重庆市喀斯特山地农耕区水土流失特征及其影响因素分析
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摘要
重庆市喀斯特生态脆弱区与广西的平原喀斯特和贵州的高原喀斯特不同,有其自身特点,地貌成“一山两槽一岭”特征,即碳酸盐岩出露区溶蚀成槽谷,非碳酸盐岩区溶蚀弱,形成山岭。重庆喀斯特生态环境的形成与其自身的地质、地貌和社会经济背景密切相关。其生态脆弱性主要体现在:地表缺水,干旱严重;水土流失严重,土层瘠薄,灰岩裸露,石漠化严重;植被稀少,而且植被一旦遭到破坏就很难恢复。治理工作应在实践的基础上,科学地吸收其他地区的成功经验,不能生搬硬套。因此,因地制宜,探索适合当地实际情况的科学治理途径任务紧迫,有必要进行重庆市喀斯特生态脆弱区综合治理方面的攻关研究。其治理技术和经验不仅对解决重庆市生态脆弱区环境问题具有重要的指导作用,而且在川东、黔东北、川南和湘鄂西都具有广泛的适用性和推广价值。
本研究的天气数据采用当地气象站2008年实测降雨数据,并结合2002-2007年南川区气象局降雨数据进行分析。同时利用微型径流小区对重庆市南川区本渡河流域进行了野外自然降雨观测,观测期为2007年10月至2008年10月,在长达一年的暴雨观测中,研究了林地、5°坡耕地、坡改梯地和10°坡耕地的水土流失特征及其影响因素,主要分析了降雨因子、植被因子、地形因子和人为因子对该喀斯特地区的水土流失影响作用,研究结果表明:
1对研究区2002-2008年七年的降雨分析表明:降雨量100mm＜P＜200mm的有5月、6月、7月和8月,占总降雨量的58.2%,即研究区降雨量主要分布在5-8月,这一段时间也是该区域的汛期。从降雨次数来看,七年均以次降雨量P＜25mm的降雨为主(占总降雨次数的75.8%)。综合七年三个雨量级数据分析,P＜25的降雨量占37.5%、25＜P＜50的降雨量占25.9%、P＞50的降雨量占36.6%。所以研究区主要以次降雨量P＞50mm和次降雨量＜25mm的降雨为主。降雨历时t＜12h的降雨次数占总次数的43.4%,大于12～24h和24h的27.6%和29.1%。降雨量t＜12h、12～24h和24h分别为36.5%、30.4%和33.1%,t＜12h最大,24h降雨量次之。故主要以历时t＜12h的降雨次数最多,降雨量则以t＜12h和t＞24h为主要来源。按平均降雨强度量级分,2002-2008年研究区主要以降雨强度I＜5mm/h的降雨为主,分别占当年总降雨次数的86.7%、87.0%、89.8%、87.1%、91.4%、92.6%和88.9%,七年平均为88.9%;按I_(30)量级分,2002-2008年以I_(30)＜10mm/h的降雨次数最多,分别占当年总降雨次数的70.7%、70.4%、76.3%、72.6%、74.1%、68.5%和79.4%,七年平均为73.2%;降雨次数以大雨和暴雨为主;同时降雨量大雨为41.1%、暴雨为28.4%、大暴雨为19.7、特大暴雨为10.7%;在降雨特征值之间,除侵蚀性降雨量P与最大30分钟雨强(I_(30))之间的相关性不显著外,其他各特征值之间均达到极显著水平。
2本研究对微型径流小区径流进行了分析。在相同降雨条件下,4种地类的径流量、径流深和径流系数均呈明显的趋势,即林地＜坡改梯地＜5°坡耕地＜10°坡耕地,由此表明,耕地坡度增大,径流量随之增大。同时坡耕地与坡改梯地径流量相近,并与林地径流差异明显,以林地径流最小。试验观测中,由于农作物生长茂盛,植被覆盖率增加,对降雨拦蓄作用加强,起到了一定的水土保持作用。农业耕作对土壤的翻耕、踩压和施肥等会改变土壤物理、化学性质,影响土壤的水土保持作用,增大了农耕地水土流失。研究表明:耕地侵蚀性降雨量与径流量表现为极显著的相关关系。产生径流的两个必不可少的条件是要有足够量的降雨量且达到能够侵蚀土壤的强度。降雨侵蚀力R_(30)就是反映I_(30)和降雨量的综合指标,与径流量具有显著或极显著的相关关系,能更准确、合理的预测径流量。
3对微型径流小区泥沙流失量的分析表明:相同降雨条件下,泥沙流失量大小顺序为:林地＜坡改梯地＜5°坡耕地＜10°坡耕地,在大雨量时泥沙量呈梯级增大趋势;小雨量时,10°坡耕地产流产沙明显,坡改梯地或未见产流产沙,表明坡度越大产流产沙过程提前。坡耕地侵蚀过程包括降雨溅击和径流冲刷引起的土壤分离、泥沙输移和沉积3大过程。农业作物能拦蓄雨水,改变径流减少泥沙,同时也减小雨滴溅蚀,改变降雨形态降低了土壤侵蚀量。影响不同土地利用类型林地泥沙流失量的主要因素是侵蚀性降雨量、降雨侵蚀力和径流量(RD),三者与泥沙流失量相关性大小依次为径流量、侵蚀性降雨量和降雨侵蚀力。径流是泥沙流失的载体,对泥沙流失量的影响最大,同时,泥沙流失量还受降雨因子的综合影响。降雨直接影响径流的产生,而降雨侵蚀力反映的是侵蚀性降雨量和泥沙流失量的综合作用。本研究中,四种土地利用类型中除林地外,其他三种土地利用类型的侵蚀性降雨量、降雨侵蚀力和径流量均与泥沙流失量表现为极显著的相关关系。
