四川盆周西南部退耕还林区不同植被模式土壤入渗及蓄水特性
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摘要
四川省低山丘陵区降水的时空分布极不均匀,暴雨和季节性干早的频繁发生,导致水土流失和土地生产力下降是限制当地农林业发展的主要原因。1998年,该区实施退耕还林工程。土壤入渗过程是流域水文循环的重要组成部分,深入剖析盆地西南山地丘陵区土壤入渗特性和涵养水源功能是认识该区土壤侵蚀规律的基础。为选择适合该研究区的退耕还林(草)模式,对四川洪雅县退耕还林区3种植被模式(光皮桦林、苦竹林、撑绿杂交竹林)并以农耕地作为对照的土壤入渗过程、土壤物理性质进行定位观测研究。在不同植被模式的径流场内,选择有代表性的地点安设渗透筒(d=20cm),三次重复,采集土壤样品分析。通过近4年对土壤初渗率、稳渗率、累计入渗容量和径流量以及土壤贮水能力等方面研究,并选择适合的入渗模型,模拟土壤水入渗过程,探讨不同植被模式土壤的水文物理特性,揭示不同植被模式的水土保持功能,以实测数据为依据确定最适合该区退耕还林植被模式。在该研究区内,得出以下主要研究结果。
1不同植被模式森林土壤的非毛管持水量均大于农耕地,随时间推移,土壤孔隙状况有一定改善。除撑绿杂交竹林模式外,各植被模式土壤的有效蓄水容量为农耕地的1.6～2.1倍。非毛管持水量和有效蓄水容量皆以苦竹林模式最大,光皮桦林模式次之。
2苦竹林模式和光皮桦林模式的初渗率随时间推移而增长,光皮桦林模式的稳渗率同样增加,而撑绿杂交竹林模式的初渗率和稳渗率均明显下降,农耕地初渗率增加,稳渗率却下降。不同植被模式及农耕地土壤初渗率和稳渗率的顺序为苦竹林＞光皮桦林＞农地对照＞撑绿杂交竹林。
3 2003年,不同植被模式及农耕地的土壤累计入渗容量为苦竹林＞农耕地＞撑绿杂交竹林＞光皮桦林。到2006年,不同植被模式及农耕地的土壤累计入渗容量是苦竹林模式最大,光皮桦林模式次之,说明苦竹林模式能有效地削弱地表径流,减少地表水土流失;光皮桦林模式在试验初期阶段土壤持水和渗透能力为所有植被模式中最差的一种,但随着植被生长,其土壤渗透能力明显超过农耕地和撑绿杂交竹林模式,仅次于苦竹林地,对土壤的改良作用日渐增强;撑绿杂交竹林模式土壤持水和渗透能力随着植被的生长出现明显下降,小于光皮桦林模式和农耕地。
4 2003年,地表径流量光皮桦林＞农耕地＞撑绿杂交竹林＞苦竹林,到2006年,地表径流量则是农耕地＞撑绿杂交竹林＞光皮桦林＞苦竹林。说明光皮桦林对土壤具有良好的改良作用。苦竹林模式和撑绿杂交竹林模式的入渗性能出现下降,地表径流量有增加的趋势。
5根据4年的数据对三种入渗模型进行拟合,根据决定系数.选择最适合于该地区的Kostiakov3参数模型f=at~(-n)+b(b=f_0t)。以20CM土层的土壤温度(X_1)、土壤表层初始含水率(X_2)、土壤底层初始含水率(X_3)、土壤非毛管孔隙度为(X_4)、土壤总孔隙度(X_5)、土壤砂粒含量(X_6)、土壤物理性粘粒含量(X_7)、土壤粗粉粒含量(X_8)等8个因子为自变量,180分钟累计入渗容量为因变量,建立土壤水分累计入渗容量模型,预测180分钟累计入渗容量H_(180)。根据Kostiakov3参数模型对入渗过程进行模拟。方法一:根据以上8个常规土壤水文物理参数观测值对Kostiakov入渗模型的3个参数a、n、b作出预报,则对土壤入渗过程做出预报,建立相应的入渗模型。方法二:通过以上建立的模型预测180分钟累计入渗容量H_(180)、入渗系数b、入渗指数n,以确定入渗系数a,建立适宜该区不同植被的土壤入渗模型,以预测预报不同植被模式的水土保持效益。6土壤渗透能力是土壤水源涵养功能的重要指标之一,与土壤理化性质、土温及土壤含水率等有关。在一定降雨强度条件下,水分充分进入土壤贮存或形成地下径流,减少地表径流。另一方面,退耕还林措施对土壤性质有一定的改良作用,并且随着林龄的增加,这种作用逐渐增强,反映在渗透曲线形状的改变,即使是同一种土壤,由于受植被类型的影响,土壤物理性质也会存在较大差异。综合比较不同植被模式同一时刻土壤渗透性、土壤贮水性等土壤水文物理性质改变程度,以苦竹林模式最佳,光皮桦林模式次之,撑绿杂交竹林模式较差。因此,苦竹林模式是现今最适合的植被模式。
Because,rainwater distribute uneven in hilly of Sichuan.Rainstorm and seasonal drought led to the frequent occurrence of soil erosion and land productivity in the local forestry industry is to limit the main factor.1998,the district implemented a returning farmland to forests.Soil infiltration basin hydrologic cycle process is an important component.In-depth analysis Basin Southwest Mountain hilly area of soil infiltration and water conservation function,that is the area of soil erosion awareness of the foundation.In this paper,the Hongya County of Sichuan Province three vegetation patterns(Betula luminifera forests,Arundinaria amara forests,and Bambusa pervariabili-s×Dendrocalamopsis oldhami forests),farmland as comparison,The process of soil infiltration,soil physical properties positioning observation and study.Choose a representative locations install infiltration tube(d=20 cm)in the runoff field of different vegetation patterns,repeated three times,collecting soil samples.Through four years