机房用乙二醇换热器优化控制的研究
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摘要
能源紧张日益严峻,节能减排已经成为全世界最为关注的热门课题之一。能源消耗总量中通信设备的耗能占有一定的份额,通信机房和通信基站内部设备散热量大,需要全年无间歇的制冷以控制室内温度,此外,通信设备的正常运行对环境中的湿度和洁净度等参数都有严格的要求。空调作为目前通信机房的主要温控设备,其耗电量占通信机房总耗电量的45%左右,泄漏时并产生温室气体。乙二醇换热器利用机房室外的自然冷源与室内的温差进行换热,能够屏蔽室外空气中的灰尘、杂质和水分的影响,但是乙二醇换热器的工作前提是室内外存在一定的温差,这使得乙二醇换热器的使用具有局限性,小能够完全的替代空调在通信机房控温中的作用,通过乙二醇换热器与空调系统的联动控制能够实现通信机房的节能目标。本文对乙二醇换热器重点进行了以下几个方面的研究：
1)对自然冷源在不同气候区的利用率进行了深入研究,以实际的通信机房为样本,建立了通信机房的模拟模型,对机房模型在不同气候区的建筑特性和热负荷特性进行了系统的分析,结果表明：哈尔滨地区通信机房适合的围护结构为砖混37利彩钢板50；北京、武汉、南宁、昆明地区通信机房适合的围护结构是砖混24和彩钢板50：哈尔滨地区的通信机房在冬季存在空调热负荷,北京、武汉、南宁和昆明地区的通信机房全年需要制冷；在全年的制冷需求中,哈尔滨地区自然冷源可利用时间达到9个月,北京、武汉、昆明地区自然冷源可利用时间在6个月左右,南宁地区有3个月的时间可采用自然冷源技术；自然冷源技术在通信机房制冷中的应用可以分担空调大部分冷负荷,缩短空调的上作时间,从而节约空调能耗；通过对自然冷源利用率的分析,为乙二醇换热器的可行性提供了理论依据。
2)对乙二醇换热器理论模型的参数进行了分析和计算,主要从两方面进行研究,一是对换热器内部流体的物理特性分析,包括乙二醇溶液的密度、比热、导热系数和动力黏度；二是换热器热学参数的计算,包括换热器结构的初步规划及几何参数计算、换热器载冷剂的流速、室内和室外风量的确定、室内和室外换热器传热半均温差的计算、管内膜管外膜传热系数的计算、翅片效率计算、换热系数及换热器外形结构计算、风机与循环泵的选型。结果表明：哈尔滨地区适合选择换热器的工质为50%体积浓度乙二醇溶液,北京地区适合选择40%体积浓度乙二醇溶液为换热器的载冷剂,武汉和昆明较为适合20%体积浓度乙二醇溶液为换热器工质,南宁地区常年温度高于水的冰点,只需O%浓度的工质即可。换热器模型可以适用于5个代表性地区的通信机房。
3)对乙二醇换热器的控制参数进行了优化设计,通过系统的理论分析和计算,建立了能够满足约束的功率模型,并通过遗传算法和有效集算法搜索得到了在离散温差点的功率模型最优解,进而利用Elman神经网络对连续温差的功率和频率特性进行预测,分别得到50%、40%、20%、0%体积浓度乙二醇溶液为工质的功率与频率模型。通过模型控制变频参数并计算出泵和风机的换热量和消耗功率,与热半衡实验室模拟环境中测得的实际数据进仃误差分析,结果表明：功率模型与实测数据的绝对误差均可以控制在5%范围内,能够满足实际变频控制的需求,因此通过功率模型确定变频参数实现换热器泵和风机的节能是准确可靠的。
4)对乙二醇换热器在通信机房中的节能效果进行了全面的分析,通过建立乙二醇换热器的能效比模型,得出5个代表性城市通信机房在所适合的围护结构中,采用乙二醇换热器与空调联动系统制冷的全年能耗,与单独采用空调制冷的全年能耗。进而计算出乙二醇换热器的节能率和年利用时间。结果表明：在承担同样的机房冷负荷条件下,采用乙二醇换热器的耗能要显著小于空调的耗能；哈尔滨地区通信机房可利用乙二醇换热器的时间近9个月、北京超过6个月、武汉超过5个月、南宁约3个月、昆明达到6个月；哈尔滨地区砖混37围护结构中采用乙二醇换热器与空调联动系统全年节能率达到31.9%,北京、武汉、南宁、昆明地区砖混24围护结构中采用联动系统全年节能率分别为24%、20.5%、10.5%、33.5%；哈尔滨、北京、武汉、南宁、昆明地区彩钢板50围护结构中,采用联动系统节能率达到42.7%、35.4%、28.4%、12.9%、34.5%；乙二醇换热器在我国通信机房的节能应用中能够发挥巨大的潜力。
本文的研究工作为乙二醇换热器在通信机房中的节能提供了理论和应用依据,尤其在换热器的设计和变频控制思想方面提供了重要的技术支持,同时在乙二醇换热器对自然冷源的利用方面,对其地域特性和节能效率进行了全面深入的研究,为通信机房的节能减排开辟了广阔的应用前景。
Energy saving and emission reduction have been one of the hot problems all over the world with the increasingly rigorous energy crisis. The consumption of communication equipment in which the internal units of communication center and communication base station have large amounts of heat dissipation and need refrigeration year-round without intermission to control the indoor temperature occupies a large part of total energy consumption. In addition, there is strict requires for some environment parameters, such as humidity and cleanliness, in the normal operation of communication equipment. At present, air-condition which power consumption account for about45%of the total power consumption of communication center and produce greenhouse gases is the main temperature control equipment in communication center. The ethylene glycol heat exchanger which works with the difference in temperature between the ambient energy and inside can screen the effect of