太阳能空气集热及双效集热模块的实验和理论研究
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摘要
随着能源、环境问题日益严峻,可再生能源的利用、研究和发展迫在眉睫。太阳能依靠其广泛、清洁以及利用简便的特点备受瞩目,太阳能与建筑一体化技术合理地将建筑的用能需求、结构特点与太阳能利用相结合,克服了太阳能能流密度低、分散性强的不利条件,是太阳能利用的重要途径。太阳能与建筑一体化技术中,建筑采暖系统和太阳能热水系统是应用较为普遍的方式。
主动式太阳能空气集热系统可以应用于北向建筑房间的采暖,空间大、纵深长的工业建筑采暖、通风,以及拓展应用于工业、农业产品的干燥等,应用前景广阔。由于空气的密度、热容和导热系数较小,空气集热器的光热转换效率偏低。本文提出一种镀有选择性吸收涂层、带平行翅片结构的双流道式空气集热器,利用选择性吸收涂层减少吸热板的辐射热损,翅片和双流道换热结构可以增大空气与吸热板的换热面积。搭建了空气集热器的实验测试平台,并对单块集热器以及两块集热器串联工况的空气集热性能分别进行了实验研究。结果表明,这种新型结构集热器热效率高于传统的空气集热器；串联之后效率有所降低,但获得了更高的出口温度,在环境温度为0℃左右的寒冷冬季,可获得超过70℃的热空气,对建筑采暖以及工农业的应用具有非常重要的意义。
本文建立了双流道式空气集热器的理论模型,对空气集热器热性能进行了数值模拟计算,并与实验测试数据进行了对比分析,结果显示数值模拟结果与实验结果具有较高的吻合度。利用验证后的理论模型研究了吸热板表面吸收涂层的特性、背板保温层厚度、上下流道高度比例以及翅片结构对空气集热器性能的影响。建立了上流道式、下流道式空气集热器的理论模型,并结合己建立的双流道式空气集热器理论模型,对三种不同流道结构的空气集热器进行了热效率分析和(?)分析,基于热力学第一定律和第二定律对三种流道结构条件下空气集热器的空气流道高度进行了研究和优化。
在大型建筑采暖或工农业应用中,由于空气集热系统通常为大面积联用,单一的空气集热功能导致系统全年利用率不高。基于此问题,结合空气集热和水集热的换热特点,本文研制出一种基于主动式空气集热的双效集热模块,该模块可以实现集热空气和集热水功能。模块组成的集热系统可在冬季为工业厂房、北向建筑等提供热空气采暖,其他季节提供工业过程所需要的热水,大大提升了系统的经济性和太阳能利用率。本文分别搭建了模块主动式空气集热和自然循环式水集热的实验测试系统和理论模型并进行了实验和理论研究。实验结果显示,模块在两种集热模式下均具有较高热效率。利用经过实验验证的理论模型在考虑模块两种集热模式的情况下对双效集热模块的内部结构进行了分析和优化,并对空气-水复合集热性能进行了研究,结果显示模块在复合集热模式下全天平均集热效率比单独集热空气或单独集热水更高。
与我国北方住宅建筑结合的太阳能热水系统在冬季存在防冻问题,而用于建筑采暖的太阳能被动采暖技术,如Trombe墙、改进后的利用金属薄板作为吸热板的Barra-Costantini墙等在非采暖季存在闲置现象,炎热的夏季甚至会造成建筑过热。本文针对此问题,提出一种基于被动采暖功能的被动式双效集热模块。采暖季利用被动采暖功能为建筑供热,非采暖季运行集热水功能提供生活热水,提高了系统的全年利用率及经济性。由于太阳能被动采暖建筑室内温度昼夜波动较大,本文创新性地提出将被动式双效集热模块与炕建筑结合,建立了模块与炕建筑结合的实验测试平台和理论模型,并对模块的被动采暖模式进行了实验和理论研究。实验研究结果显示,安装集热模块的炕房间在被动采暖作用下,白天室内平均温度最高可超过14℃,炕的蓄热特性较好的起到了减小室内温度波动的作用,在仅运行被动采暖条件下室内夜间最低温度高于6℃；在控制房间温度不低于18℃的工况下,测试房在模块被动采暖作用下与对比房相比24小时可以节省耗电量3.5kh。利用经实验验证的理论模型对集热模块的被动采暖性能进行了理论研究,并对模块流道高度进行了优化,结果显示模块流道高度应不小于4cm。
最后,结合被动式双效集热模块的特点,建立了带窗的实际建筑与模块相结合系统的理论模型,对模块在不同季节运行不同集热模式的性能以及对建筑的影响进行了理论研究。结果显示,在太阳辐照较好的冬季,白天可以使室内温度近7个小时维持在18℃以上：在冬季阴天条件下以及夏季运行集热水模式亦有效降低建筑负荷。
As energy and environment problems get harsher and harsher, research for the utilization of renewable resource and its development has reached the stage of great urgency. Due to its large-scale distribution, cleanliness and simple applicability, solar energy has attracted recognition to a large extent. By mechanically combining the energy-consuming demand as well as the structural property of buildings with the utilization of solar energy, the integrated technique of solar energy and buildings has overcome such defects as low energy flux density and strong dispersion and has become one of the important ways for the utilization of solar energy. Concerning to the integrated technique of solar energy and buildings, water heating system of solar energy and the heating system of buildings are common ways of the application of solar energy.
Active solar air heating system can be applied to space heating of north-oriented buildings, to the ventilation and heating of industrial buildings of large space and depth, and furthermore to the drying of industrial and agricultural products. Since density, specific heat and thermal conductivity of air are relatively small, the photo-thermo transformation efficiency of solar air heater is quite low. In our literature, a double channel solar air heater plated with selective coating material and equipped with parallel fin structure has been introduced. By using selective absorbing coat to repel the radiation loss, while