中纬地区,OI558nm气辉辐射层主要位于E区,OI630nm气辉辐射层主要位于F区,因此,可以利用两种气辉辐射之间的相关性研究E区和F区之间的耦合关系。
3.分析了SABER在2002-2007年间测量得到的O2(1.27μm),OH(1.6μm)和OH(2.0μm)气辉辐射随时间、纬度和高度的统计特征。结果之一是,在夜间,三种辐射率的峰高(峰值所处的高度,下同)最小值都出现在赤道处,并且在中纬地区,冬季半球的峰高低于夏季半球的。
4.利用SABER在2002-2007年间的测量资料,借助LS谱分析方法和谐波拟合法分析了大气温度、密度、O2(1.27μm)、OH(1.6μm)和OH(2.0μm)气辉辐射中的长周期波动特征和非周期变化特征。主要结果有:在这5个参数中,最强的波动是年变化和半年变化,此外,在赤道附近,大气温度、密度、以及夜间平均OH1.6气辉辐射和OH2.0气辉辐射的峰值和峰高中存在准两年变化特征。在纬度较高的中纬地区,气辉辐射的峰值和峰高中的年变化特征具有南、北半球反对称性。在赤道处,夜间平均OH1.6气辉和夜间平均OH2.0气辉辐射率峰高降低时,峰值增大。
The middle and upper atmosphere, as an important part of atmosphere of the earth, is affected by lower atmosphere as well as the space environment and space condition of outside earth atmosphere. In this region,there are many photochemical phenomena and dynamical processes. One of the photochemical phenomena is airglow. When excited atmospheric molecule or atom transmits to lower level, the light with some wavelength will emit. The light is referred to as airglow. The intensity of airglow depends on the photochemical emission mechanism, as well as the density and the dynamics of the atmosphere. Airglow is therefore a powerful tool in investigations of atmosoheric composition, temperature, and density in the emission region, and mass and energy movements to or from this region. A fundamental project in the study on airglow is the photochemical model for airglow emission. Photochemical model can predict the intensity of airglow. However, most theoretical models are founded on the basis of observation. The theoretical model is eventually tested and verified by observation. Therefore, the thesis has two emphases: investigate the photochemical model for airglow and its application; analyse and process the observational data for airglow.
The researches on photochemical model and its application are composed of following contents.
1. The thesis detailly analyse the photochemical model for OH nightglow emission and investigate the contribution of reaction HO_2 +O→OH(v≤6)+O_2 on the vibrational-rotational bands in OH Meinel band nightglow emission. The results indicate that the reaction has large contribution to the vibrational- rotational bands with initial vibrational level less than 7. Furthermore, the lower the initial vibrational level, the larger the contribution of the reaction.
2. In this thesis, the photochemical model for O_2(1.27μm) nightglow is studied by comparing the height-latitude distributions of O_2 nightglow emission respectively calculated from model and observed by SABER. The results indicate that the most important reactions about O_2 nightglow emission are O + O + M→O_2(Δ)+ M and OH~* + O_2→O_2(Δ) + OH. The former is the main resource of O_2 nightglow above 88km and the latter is the main resource below 88km.
3. OH nightglow emission rate is ofen used to infer the atomic oxygen density in the MLT region. However, the uncertainties of input parameters will affect the derived atomic oxygen density. In practical inversion, the inversion uncertainty due to the uncertainties of input parameters is not yet analysed completely. We systematically estimate the inversion uncertainties and find the papameters, the uncertainties of which have large contributions to inversion uncertainty. This is helpful to decide which parameters should be measured more accurately in the future.
4. A method to derive the peak of the vertical distribution of atomic oxygen density in the MLT region is developed. This method changes the history that the intensities of three nightglow emissions must be measured simultaneously in order to derive the atomic oxygen density by using groundbased observation method. Because the intensity of OI558nm nightglow has been observed by many observatories at different latitudes and longitudes for many years, we have plenty of data for OI558nm nightglow. Our method is useful for extracting the longterm, large size spacial variation in the peak of atomic oxygen density.
Using the method, we derive the peak density of atomic oxygen from the intensity of OI558nm nightglow observed at 52°N during 2000-2004. The nocturnal variation and seasonal variation in the peak density are analysed.
The analyses on observational data of airglow emission maily include:
1. We analyse the nocturnal and seasonal variations in the intensities of OI558nm nightglow and OI630nm nightglow observed by the geophysical observatory of ISTP SD RAS during 2000-2004.The observatory is situated at 52°N, 103°E.