dust, impurities and moisture outside air. However, the ethylene glycol heat exchanger does not replace the air condition due to the boundedness that the operation premise of ethylene glycol heat exchanger is temperature difference. The energy saving goal of communication center can be achieved with the linkage control of ethylene glycol heat exchanger and air condition system. In this paper, the research of ethylene glycol heat exchanger focuses on following aspects.
1) After the in-depth study of utilization of ambient energy in different climate zones, the simulation model of communication center which is built in terms of actual communication center is systematically analyzed on structure characteristics and heating load characteristics in different climate zones. The results show that the suited building envelope of communication center for Harbin is brick37and color plate50, the suited building envelope of communication center for Beijing, Wuhan, Nanning and Kunming is brick24and color plate50, air condition heating load of communication center exists in Harbin's winter and the communication center of Beijing, Wuhan, Nanning and Kunming need refrigeration year-round, the available time of ambient energy for Harbin is9months, for Beijing, Wuhan and Nanning is about bmonths and for Nanning is3months, the ambient energy technology in communication center which share the most cooling load for air condition and shorten the working time of air condition can save the energy consumption of air condition and the theory of ethylene glycol heat exchanger is feasible by means of the analysis of ambient energy utilization.
2) The simulation model parameters of ethylene glycol heat exchanger are analyzed and calculated on two aspects. One is the physical characteristics analysis of fluid in heat exchanger, including the density, specific heat, thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity of glycol solution. Another is the calculation of heat parameter, including the preliminary scheme and geometric parameters calculation of heat exchanger structure, the flow velocity of heat exchanger secondary refrigerant, the air quantity outside and inside, the mean temperature difference of heat exchanger outside and inside, the heat transfer coefficient of tube film inside and outside, the fin efficiency, the coefficient and appearance structure of heat transfer and the type selection of draught fan and circulating pump. The results show that in Harbin, the suited refrigerant of heat exchanger is50%volume concentration glycol solution, in Beijing, the value is40%volume concentration, in Wuhan and Kunming, the refrigerant of heat exchanger is20%volume concentration glycol solution and0%volume concentration is needed in Nanning where the temperature is above the freezing point of water year-round. The heat exchanger model is suit for ccmmimication center of five representative areas.