at the same time enhancing the heat exchanging area between air and heat absorber given to fin and dual-channel structure, the heating performance of air has been dramatically improved. We have rigged up an experimental testing platform for air heating and have undertaken experimental research for air heating property of both a single collector and two collectors in series, respectively. The results show that performance of the collector is higher than traditional solar air heater. By arranging two collectors in series, photo-thermo transformation efficiency will slightly drops, resulting in a higher outlet temperature of air. In harsh winter when ambient temperature is approximately0℃, air temperature could reach beyond70℃, which has important sense in terms of space heating and a number of industrial and agricultural applications.
A theoretical model for the dual channel solar air heater has been set up. We have carried out a numerical calculation for the thermal property of solar air heater. By comparison and analysis with experimental result, it was shown that the numerical calculation result fits well with that of experiment. With validated theoretical model, we have carried out research into the impact of such elements as the property of absorbing coat on the surface of absorber, the thickness of the insulation layer of backboard and the ratio of the depth of top channel to that of the bottom channel on the performance of solar air collector. Furthermore, we have established the theoretical model for both top channel solar air heater and bottom channel solar air heater. Besides, at one hand, we have taken analysis into the thermo-efficiency and exergy for solar air heaters with three different channel structures, respectively, and at the other hand, we have launched analysis and optimization for air channel depth with three different structures, respectively, based on first thermodynamics law as well as second thermodynamics law.
In industrial applications, due to large-scale application of adjoined solar air heating systems, the annual utilization efficiency is relatively small as a result of the mono-function of solar air heater. To resolve this problem, our literature has proposed a dual-function solar collector (DFSC) based on active heating. DFSC could realize air heating and water heating. Heating system fabricated with this kind of module could provide hot air for industrial complex and north-oriented buildings in winter, while supplying hot water requested by industrial process in other seasons, resulted in the prominent raise of both the economy of the system as well as the utilization efficiency of solar energy. The experimental testing platform for air heating and natural-cycled water heating has been rigged up, and theoretical models for both of these two states have been presented. Test results show that DFSC get high performance in both work modes. Analysis and optimization over the inner structure of DFSC for both of the heating modes have been executed, with the help of theoretical model validated by experiments. Furthermore, we have researched the heating property of the compound of air and water and have found that DFSC under compound heating mode could obtain a higher daily heating efficiency than that of mere air heating or mere water heating.