4对微型径流小区的土壤含水量的分析表明:在相同降雨条件下,土壤含水量大小顺序为:5°坡耕地＞坡改梯地＞10°坡耕地＞林地。5°坡耕地、10°坡耕地、坡改梯地土壤含水量相近,并与林地土壤含水量差异明显;同时,随降雨量增大,土壤含水量有小幅增加的趋势。林地土壤含水量偏小,是由于该区林地土壤板结、土壤持水量小、渗透性差。农耕地土壤含水量偏高,其原因应该是种植了农作物的耕地,由于耕作和作物的影响,土壤孔隙度增加,使得土质变得疏松多孔,增强和保持降水对土壤的渗透性能和蓄水能力,并使降水进入土壤中的范围更加深广,同时由于该区林地土壤板结、土壤持水量小、渗透性差,林地土壤含水量偏低,使得耕地土壤含水量相对更高。随着降雨量的增加,各地类土壤蓄水量也随之增加,说明研究区产流方式主要是蓄满产流,即在土壤蓄水量达饱和后才会产生径流。当然在暴雨和大暴雨的情况下,雨水来不及渗入土壤就产生径流,就会以超渗产流为主。
The characteristic of Chongqing Karst areas,which is different with the plains karst of Guangxi and the plateau Karst of Guizhou,has its own characteristics.The carbonate rocks solution into the open valley area,non-carbonate rocks weak solution to form a mountain.Chongqing,the formation of karst eco-environment with its own geological, geomorphological and socio-economic background are closely related.There are some ecological vulnerability which lack of Surface water and which became drought;there are some serious soil erosion and soil barren,it also exposed limestone,the rocky desertification becaome seriously;scarce vegetation,and destruction of vegetation as soon as it is difficult to restore.Governance in practice should be based on science to absorb the successful experiences of other regions can not be applied mechanically. According to the actual conditions,it explore the actual situation for the local governance of science and the urgency of the task means,there is a need for ecologically fragile karst of Chongqing area of the key aspects of the comprehensive management of research.Its management skills and experience not only to solve the ecologically fragile areas of Chongqing environmental issues which play an important guiding role, but also in Sichuan,northeastern Guizhou,southern Sichuan,and Hunan,Hubei,the West area has a wide range of applicability and the promotion of the value.