beginning on soil infiltration rate,steady infiltration rate,cumulative infiltration capacity and runoff and soil water storage capacity and research and choose a suitable model of infiltration,explore different vegetation patterns hydrological Physics characteristics of the soil,revealing different vegetation patterns of soil and water conservation function,based on the measured data to determine the most suitable area returning farmland to forest vegetation patterns.The following main results.
1 Different forest soil vegetation patterns of non-capillary water capacity were greater than farmland; With the passage of time,improve soil porosity.Except Bambusa pervariabili-s×Dendrocalamopsis oldhami forests model,the soil vegetation model for the effective storage capacity of agricultural land～1.6 to 2.1 times,non-capillary water retaining capacity and effective storage capacity of are Arundinaria amara forests the largest and second Betula luminifera forests.
2 four-year observation period,Arundinaria amara forests and Betula luminifera forest prime infiltration rate of soil over time have risen situation.Betula luminifera forest the stable infiltration rates of the soil had increased.Bambusa pervariabili-s×Dendrocalamopsis oldhami forests the stable infiltration rates of the soil and the stable infiltration rates of the soil has been dropping,prime infiltration rate of the farmland soil had increased,the stable infiltration rates of the soil has been dropping.Different forest vegetation patterns prime infiltration rate of the soil and the stable infiltration rates of the soil were ranked as follows:Arundinaria amara forests＞Betula luminifera forests＞farmland＞Bambusa pervariabilis×Dendrocalamopsis oldhami forests.
3 2003,different patterns of accumulation of soil infiltration capacity as follow:Arundinaria amara forests＞farmland＞Bambusa pervariabilis×Dendrocalamopsis oldhami forests×Betula luminifera forests 2006,different patterns of accumulation of soil infiltration capacity is the greatest Arundinaria amara forests,second Betula luminifera forests.Testify that the Arundinaria amara forests Can effectively weaken the surface flow yield,reduce surface soil erosion.Betula luminifera forests in the early stage of this experimental,the water retaining capacities of the soil and infiltration capacities of the three vegetation model of a worst,With vegetation growth,its infiltration capacities of the soil significantly to exceed over farming and Bambusa pervariabilis×Dendrocalamopsis oldhami forests..Inferior to Arundinaria amara forests.The improve function for increasing growth.Bambusa pervariabilis×Dendrocalamopsis oldhami forests the water retaining capacities of the soil and infiltration capacities of the soil has been an obvious decline,less than Betula luminifera forests and farmland.