Solar water heating system will encounter antifreeze problems in winter. However, such passive heating technique of solar energy for space heating as Trombe wall, or improved Barral-Costantini wall using metal plate for heat absorbing will stay idle for seasons without necessity of heating, what's more, buildings will be likely to become overheat during the hottest period of summer. In order to have this problem solved, our literature has presented a passive dual function solar collector (P-DFSC) based on passive heating, which could be used for space heating in winter in passive heating mode and water heating for the rest seasons in water heating mode. As a consequence, the annual utilization efficiency and the economy of the system have been magnificently promoted. Relative researches have revealed that, the variation of interior temperatures of buildings equipped with P-DFSC system between daytime and nighttime is quite large. Given to this weakness, our literature innovatively proposed to combine passive heating function of P-DFSC with Kang. Both experimental and theoretical research have been undertaken for the passive heating condition of P-DFSC. Subsequently we have carried out both experimental and theoretical research for the passive heating mode of P-DFSC. Experimental result shows that, subject to passive heating, internal temperature of houses equipped with P-DFSC could reach more than14℃in daytime and more than6℃in night when only the passive heating mode is running. The heat storing property of Kang has made it that the variation of room temperature between daytime and nighttime is slighter. When room temperature is controlled to no less than18℃, P-DFSC room could save electricity amount to approximately3.5kWh in a whole day, in comparison with the reference room. With experiment-validated theoretical model, we have undertaken theoretical research into the performance of passive heating mode of P-DFSC and optimized the depth of air channel. Depth of air channel should be no less than4cm.
Finally, with the characteristic of P-DFSC, a theoretical model for window-equipped real building integrated with P-DFSC system has been set up. Besides, theoretical research for the performance of P-DFSC running in different modes in corresponding seasons has been undertaken as well as its impact over buildings. Corresponding result shows that, passive heating mode of P-DFSC could keep the temperature of the room beyond18℃for almost7hours in sunny days of winter. Water heating mode of P-DFSC could decrease thermo-load of the building in overcast days of winter and in summer when only water heating mode is running.
主动式太阳能空气集热系统可以应用于北向建筑房间的采暖,空间大、纵深长的工业建筑采暖、通风,以及拓展应用于工业、农业产品的干燥等,应用前景广阔。由于空气的密度、热容和导热系数较小,空气集热器的光热转换效率偏低。本文提出一种镀有选择性吸收涂层、带平行翅片结构的双流道式空气集热器,利用选择性吸收涂层减少吸热板的辐射热损,翅片和双流道换热结构可以增大空气与吸热板的换热面积。搭建了空气集热器的实验测试平台,并对单块集热器以及两块集热器串联工况的空气集热性能分别进行了实验研究。结果表明,这种新型结构集热器热效率高于传统的空气集热器；串联之后效率有所降低,但获得了更高的出口温度,在环境温度为0℃左右的寒冷冬季,可获得超过70℃的热空气,对建筑采暖以及工农业的应用具有非常重要的意义。
本文建立了双流道式空气集热器的理论模型,对空气集热器热性能进行了数值模拟计算,并与实验测试数据进行了对比分析,结果显示数值模拟结果与实验结果具有较高的吻合度。利用验证后的理论模型研究了吸热板表面吸收涂层的特性、背板保温层厚度、上下流道高度比例以及翅片结构对空气集热器性能的影响。建立了上流道式、下流道式空气集热器的理论模型,并结合己建立的双流道式空气集热器理论模型,对三种不同流道结构的空气集热器进行了热效率分析和(?)分析,基于热力学第一定律和第二定律对三种流道结构条件下空气集热器的空气流道高度进行了研究和优化。
在大型建筑采暖或工农业应用中,由于空气集热系统通常为大面积联用,单一的空气集热功能导致系统全年利用率不高。基于此问题,结合空气集热和水集热的换热特点,本文研制出一种基于主动式空气集热的双效集热模块,该模块可以实现集热空气和集热水功能。模块组成的集热系统可在冬季为工业厂房、北向建筑等提供热空气采暖,其他季节提供工业过程所需要的热水,大大提升了系统的经济性和太阳能利用率。本文分别搭建了模块主动式空气集热和自然循环式水集热的实验测试系统和理论模型并进行了实验和理论研究。实验结果显示,模块在两种集热模式下均具有较高热效率。利用经过实验验证的理论模型在考虑模块两种集热模式的情况下对双效集热模块的内部结构进行了分析和优化,并对空气-水复合集热性能进行了研究,结果显示模块在复合集热模式下全天平均集热效率比单独集热空气或单独集热水更高。