In this study,micro-runoff plots in Nanchuan of Chongqing city of the MuDu river basin for natural rainfall field observations,observation period from October 2007 to October 2008,the study of woodland and three arable land(5 degrees sloping land,Have governance land,10 degrees sloping land) the soil characteristics and its influencing factors,The main analysis of the rainfall factor,vegetation factor,terrain factor and human factor of soil erosion in the Karst region effect,results showed as follows:
1.The study area for seven years,2002-2008 years rainfall analysis showed that: Rainfall between 100mm to 200mm of May,June,July and August,accounting for 58.2 percent of the total rainfall,rainfall in the study area are mainly distributed in May to August,this time of the flood season is in the region.Views from the rainfall,the rainfall in seven years are less than 25mm of rainfall-based(number of total rainfall of 75.8%).Seven three-level integrated rainfall data analysis,the rainfall which is less than 25mm accounted for 37.5%,the rainfall which between 25mm to 50mm accounted for 25.9%,the rainfall which is more than 50mm accounted for 36.6%of the rainfall.An inferior race,so the main study area rainfall which is more than 50mm and sub rainfall which is less than 25mm of rainfall-based.Rainfall duration(t<12h) accounted for 43.4 percent of the total number,more than 12～24h and 24h of 27.6% and 29.1%.Rainfall duration which is less than 12h,12～24h and 24h were 36.5%,30.4%and 33.1%,t<12h as the rainfall duration is the largest,24h rainfall followed.It is mainly long t<12h number of rainfall,while rainfall in less than 12h and more than 24h for the main source.Average rainfall intensity in accordance with sub-scale study,2002-2008 mainly to rainfall intensity which is more than 5mm/h mainly rainfall,total rainfall was accounted for 86.7% frequency,87.0%,89.8%,87.1%,91.4%,92.6%and 88.9%,88.9%an average of seven years;I_(30) order of magnitude by 2002-2008 years I_(30)<10mm/h rainfall number,respectively,the total rainfall was accounted for 70.7% frequency,70.4%,76.3%,72.6%,74.1%,68.5%and 79.4%,73.2%an average of seven years;the number of rainfall mainly to heavy rain and storms;rainfall in heavy rain at the same time 41.1%,28.4%for the heavy rain,heavy rain for the 19.7,10.7%for the heavy rainfall;between eigenvalues in the rain,with the exception of erosive rainfall P and the maximum 30-minute rainfall intensity(I_(30)) the correlation between the non-significant,the other between the characteristic values are extremely significant level.
2.Analysis the runoff of micro-runoff plots in this study,results showed as follows:Rainfall in the same conditions,the 4 categories of runoff showed a clear trend:Woodland＜Have governance land＜5 degrees sloping land＜10 degrees sloping land.This shows that the slope of cultivated land increased runoff increases.At the same time to have governance land and sloping land with similar runoff,with obvious differences in forest runoff, woodland runoff to a minimum.Study observation,because of the growth of lush crops,vegetation cover increased,strengthening the role of storing rainfall,soil and water conservation has played a certain role.Agricultural practices on soil tillage,fertilization,such as foot pressure and change of soil physical,chemical nature of the role of the impact of soil water and soil conservation,increased soil erosion of agricultural land.Erosion of arable land and rainfall runoff showed a significant correlation. Runoff have two essential conditions are sufficient to meet the volume of rainfall and the strength of the soil to erosion.R_(30) is the rainfall erosivity and rainfall I_(30) reflects the composite indicator,and the runoff has a significant or very significant correlation between the more accurate and reasonable projections runoff.
3.Analysis the amount of soil erosion of micro-runoff plots in this study,results showed as follows:In the same rainfall conditions,the order of the sediment loss is: Woodland＜Have governance land＜5 degrees sloping land＜10 degrees sloping land. Sediment in the amount of rainfall when the trend was increasing steps;when small rainfall,10°slope farmland runoff and sediment yield obvious Have governance land no runoff and sediment yield,indicating that the greater the slope ahead of runoff,and sediment yield process.In this study,four types of land-use types,in addition to forest land,the other three land-use types of erosive rainfall,rainfall erosivity and runoff and sediment loss in both the performance of highly significant correlation.
4.Analysis the soil moisture content of micro-runoff plots in this study,results showed as follows:In the same rainfall conditions,the order of soil moisture content is: 5 degrees sloping land＞Have governance land＞10 degrees sloping land＞woodland.Have governance land and 5 degrees sloping land and degrees sloping land are similar in Soil moisture content,have obvious differences in soil moisture content with woodland.At the same time,with increased rainfall,soil moisture slightly increasing trend.Low soil moisture,forest area as a result of soil compaction,soil water holding capacity of small,poor permeability.Farmland soil moisture high,the reason should be cultivated crops planted,due to the impact of farming and crop,soil porosity to increase,making loose porous soil,and enhance and maintain the infiltration of precipitation on soil properties and water storage capacity and precipitation into the soil in the scope of a more deep,at the same time zone as a result of soil compaction,soil water holding capacity of small,poor permeability,low soil moisture content,the relatively higher soil water content.With the increase in rainfall,soil water storage capacity around the type of increases shows that the study area is mainly runoff out of Maximum field capacity,that is saturated in the soil water storage capacity will be generated after the runoff.Of course,in heavy rain and heavy rain,the rain water into the soil could have a run-off on the will to Ultra runoff infiltration mainly.