3) The control parameters of ethylene glycol heat exchanger are optimally designed and the power model which satisfies the constraint is built in terms of the theoretical analysis and calculation. The optimal solution of power model on discrete temperature difference points is obtained with the genetic algorithm and effective set algorithm. And then, the power characteristics and frequency characteristics of continuous temperature difference are forecasted with Elman neural network to get the power and frequency model with the50%,40%,20%and0%volume concentration glycol solution as the refrigerants. The error analysis between heat transfer and consumed power of pump and draught fan from model which can control frequency conversion parameter and actual data obtaining from the simulation environment in heat balance laboratory is done to get the results that the absolute error which is controlled in5%can meet the actual frequency conversion controlling requirement. Therefore, the energy conservation of heat exchanger pump and draught fan is precise and reliable with frequency conversion parameter which is controlled by power model.
4) With the comprehensive analysis of energy conservation with ethylene glycol heat exchanger in communication center, with linkage system of ethylene glycol heat exchanger and air condition and the annual energy consumption with independent control of air condition among the suited building envelop in communication center of five representative areas can be obtained by building the energy efficiency ratio model of ethylene glycol heat exchanger. Then the energy conservation rate and annual utilization time of ethylene glycol heat exchanger are figured out. The results show that energy consumption with ethylene glycol heat exchanger is significantly smaller than energy consumption with air condition under the same cooling load conditions in center. The utilization times with ethylene glycol heat exchanger in the five representative areas are about9months in Harbin, more than6months in Beijing, more than5months in Wuhan, about3months in Nanning and6months in Kunming. In Harbin, the annual energy conservation rate can reach31.9%under the linkage system of ethylene glycol heat exchanger and air condition with brick37building envelope, moreover, in Beijing, Wuhan, Nanning and Kunming, the annual energy conservation rate can separately reach24%,20.5%,10.5%, and33.5%under the linkage system of ethylcne glycol heat exchanger and air condition with brick24building envelope. In Harbin, Beijing, Wuhan, Nanning and Kunming, the annual energy conservation rate can separately reach42.7%,35.4%,28.4%,12.9%and34.5%under the linkage system with plate50building envelope. Therefore, on the energy conservation application of China's communication centers, the ethylene glycol heat exchanger can express great potential.
In this paper, the research applies the theory and application foundation for the energy conservation of ethylene glycol heat exchanger in communication, especially, offering the technology supply on heat exchanger design and frequency conversion control theory. Meanwhile, the comprehensive and in-depth research of region characteristics and energy conservation efficiency on the ambient energy utilization of ethylene glycol heat exchanger open up vast potential for future development for the green energy conservation of communication.
1)对自然冷源在不同气候区的利用率进行了深入研究,以实际的通信机房为样本,建立了通信机房的模拟模型,对机房模型在不同气候区的建筑特性和热负荷特性进行了系统的分析,结果表明：哈尔滨地区通信机房适合的围护结构为砖混37利彩钢板50；北京、武汉、南宁、昆明地区通信机房适合的围护结构是砖混24和彩钢板50：哈尔滨地区的通信机房在冬季存在空调热负荷,北京、武汉、南宁和昆明地区的通信机房全年需要制冷；在全年的制冷需求中,哈尔滨地区自然冷源可利用时间达到9个月,北京、武汉、昆明地区自然冷源可利用时间在6个月左右,南宁地区有3个月的时间可采用自然冷源技术；自然冷源技术在通信机房制冷中的应用可以分担空调大部分冷负荷,缩短空调的上作时间,从而节约空调能耗；通过对自然冷源利用率的分析,为乙二醇换热器的可行性提供了理论依据。