2. We analyse the correlation between the intensity of OI558nm nightglow and intensity of OI630nm nightglow observed by the geophysical observatory of ISTP SD RAS during 2000-2004. The results indicate they are correlative. The night number that correlation coefficient is between 0.7-0.9 is large and the probability for positive correlation is larger than that for negative correlation. The correlation between the two intensities reflects the coupling between E region and F region because the OI558nm nightglow emission layer is mainly situated in E region and the OI630nm nightglow emission layer is mainly situated in F region at middle latitude.
3. The spacial and temporal distribution features of O_2(1.27μm)airglow, OH(1.6μm)aiglow and OH(2.0μm)airglow observed by SABER during 2002-2007 are analysed statistially. One of the results shows that the lowerest peak heights of three airglow emissions are all at equator, the peak heights at middle latitudes at winter hemisphere is lower than those at summer hemisphere.
4. We analyse the long term periodic variation and nonperiodic variation in atmospheric temperature, density, O_2(1.27μm) airglow, OH(1.6μm)airglow and OH(2.0μm)airlow observed by SABER during 2002-2007 using Lomb-Scargle periodogram method and harmonic fit method. The results indicate that the strongest variations in these five paprameters are AO and SAO. Near equator, QBO in temperature, density, and peaks and peak heights of night average OH(1.6μm)airglow emission and night average OH(2.0μm)airglow emission near is strong. The AO in the peaks and peak heights of night average OH(1.6μm)airglow emission and night average OH(2.0μm)airglow emission at southern hemisphere is antisymmetric with that at northern hemisphere. At equator, the peaks of OH(1.6μm)airglow emission and OH(2.0μm)airglow emission increase with the peak heights decreasing.
气辉辐射的光化学模式分析,气辉辐射光化学模式在中高层大气研究中的应用主要包括以下内容:
1.详细分析了OH夜气辉辐射的光化学模式,探讨了反应HO_2 +O→OH(v≤6)+O_2对OH Meinel带夜气辉辐射中的振动带-转动带的影响。结果证明这个反应对初始振动能级低于7的振-转带的贡献很大,并且贡献随着初始振动能级的降低而增大。
2.本文首次通过将模式计算得到的O_2夜气辉辐射率的高度-纬度分布与搭载在TIMED卫星上的SABER探测仪测量得到的相比较,研究O_2(1.27μm)夜气辉辐射的光化学模式。结果表明:反应O + O + M→O_2(Δ) + M和OH~* + O_2→O_2(Δ) + OH在O_2(1.27μm)夜气辉辐射中起着重要作用。其中,前者是88km以上高度范围内的O_2 (1.27μm)夜气辉辐射的主要源,后者是88km以下高度范围内的O_2 (1.27μm)夜气辉辐射的主要源。
3. OH夜气辉辐射率高度分布剖面常被用于反演MLT区域内的原子氧密度高度分布剖面,反演时,输入参数的测量误差将对反演结果产生影响。在许多实际应用中,输入参数的测量误差对反演结果的影响还没有被全面地分析。本文对这种误差进行了系统的估算,找出其测量误差对反演结果影响最大的参数,这为在将来的实验中应精确测量哪些参数提供理论依据。
4.建立了利用单一OI558nm夜气辉辐射强度反演MLT区域原子氧密度峰值的方法。由于我们观测OI558nm夜气辉强度的历史比较悠久,已拥有长期、多经、纬度上的大量OI558nm夜气辉强度的观测资料,这种方法的建立有助于从OI558nm夜气辉强度的时间和空间大尺度变化特征中提取出MLT区域原子氧密度峰值的相应时、空尺度的变化特征。
此外,我们依据该方法,利用位于52°N地区的地基观测站在2000-2004年期间观测到的OI558nm夜气辉强度估算原子氧密度的峰值,分析了原子氧密度峰值的夜间变化特征和季节变化特征。
在气辉辐射实验观测数据的分析处理方面,所做的主要工作如下:
1.分析了2000-2004年期间,位于(52°N,103°E)地区的ISTP SD RAS的地球物理观测站地基测量得到的OI558nm和OI630nm气辉辐射强度的夜间变化特征和季节变化特征。
2.统计分析了2000-2004年期间,ISTP SD RAS的地球物理观测站测量得到的OI558nm和OI630nm两种气辉强度的夜间变化特征之间的相关性。结果表明,二者之间有一定程度的相关性,相关系数在0.7-0.9之间的夜晚数占总夜晚数的比例最高,并且正相关的几率大于负相关的。由于在中纬地区,OI558nm气辉辐射层主要位于E区,OI630nm气辉辐射层主要位于F区,因此,可以利用两种气辉辐射之间的相关性研究E区和F区之间的耦合关系。
3.分析了SABER在2002-2007年间测量得到的O2(1.27μm),OH(1.6μm)和OH(2.0μm)气辉辐射随时间、纬度和高度的统计特征。结果之一是,在夜间,三种辐射率的峰高(峰值所处的高度,下同)最小值都出现在赤道处,并且在中纬地区,冬季半球的峰高低于夏季半球的。
4.利用SABER在2002-2007年间的测量资料,借助LS谱分析方法和谐波拟合法分析了大气温度、密度、O2(1.27μm)、OH(1.6μm)和OH(2.0μm)气辉辐射中的长周期波动特征和非周期变化特征。主要结果有:在这5个参数中,最强的波动是年变化和半年变化,此外,在赤道附近,大气温度、密度、以及夜间平均OH1.6气辉辐射和OH2.0气辉辐射的峰值和峰高中存在准两年变化特征。在纬度较高的中纬地区,气辉辐射的峰值和峰高中的年变化特征具有南、北半球反对称性。在赤道处,夜间平均OH1.6气辉和夜间平均OH2.0气辉辐射率峰高降低时,峰值增大。