本研究的天气数据采用当地气象站2008年实测降雨数据,并结合2002-2007年南川区气象局降雨数据进行分析。同时利用微型径流小区对重庆市南川区本渡河流域进行了野外自然降雨观测,观测期为2007年10月至2008年10月,在长达一年的暴雨观测中,研究了林地、5°坡耕地、坡改梯地和10°坡耕地的水土流失特征及其影响因素,主要分析了降雨因子、植被因子、地形因子和人为因子对该喀斯特地区的水土流失影响作用,研究结果表明:
1对研究区2002-2008年七年的降雨分析表明:降雨量100mm＜P＜200mm的有5月、6月、7月和8月,占总降雨量的58.2%,即研究区降雨量主要分布在5-8月,这一段时间也是该区域的汛期。从降雨次数来看,七年均以次降雨量P＜25mm的降雨为主(占总降雨次数的75.8%)。综合七年三个雨量级数据分析,P＜25的降雨量占37.5%、25＜P＜50的降雨量占25.9%、P＞50的降雨量占36.6%。所以研究区主要以次降雨量P＞50mm和次降雨量＜25mm的降雨为主。降雨历时t＜12h的降雨次数占总次数的43.4%,大于12～24h和24h的27.6%和29.1%。降雨量t＜12h、12～24h和24h分别为36.5%、30.4%和33.1%,t＜12h最大,24h降雨量次之。故主要以历时t＜12h的降雨次数最多,降雨量则以t＜12h和t＞24h为主要来源。按平均降雨强度量级分,2002-2008年研究区主要以降雨强度I＜5mm/h的降雨为主,分别占当年总降雨次数的86.7%、87.0%、89.8%、87.1%、91.4%、92.6%和88.9%,七年平均为88.9%;按I_(30)量级分,2002-2008年以I_(30)＜10mm/h的降雨次数最多,分别占当年总降雨次数的70.7%、70.4%、76.3%、72.6%、74.1%、68.5%和79.4%,七年平均为73.2%;降雨次数以大雨和暴雨为主;同时降雨量大雨为41.1%、暴雨为28.4%、大暴雨为19.7、特大暴雨为10.7%;在降雨特征值之间,除侵蚀性降雨量P与最大30分钟雨强(I_(30))之间的相关性不显著外,其他各特征值之间均达到极显著水平。
2本研究对微型径流小区径流进行了分析。在相同降雨条件下,4种地类的径流量、径流深和径流系数均呈明显的趋势,即林地＜坡改梯地＜5°坡耕地＜10°坡耕地,由此表明,耕地坡度增大,径流量随之增大。同时坡耕地与坡改梯地径流量相近,并与林地径流差异明显,以林地径流最小。试验观测中,由于农作物生长茂盛,植被覆盖率增加,对降雨拦蓄作用加强,起到了一定的水土保持作用。农业耕作对土壤的翻耕、踩压和施肥等会改变土壤物理、化学性质,影响土壤的水土保持作用,增大了农耕地水土流失。研究表明:耕地侵蚀性降雨量与径流量表现为极显著的相关关系。产生径流的两个必不可少的条件是要有足够量的降雨量且达到能够侵蚀土壤的强度。降雨侵蚀力R_(30)就是反映I_(30)和降雨量的综合指标,与径流量具有显著或极显著的相关关系,能更准确、合理的预测径流量。
3对微型径流小区泥沙流失量的分析表明:相同降雨条件下,泥沙流失量大小顺序为:林地＜坡改梯地＜5°坡耕地＜10°坡耕地,在大雨量时泥沙量呈梯级增大趋势;小雨量时,10°坡耕地产流产沙明显,坡改梯地或未见产流产沙,表明坡度越大产流产沙过程提前。坡耕地侵蚀过程包括降雨溅击和径流冲刷引起的土壤分离、泥沙输移和沉积3大过程。农业作物能拦蓄雨水,改变径流减少泥沙,同时也减小雨滴溅蚀,改变降雨形态降低了土壤侵蚀量。影响不同土地利用类型林地泥沙流失量的主要因素是侵蚀性降雨量、降雨侵蚀力和径流量(RD),三者与泥沙流失量相关性大小依次为径流量、侵蚀性降雨量和降雨侵蚀力。径流是泥沙流失的载体,对泥沙流失量的影响最大,同时,泥沙流失量还受降雨因子的综合影响。降雨直接影响径流的产生,而降雨侵蚀力反映的是侵蚀性降雨量和泥沙流失量的综合作用。本研究中,四种土地利用类型中除林地外,其他三种土地利用类型的侵蚀性降雨量、降雨侵蚀力和径流量均与泥沙流失量表现为极显著的相关关系。