2)对乙二醇换热器理论模型的参数进行了分析和计算,主要从两方面进行研究,一是对换热器内部流体的物理特性分析,包括乙二醇溶液的密度、比热、导热系数和动力黏度；二是换热器热学参数的计算,包括换热器结构的初步规划及几何参数计算、换热器载冷剂的流速、室内和室外风量的确定、室内和室外换热器传热半均温差的计算、管内膜管外膜传热系数的计算、翅片效率计算、换热系数及换热器外形结构计算、风机与循环泵的选型。结果表明：哈尔滨地区适合选择换热器的工质为50%体积浓度乙二醇溶液,北京地区适合选择40%体积浓度乙二醇溶液为换热器的载冷剂,武汉和昆明较为适合20%体积浓度乙二醇溶液为换热器工质,南宁地区常年温度高于水的冰点,只需O%浓度的工质即可。换热器模型可以适用于5个代表性地区的通信机房。
3)对乙二醇换热器的控制参数进行了优化设计,通过系统的理论分析和计算,建立了能够满足约束的功率模型,并通过遗传算法和有效集算法搜索得到了在离散温差点的功率模型最优解,进而利用Elman神经网络对连续温差的功率和频率特性进行预测,分别得到50%、40%、20%、0%体积浓度乙二醇溶液为工质的功率与频率模型。通过模型控制变频参数并计算出泵和风机的换热量和消耗功率,与热半衡实验室模拟环境中测得的实际数据进仃误差分析,结果表明：功率模型与实测数据的绝对误差均可以控制在5%范围内,能够满足实际变频控制的需求,因此通过功率模型确定变频参数实现换热器泵和风机的节能是准确可靠的。
4)对乙二醇换热器在通信机房中的节能效果进行了全面的分析,通过建立乙二醇换热器的能效比模型,得出5个代表性城市通信机房在所适合的围护结构中,采用乙二醇换热器与空调联动系统制冷的全年能耗,与单独采用空调制冷的全年能耗。进而计算出乙二醇换热器的节能率和年利用时间。结果表明：在承担同样的机房冷负荷条件下,采用乙二醇换热器的耗能要显著小于空调的耗能；哈尔滨地区通信机房可利用乙二醇换热器的时间近9个月、北京超过6个月、武汉超过5个月、南宁约3个月、昆明达到6个月；哈尔滨地区砖混37围护结构中采用乙二醇换热器与空调联动系统全年节能率达到31.9%,北京、武汉、南宁、昆明地区砖混24围护结构中采用联动系统全年节能率分别为24%、20.5%、10.5%、33.5%；哈尔滨、北京、武汉、南宁、昆明地区彩钢板50围护结构中,采用联动系统节能率达到42.7%、35.4%、28.4%、12.9%、34.5%；乙二醇换热器在我国通信机房的节能应用中能够发挥巨大的潜力。
本文的研究工作为乙二醇换热器在通信机房中的节能提供了理论和应用依据,尤其在换热器的设计和变频控制思想方面提供了重要的技术支持,同时在乙二醇换热器对自然冷源的利用方面,对其地域特性和节能效率进行了全面深入的研究,为通信机房的节能减排开辟了广阔的应用前景。
Energy saving and emission reduction have been one of the hot problems all over the world with the increasingly rigorous energy crisis. The consumption of communication equipment in which the internal units of communication center and communication base station have large amounts of heat dissipation and need refrigeration year-round without intermission to control the indoor temperature occupies a large part of total energy consumption. In addition, there is strict requires for some environment parameters, such as humidity and cleanliness, in the normal operation of communication equipment. At present, air-condition which power consumption account for about45%of the total power consumption of communication center and produce greenhouse gases is the main temperature control equipment in communication center. The ethylene glycol heat exchanger which works with the difference in temperature between the ambient energy and inside can screen the effect of dust, impurities and moisture outside air. However, the ethylene glycol heat exchanger does not replace the air condition due to the boundedness that the operation premise of ethylene glycol heat exchanger is temperature difference. The energy saving goal of communication center can be achieved with the linkage control of ethylene glycol heat exchanger and air condition system. In this paper, the research of ethylene glycol heat exchanger focuses on following aspects.
1) After the in-depth study of utilization of ambient energy in different climate zones, the simulation model of communication center which is built in terms of actual communication center is systematically analyzed on structure characteristics and heating load characteristics in different climate zones. The results show that the suited building envelope of communication center for Harbin is brick37and color plate50, the suited building envelope of communication center for Beijing, Wuhan, Nanning and Kunming is brick24and color plate50, air condition heating load of communication center exists in Harbin's winter and the communication center of Beijing, Wuhan, Nanning and Kunming need refrigeration year-round, the available time of ambient energy for Harbin is9months, for Beijing, Wuhan and Nanning is about bmonths and for Nanning is3months, the ambient energy technology in communication center which share the most cooling load for air condition and shorten the working time of air condition can save the energy consumption of air condition and the theory of ethylene glycol heat exchanger is feasible by means of the analysis of ambient energy utilization.