The middle and upper atmosphere, as an important part of atmosphere of the earth, is affected by lower atmosphere as well as the space environment and space condition of outside earth atmosphere. In this region,there are many photochemical phenomena and dynamical processes. One of the photochemical phenomena is airglow. When excited atmospheric molecule or atom transmits to lower level, the light with some wavelength will emit. The light is referred to as airglow. The intensity of airglow depends on the photochemical emission mechanism, as well as the density and the dynamics of the atmosphere. Airglow is therefore a powerful tool in investigations of atmosoheric composition, temperature, and density in the emission region, and mass and energy movements to or from this region. A fundamental project in the study on airglow is the photochemical model for airglow emission. Photochemical model can predict the intensity of airglow. However, most theoretical models are founded on the basis of observation. The theoretical model is eventually tested and verified by observation. Therefore, the thesis has two emphases: investigate the photochemical model for airglow and its application; analyse and process the observational data for airglow.
The researches on photochemical model and its application are composed of following contents.
1. The thesis detailly analyse the photochemical model for OH nightglow emission and investigate the contribution of reaction HO_2 +O→OH(v≤6)+O_2 on the vibrational-rotational bands in OH Meinel band nightglow emission. The results indicate that the reaction has large contribution to the vibrational- rotational bands with initial vibrational level less than 7. Furthermore, the lower the initial vibrational level, the larger the contribution of the reaction.
2. In this thesis, the photochemical model for O_2(1.27μm) nightglow is studied by comparing the height-latitude distributions of O_2 nightglow emission respectively calculated from model and observed by SABER. The results indicate that the most important reactions about O_2 nightglow emission are O + O + M→O_2(Δ)+ M and OH~* + O_2→O_2(Δ) + OH. The former is the main resource of O_2 nightglow above 88km and the latter is the main resource below 88km.
3. OH nightglow emission rate is ofen used to infer the atomic oxygen density in the MLT region. However, the uncertainties of input parameters will affect the derived atomic oxygen density. In practical inversion, the inversion uncertainty due to the uncertainties of input parameters is not yet analysed completely. We systematically estimate the inversion uncertainties and find the papameters, the uncertainties of which have large contributions to inversion uncertainty. This is helpful to decide which parameters should be measured more accurately in the future.
4. A method to derive the peak of the vertical distribution of atomic oxygen density in the MLT region is developed. This method changes the history that the intensities of three nightglow emissions must be measured simultaneously in order to derive the atomic oxygen density by using groundbased observation method. Because the intensity of OI558nm nightglow has been observed by many observatories at different latitudes and longitudes for many years, we have plenty of data for OI558nm nightglow. Our method is useful for extracting the longterm, large size spacial variation in the peak of atomic oxygen density.
Using the method, we derive the peak density of atomic oxygen from the intensity of OI558nm nightglow observed at 52°N during 2000-2004. The nocturnal variation and seasonal variation in the peak density are analysed.
The analyses on observational data of airglow emission maily include:
1. We analyse the nocturnal and seasonal variations in the intensities of OI558nm nightglow and OI630nm nightglow observed by the geophysical observatory of ISTP SD RAS during 2000-2004.The observatory is situated at 52°N, 103°E.