4 2003,surface flow yield as follows:Betula luminifera forests＞farmland＞Bambusa pervariabilis×Dendrocalamopsis oldhami forests＞Arundinaria amara forests.From the 2006,surface flow yield as follows:farmland＞Bambusa pervariabilis×Dendrocalamopsis oldhami forests＞Betula luminifera forests＞Arundinaria amara forests.Note Betula luminifera forests on soil improvement good effect.But Arundinaria amara forests and Bambusa pervariabilis×Dendrocalamopsis oldhami forests the infiltration capability had fallen,surface flow yield increasing trend.
5 The four years of data on three infiltration model fitting,in accordance with decision factor in the selection of the most suitable areas Kostiakov3 parameter model-at f=n+b(b=f_0t).20 CM layers of soil temperature(X1),to the initial soil surface Water Content(X2),the initial soil the bottom water content(X3),non-capillary soil porosity(X4),total soil porosity(X5),the sand content in the soil(X6) Soil physical clay content(X7),coarse silt content(X8)Eight factors for variables,180 minutes of cumulative infiltration is the dependent variable.Building soil cumulative infiltration model.Forecast for 180 minutes of cumulative infiltration H180.According Kostiakov3 parameter model to simulate the process of infiltration.Method 1,according to the eight conventional soil physical parameters observed values of the soil infiltration model of the three parameters a,n,b make a prediction,and establish a corresponding model of infiltration,which is the equivalent of soil infiltration process made a prediction. Two methods,the model forecasts a total of 180 minutes infiltration values H_(180),infiltration coefficient b, infiltration index n,so determine the infiltration coefficient of a,the establishment of vegetation suitable for the soil infiltration model,Forecast this vegetation patterns of soil and water conservation benefits.
6 The soil infiltration capacity of the soil water retaining is an important indicator of function,and soil properties,soil temperature and moisture content of the soil.Rainfall intensity in certain conditions,the water fully formed into the soil or underground storage runoff,reducing surface runoff.On the other hand,forest measures on the soil properties have improved,and with the increase of age,such a role gradually increased,reflected in the penetration curve shape changes,even the same type of soil, vegetation types because of the impact of soil physical properties there will be quite different. Comparison of different vegetation patterns at the same soil permeability,soil water and soil hydrology of the physical nature of the change,Arundinaria amara forests the largest and second Betula luminifera forests,Bambusa pervariabilis×Dendrocalamopsis oldhami forests the poor.
1不同植被模式森林土壤的非毛管持水量均大于农耕地,随时间推移,土壤孔隙状况有一定改善。除撑绿杂交竹林模式外,各植被模式土壤的有效蓄水容量为农耕地的1.6～2.1倍。非毛管持水量和有效蓄水容量皆以苦竹林模式最大,光皮桦林模式次之。
2苦竹林模式和光皮桦林模式的初渗率随时间推移而增长,光皮桦林模式的稳渗率同样增加,而撑绿杂交竹林模式的初渗率和稳渗率均明显下降,农耕地初渗率增加,稳渗率却下降。不同植被模式及农耕地土壤初渗率和稳渗率的顺序为苦竹林＞光皮桦林＞农地对照＞撑绿杂交竹林。