2) The simulation model parameters of ethylene glycol heat exchanger are analyzed and calculated on two aspects. One is the physical characteristics analysis of fluid in heat exchanger, including the density, specific heat, thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity of glycol solution. Another is the calculation of heat parameter, including the preliminary scheme and geometric parameters calculation of heat exchanger structure, the flow velocity of heat exchanger secondary refrigerant, the air quantity outside and inside, the mean temperature difference of heat exchanger outside and inside, the heat transfer coefficient of tube film inside and outside, the fin efficiency, the coefficient and appearance structure of heat transfer and the type selection of draught fan and circulating pump. The results show that in Harbin, the suited refrigerant of heat exchanger is50%volume concentration glycol solution, in Beijing, the value is40%volume concentration, in Wuhan and Kunming, the refrigerant of heat exchanger is20%volume concentration glycol solution and0%volume concentration is needed in Nanning where the temperature is above the freezing point of water year-round. The heat exchanger model is suit for ccmmimication center of five representative areas.
3) The control parameters of ethylene glycol heat exchanger are optimally designed and the power model which satisfies the constraint is built in terms of the theoretical analysis and calculation. The optimal solution of power model on discrete temperature difference points is obtained with the genetic algorithm and effective set algorithm. And then, the power characteristics and frequency characteristics of continuous temperature difference are forecasted with Elman neural network to get the power and frequency model with the50%,40%,20%and0%volume concentration glycol solution as the refrigerants. The error analysis between heat transfer and consumed power of pump and draught fan from model which can control frequency conversion parameter and actual data obtaining from the simulation environment in heat balance laboratory is done to get the results that the absolute error which is controlled in5%can meet the actual frequency conversion controlling requirement. Therefore, the energy conservation of heat exchanger pump and draught fan is precise and reliable with frequency conversion parameter which is controlled by power model.
4) With the comprehensive analysis of energy conservation with ethylene glycol heat exchanger in communication center, with linkage system of ethylene glycol heat exchanger and air condition and the annual energy consumption with independent control of air condition among the suited building envelop in communication center of five representative areas can be obtained by building the energy efficiency ratio model of ethylene glycol heat exchanger. Then the energy conservation rate and annual utilization time of ethylene glycol heat exchanger are figured out. The results show that energy consumption with ethylene glycol heat exchanger is significantly smaller than energy consumption with air condition under the same cooling load conditions in center. The utilization times with ethylene glycol heat exchanger in the five representative areas are about9months in Harbin, more than6months in Beijing, more than5months in Wuhan, about3months in Nanning and6months in Kunming. In Harbin, the annual energy conservation rate can reach31.9%under the linkage system of ethylene glycol heat exchanger and air condition with brick37building envelope, moreover, in Beijing, Wuhan, Nanning and Kunming, the annual energy conservation rate can separately reach24%,20.5%,10.5%, and33.5%under the linkage system of ethylcne glycol heat exchanger and air condition with brick24building envelope. In Harbin, Beijing, Wuhan, Nanning and Kunming, the annual energy conservation rate can separately reach42.7%,35.4%,28.4%,12.9%and34.5%under the linkage system with plate50building envelope. Therefore, on the energy conservation application of China's communication centers, the ethylene glycol heat exchanger can express great potential.
In this paper, the research applies the theory and application foundation for the energy conservation of ethylene glycol heat exchanger in communication, especially, offering the technology supply on heat exchanger design and frequency conversion control theory. Meanwhile, the comprehensive and in-depth research of region characteristics and energy conservation efficiency on the ambient energy utilization of ethylene glycol heat exchanger open up vast potential for future development for the green energy conservation of communication.
引文
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