4对微型径流小区的土壤含水量的分析表明:在相同降雨条件下,土壤含水量大小顺序为:5°坡耕地＞坡改梯地＞10°坡耕地＞林地。5°坡耕地、10°坡耕地、坡改梯地土壤含水量相近,并与林地土壤含水量差异明显;同时,随降雨量增大,土壤含水量有小幅增加的趋势。林地土壤含水量偏小,是由于该区林地土壤板结、土壤持水量小、渗透性差。农耕地土壤含水量偏高,其原因应该是种植了农作物的耕地,由于耕作和作物的影响,土壤孔隙度增加,使得土质变得疏松多孔,增强和保持降水对土壤的渗透性能和蓄水能力,并使降水进入土壤中的范围更加深广,同时由于该区林地土壤板结、土壤持水量小、渗透性差,林地土壤含水量偏低,使得耕地土壤含水量相对更高。随着降雨量的增加,各地类土壤蓄水量也随之增加,说明研究区产流方式主要是蓄满产流,即在土壤蓄水量达饱和后才会产生径流。当然在暴雨和大暴雨的情况下,雨水来不及渗入土壤就产生径流,就会以超渗产流为主。
The characteristic of Chongqing Karst areas,which is different with the plains karst of Guangxi and the plateau Karst of Guizhou,has its own characteristics.The carbonate rocks solution into the open valley area,non-carbonate rocks weak solution to form a mountain.Chongqing,the formation of karst eco-environment with its own geological, geomorphological and socio-economic background are closely related.There are some ecological vulnerability which lack of Surface water and which became drought;there are some serious soil erosion and soil barren,it also exposed limestone,the rocky desertification becaome seriously;scarce vegetation,and destruction of vegetation as soon as it is difficult to restore.Governance in practice should be based on science to absorb the successful experiences of other regions can not be applied mechanically. According to the actual conditions,it explore the actual situation for the local governance of science and the urgency of the task means,there is a need for ecologically fragile karst of Chongqing area of the key aspects of the comprehensive management of research.Its management skills and experience not only to solve the ecologically fragile areas of Chongqing environmental issues which play an important guiding role, but also in Sichuan,northeastern Guizhou,southern Sichuan,and Hunan,Hubei,the West area has a wide range of applicability and the promotion of the value.