2. We analyse the correlation between the intensity of OI558nm nightglow and intensity of OI630nm nightglow observed by the geophysical observatory of ISTP SD RAS during 2000-2004. The results indicate they are correlative. The night number that correlation coefficient is between 0.7-0.9 is large and the probability for positive correlation is larger than that for negative correlation. The correlation between the two intensities reflects the coupling between E region and F region because the OI558nm nightglow emission layer is mainly situated in E region and the OI630nm nightglow emission layer is mainly situated in F region at middle latitude.
3. The spacial and temporal distribution features of O_2(1.27μm)airglow, OH(1.6μm)aiglow and OH(2.0μm)airglow observed by SABER during 2002-2007 are analysed statistially. One of the results shows that the lowerest peak heights of three airglow emissions are all at equator, the peak heights at middle latitudes at winter hemisphere is lower than those at summer hemisphere.
4. We analyse the long term periodic variation and nonperiodic variation in atmospheric temperature, density, O_2(1.27μm) airglow, OH(1.6μm)airglow and OH(2.0μm)airlow observed by SABER during 2002-2007 using Lomb-Scargle periodogram method and harmonic fit method. The results indicate that the strongest variations in these five paprameters are AO and SAO. Near equator, QBO in temperature, density, and peaks and peak heights of night average OH(1.6μm)airglow emission and night average OH(2.0μm)airglow emission near is strong. The AO in the peaks and peak heights of night average OH(1.6μm)airglow emission and night average OH(2.0μm)airglow emission at southern hemisphere is antisymmetric with that at northern hemisphere. At equator, the peaks of OH(1.6μm)airglow emission and OH(2.0μm)airglow emission increase with the peak heights decreasing.
引文
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Mikhalev A V, Medvedeva I V, Beletsky A B, Kazimirovsky E S. An investigation of the upper atmospheric optical radiation in the line of atomic oxygen 557.7nm in East Siberia. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 2001, 63:865-868.
Mikhalev A V, Medvdeva I V, Kazimirovsky E S, Potapov A S. Seasonal variation of upper-atmospheric emission in the atomic oxygen 558nm line over east Siberia. Adv. Space Res., 2003, 32(9):1787-1792
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Mlynczak M G, Olander D S. On the utility of the molecular oxygen dayglow emissions as proxies for middle atmospheric ozone. Geophys.Res.Lett.,1995, 22(11): 1377-1380
Mlynczak M G, Solomon S, Zaras D S. An updated model for O_2(a~1Δ_g) concentrations in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere and implications for remote sensing of ozone at 1.27μm. J. Geophy. Res. 1993, 98(D10):18639-18648.
Narayanan et al. Dayglow photometry- a new approach, Appl Opt, 1989(28):2138 Navin P. Mesosphere-Lower thermoshere-ionosphere coupling inferred from OH(7-2) band,OI557.7nm and OI630nm nightglow at Kolhapur(16.8N, 74.2E) India. Cospar, 2006
Nelson Jr D D, Schiffman A, Nesbitt D J, et al. H+O_3 Fourier-transform infrared emission and laser absorption studies of OH(X 2Π) radical: An experimental dipole moment function and state-to-state Einstein A coefficients. J. Chem. Phys.. 1990, 93(10): 7003-7019
Noxon J F, Vallance Jones A. Observation of the (0,0) band of the (1 g - 3 -g) system of oxygen in the day and twilight airglow. Nature, 1962(196):157-158
Petttdidier M, Teitelbaum H. Lower thermosphere emission ans tides. Planet. Space Sci., 25:711-721.
Ramachandra R V, Kulkani P V. Covariation of 6300 A and 5577 A emissions in tropical night airglow and the emission of 5577 A. from the F-region, Ann. Geophys., 1974. 30(2): 291-300
Rao M N M and Murty G S N. A new method of deducing the atomic oxygen density profiles in the lower thermosphere using ground-based night airglow observations. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 1981, 43:1253-1264
Rayleigh L. The light of the night sky: Its intensity variation when analysed by colour filters Proc Roy Soc(London), 1924(A106):117-137
Rayleigh L. The light of the night sky: Its intensity variation when analysed by colour filters. II. Proc Roy Soc(London),1925(A109):428-444
Reed E I and Chandra S. The Global Characteristics of Atmospheric Emission in the Lower Thermosphere and Their Aeronomic Implications. J.Geophys. Res., 1975, 80:3053-3062
Rensberger K J, Jeffries J B, Crosley D R. Vibrational relaxation of OH(XΠ_(i,v) = 2). J.Chem.Phys.,1989. 90(4): 2174-2181
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