3 2003年,不同植被模式及农耕地的土壤累计入渗容量为苦竹林＞农耕地＞撑绿杂交竹林＞光皮桦林。到2006年,不同植被模式及农耕地的土壤累计入渗容量是苦竹林模式最大,光皮桦林模式次之,说明苦竹林模式能有效地削弱地表径流,减少地表水土流失;光皮桦林模式在试验初期阶段土壤持水和渗透能力为所有植被模式中最差的一种,但随着植被生长,其土壤渗透能力明显超过农耕地和撑绿杂交竹林模式,仅次于苦竹林地,对土壤的改良作用日渐增强;撑绿杂交竹林模式土壤持水和渗透能力随着植被的生长出现明显下降,小于光皮桦林模式和农耕地。
4 2003年,地表径流量光皮桦林＞农耕地＞撑绿杂交竹林＞苦竹林,到2006年,地表径流量则是农耕地＞撑绿杂交竹林＞光皮桦林＞苦竹林。说明光皮桦林对土壤具有良好的改良作用。苦竹林模式和撑绿杂交竹林模式的入渗性能出现下降,地表径流量有增加的趋势。
5根据4年的数据对三种入渗模型进行拟合,根据决定系数.选择最适合于该地区的Kostiakov3参数模型f=at~(-n)+b(b=f_0t)。以20CM土层的土壤温度(X_1)、土壤表层初始含水率(X_2)、土壤底层初始含水率(X_3)、土壤非毛管孔隙度为(X_4)、土壤总孔隙度(X_5)、土壤砂粒含量(X_6)、土壤物理性粘粒含量(X_7)、土壤粗粉粒含量(X_8)等8个因子为自变量,180分钟累计入渗容量为因变量,建立土壤水分累计入渗容量模型,预测180分钟累计入渗容量H_(180)。根据Kostiakov3参数模型对入渗过程进行模拟。方法一:根据以上8个常规土壤水文物理参数观测值对Kostiakov入渗模型的3个参数a、n、b作出预报,则对土壤入渗过程做出预报,建立相应的入渗模型。方法二:通过以上建立的模型预测180分钟累计入渗容量H_(180)、入渗系数b、入渗指数n,以确定入渗系数a,建立适宜该区不同植被的土壤入渗模型,以预测预报不同植被模式的水土保持效益。6土壤渗透能力是土壤水源涵养功能的重要指标之一,与土壤理化性质、土温及土壤含水率等有关。在一定降雨强度条件下,水分充分进入土壤贮存或形成地下径流,减少地表径流。另一方面,退耕还林措施对土壤性质有一定的改良作用,并且随着林龄的增加,这种作用逐渐增强,反映在渗透曲线形状的改变,即使是同一种土壤,由于受植被类型的影响,土壤物理性质也会存在较大差异。综合比较不同植被模式同一时刻土壤渗透性、土壤贮水性等土壤水文物理性质改变程度,以苦竹林模式最佳,光皮桦林模式次之,撑绿杂交竹林模式较差。因此,苦竹林模式是现今最适合的植被模式。
Because,rainwater distribute uneven in hilly of Sichuan.Rainstorm and seasonal drought led to the frequent occurrence of soil erosion and land productivity in the local forestry industry is to limit the main factor.1998,the district implemented a returning farmland to forests.Soil infiltration basin hydrologic cycle process is an important component.In-depth analysis Basin Southwest Mountain hilly area of soil infiltration and water conservation function,that is the area of soil erosion awareness of the foundation.In this paper,the Hongya County of Sichuan Province three vegetation patterns(Betula luminifera forests,Arundinaria amara forests,and Bambusa pervariabili-s×Dendrocalamopsis oldhami forests),farmland as comparison,The process of soil infiltration,soil physical properties positioning observation and study.Choose a representative locations install infiltration tube(d=20 cm)in the runoff field of different vegetation patterns,repeated three times,collecting soil samples.Through four years beginning on soil infiltration rate,steady infiltration rate,cumulative infiltration capacity and runoff and soil water storage capacity and research and choose a suitable model of infiltration,explore different vegetation patterns hydrological Physics characteristics of the soil,revealing different vegetation patterns of soil and water conservation function,based on the measured data to determine the most suitable area returning farmland to forest vegetation patterns.The following main results.
1 Different forest soil vegetation patterns of non-capillary water capacity were greater than farmland; With the passage of time,improve soil porosity.Except Bambusa pervariabili-s×Dendrocalamopsis oldhami forests model,the soil vegetation model for the effective storage capacity of agricultural land～1.6 to 2.1 times,non-capillary water retaining capacity and effective storage capacity of are Arundinaria amara forests the largest and second Betula luminifera forests.