In this study,micro-runoff plots in Nanchuan of Chongqing city of the MuDu river basin for natural rainfall field observations,observation period from October 2007 to October 2008,the study of woodland and three arable land(5 degrees sloping land,Have governance land,10 degrees sloping land) the soil characteristics and its influencing factors,The main analysis of the rainfall factor,vegetation factor,terrain factor and human factor of soil erosion in the Karst region effect,results showed as follows:
1.The study area for seven years,2002-2008 years rainfall analysis showed that: Rainfall between 100mm to 200mm of May,June,July and August,accounting for 58.2 percent of the total rainfall,rainfall in the study area are mainly distributed in May to August,this time of the flood season is in the region.Views from the rainfall,the rainfall in seven years are less than 25mm of rainfall-based(number of total rainfall of 75.8%).Seven three-level integrated rainfall data analysis,the rainfall which is less than 25mm accounted for 37.5%,the rainfall which between 25mm to 50mm accounted for 25.9%,the rainfall which is more than 50mm accounted for 36.6%of the rainfall.An inferior race,so the main study area rainfall which is more than 50mm and sub rainfall which is less than 25mm of rainfall-based.Rainfall duration(t<12h) accounted for 43.4 percent of the total number,more than 12～24h and 24h of 27.6% and 29.1%.Rainfall duration which is less than 12h,12～24h and 24h were 36.5%,30.4%and 33.1%,t<12h as the rainfall duration is the largest,24h rainfall followed.It is mainly long t<12h number of rainfall,while rainfall in less than 12h and more than 24h for the main source.Average rainfall intensity in accordance with sub-scale study,2002-2008 mainly to rainfall intensity which is more than 5mm/h mainly rainfall,total rainfall was accounted for 86.7% frequency,87.0%,89.8%,87.1%,91.4%,92.6%and 88.9%,88.9%an average of seven years;I_(30) order of magnitude by 2002-2008 years I_(30)<10mm/h rainfall number,respectively,the total rainfall was accounted for 70.7% frequency,70.4%,76.3%,72.6%,74.1%,68.5%and 79.4%,73.2%an average of seven years;the number of rainfall mainly to heavy rain and storms;rainfall in heavy rain at the same time 41.1%,28.4%for the heavy rain,heavy rain for the 19.7,10.7%for the heavy rainfall;between eigenvalues in the rain,with the exception of erosive rainfall P and the maximum 30-minute rainfall intensity(I_(30)) the correlation between the non-significant,the other between the characteristic values are extremely significant level.
2.Analysis the runoff of micro-runoff plots in this study,results showed as follows:Rainfall in the same conditions,the 4 categories of runoff showed a clear trend:Woodland＜Have governance land＜5 degrees sloping land＜10 degrees sloping land.This shows that the slope of cultivated land increased runoff increases.At the same time to have governance land and sloping land with similar runoff,with obvious differences in forest runoff, woodland runoff to a minimum.Study observation,because of the growth of lush crops,vegetation cover increased,strengthening the role of storing rainfall,soil and water conservation has played a certain role.Agricultural practices on soil tillage,fertilization,such as foot pressure and change of soil physical,chemical nature of the role of the impact of soil water and soil conservation,increased soil erosion of agricultural land.Erosion of arable land and rainfall runoff showed a significant correlation. Runoff have two essential conditions are sufficient to meet the volume of rainfall and the strength of the soil to erosion.R_(30) is the rainfall erosivity and rainfall I_(30) reflects the composite indicator,and the runoff has a significant or very significant correlation between the more accurate and reasonable projections runoff.
3.Analysis the amount of soil erosion of micro-runoff plots in this study,results showed as follows:In the same rainfall conditions,the order of the sediment loss is: Woodland＜Have governance land＜5 degrees sloping land＜10 degrees sloping land. Sediment in the amount of rainfall when the trend was increasing steps;when small rainfall,10°slope farmland runoff and sediment yield obvious Have governance land no runoff and sediment yield,indicating that the greater the slope ahead of runoff,and sediment yield process.In this study,four types of land-use types,in addition to forest land,the other three land-use types of erosive rainfall,rainfall erosivity and runoff and sediment loss in both the performance of highly significant correlation.
4.Analysis the soil moisture content of micro-runoff plots in this study,results showed as follows:In the same rainfall conditions,the order of soil moisture content is: 5 degrees sloping land＞Have governance land＞10 degrees sloping land＞woodland.Have governance land and 5 degrees sloping land and degrees sloping land are similar in Soil moisture content,have obvious differences in soil moisture content with woodland.At the same time,with increased rainfall,soil moisture slightly increasing trend.Low soil moisture,forest area as a result of soil compaction,soil water holding capacity of small,poor permeability.Farmland soil moisture high,the reason should be cultivated crops planted,due to the impact of farming and crop,soil porosity to increase,making loose porous soil,and enhance and maintain the infiltration of precipitation on soil properties and water storage capacity and precipitation into the soil in the scope of a more deep,at the same time zone as a result of soil compaction,soil water holding capacity of small,poor permeability,low soil moisture content,the relatively higher soil water content.With the increase in rainfall,soil water storage capacity around the type of increases shows that the study area is mainly runoff out of Maximum field capacity,that is saturated in the soil water storage capacity will be generated after the runoff.Of course,in heavy rain and heavy rain,the rain water into the soil could have a run-off on the will to Ultra runoff infiltration mainly.
引文
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