2 four-year observation period,Arundinaria amara forests and Betula luminifera forest prime infiltration rate of soil over time have risen situation.Betula luminifera forest the stable infiltration rates of the soil had increased.Bambusa pervariabili-s×Dendrocalamopsis oldhami forests the stable infiltration rates of the soil and the stable infiltration rates of the soil has been dropping,prime infiltration rate of the farmland soil had increased,the stable infiltration rates of the soil has been dropping.Different forest vegetation patterns prime infiltration rate of the soil and the stable infiltration rates of the soil were ranked as follows:Arundinaria amara forests＞Betula luminifera forests＞farmland＞Bambusa pervariabilis×Dendrocalamopsis oldhami forests.
3 2003,different patterns of accumulation of soil infiltration capacity as follow:Arundinaria amara forests＞farmland＞Bambusa pervariabilis×Dendrocalamopsis oldhami forests×Betula luminifera forests 2006,different patterns of accumulation of soil infiltration capacity is the greatest Arundinaria amara forests,second Betula luminifera forests.Testify that the Arundinaria amara forests Can effectively weaken the surface flow yield,reduce surface soil erosion.Betula luminifera forests in the early stage of this experimental,the water retaining capacities of the soil and infiltration capacities of the three vegetation model of a worst,With vegetation growth,its infiltration capacities of the soil significantly to exceed over farming and Bambusa pervariabilis×Dendrocalamopsis oldhami forests..Inferior to Arundinaria amara forests.The improve function for increasing growth.Bambusa pervariabilis×Dendrocalamopsis oldhami forests the water retaining capacities of the soil and infiltration capacities of the soil has been an obvious decline,less than Betula luminifera forests and farmland.
4 2003,surface flow yield as follows:Betula luminifera forests＞farmland＞Bambusa pervariabilis×Dendrocalamopsis oldhami forests＞Arundinaria amara forests.From the 2006,surface flow yield as follows:farmland＞Bambusa pervariabilis×Dendrocalamopsis oldhami forests＞Betula luminifera forests＞Arundinaria amara forests.Note Betula luminifera forests on soil improvement good effect.But Arundinaria amara forests and Bambusa pervariabilis×Dendrocalamopsis oldhami forests the infiltration capability had fallen,surface flow yield increasing trend.
5 The four years of data on three infiltration model fitting,in accordance with decision factor in the selection of the most suitable areas Kostiakov3 parameter model-at f=n+b(b=f_0t).20 CM layers of soil temperature(X1),to the initial soil surface Water Content(X2),the initial soil the bottom water content(X3),non-capillary soil porosity(X4),total soil porosity(X5),the sand content in the soil(X6) Soil physical clay content(X7),coarse silt content(X8)Eight factors for variables,180 minutes of cumulative infiltration is the dependent variable.Building soil cumulative infiltration model.Forecast for 180 minutes of cumulative infiltration H180.According Kostiakov3 parameter model to simulate the process of infiltration.Method 1,according to the eight conventional soil physical parameters observed values of the soil infiltration model of the three parameters a,n,b make a prediction,and establish a corresponding model of infiltration,which is the equivalent of soil infiltration process made a prediction. Two methods,the model forecasts a total of 180 minutes infiltration values H_(180),infiltration coefficient b, infiltration index n,so determine the infiltration coefficient of a,the establishment of vegetation suitable for the soil infiltration model,Forecast this vegetation patterns of soil and water conservation benefits.
6 The soil infiltration capacity of the soil water retaining is an important indicator of function,and soil properties,soil temperature and moisture content of the soil.Rainfall intensity in certain conditions,the water fully formed into the soil or underground storage runoff,reducing surface runoff.On the other hand,forest measures on the soil properties have improved,and with the increase of age,such a role gradually increased,reflected in the penetration curve shape changes,even the same type of soil, vegetation types because of the impact of soil physical properties there will be quite different. Comparison of different vegetation patterns at the same soil permeability,soil water and soil hydrology of the physical nature of the change,Arundinaria amara forests the largest and second Betula luminifera forests,Bambusa pervariabilis×Dendrocalamopsis oldhami forests the poor.
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