与我国北方住宅建筑结合的太阳能热水系统在冬季存在防冻问题,而用于建筑采暖的太阳能被动采暖技术,如Trombe墙、改进后的利用金属薄板作为吸热板的Barra-Costantini墙等在非采暖季存在闲置现象,炎热的夏季甚至会造成建筑过热。本文针对此问题,提出一种基于被动采暖功能的被动式双效集热模块。采暖季利用被动采暖功能为建筑供热,非采暖季运行集热水功能提供生活热水,提高了系统的全年利用率及经济性。由于太阳能被动采暖建筑室内温度昼夜波动较大,本文创新性地提出将被动式双效集热模块与炕建筑结合,建立了模块与炕建筑结合的实验测试平台和理论模型,并对模块的被动采暖模式进行了实验和理论研究。实验研究结果显示,安装集热模块的炕房间在被动采暖作用下,白天室内平均温度最高可超过14℃,炕的蓄热特性较好的起到了减小室内温度波动的作用,在仅运行被动采暖条件下室内夜间最低温度高于6℃；在控制房间温度不低于18℃的工况下,测试房在模块被动采暖作用下与对比房相比24小时可以节省耗电量3.5kh。利用经实验验证的理论模型对集热模块的被动采暖性能进行了理论研究,并对模块流道高度进行了优化,结果显示模块流道高度应不小于4cm。
最后,结合被动式双效集热模块的特点,建立了带窗的实际建筑与模块相结合系统的理论模型,对模块在不同季节运行不同集热模式的性能以及对建筑的影响进行了理论研究。结果显示,在太阳辐照较好的冬季,白天可以使室内温度近7个小时维持在18℃以上：在冬季阴天条件下以及夏季运行集热水模式亦有效降低建筑负荷。
As energy and environment problems get harsher and harsher, research for the utilization of renewable resource and its development has reached the stage of great urgency. Due to its large-scale distribution, cleanliness and simple applicability, solar energy has attracted recognition to a large extent. By mechanically combining the energy-consuming demand as well as the structural property of buildings with the utilization of solar energy, the integrated technique of solar energy and buildings has overcome such defects as low energy flux density and strong dispersion and has become one of the important ways for the utilization of solar energy. Concerning to the integrated technique of solar energy and buildings, water heating system of solar energy and the heating system of buildings are common ways of the application of solar energy.
Active solar air heating system can be applied to space heating of north-oriented buildings, to the ventilation and heating of industrial buildings of large space and depth, and furthermore to the drying of industrial and agricultural products. Since density, specific heat and thermal conductivity of air are relatively small, the photo-thermo transformation efficiency of solar air heater is quite low. In our literature, a double channel solar air heater plated with selective coating material and equipped with parallel fin structure has been introduced. By using selective absorbing coat to repel the radiation loss, while at the same time enhancing the heat exchanging area between air and heat absorber given to fin and dual-channel structure, the heating performance of air has been dramatically improved. We have rigged up an experimental testing platform for air heating and have undertaken experimental research for air heating property of both a single collector and two collectors in series, respectively. The results show that performance of the collector is higher than traditional solar air heater. By arranging two collectors in series, photo-thermo transformation efficiency will slightly drops, resulting in a higher outlet temperature of air. In harsh winter when ambient temperature is approximately0℃, air temperature could reach beyond70℃, which has important sense in terms of space heating and a number of industrial and agricultural applications.
A theoretical model for the dual channel solar air heater has been set up. We have carried out a numerical calculation for the thermal property of solar air heater. By comparison and analysis with experimental result, it was shown that the numerical calculation result fits well with that of experiment. With validated theoretical model, we have carried out research into the impact of such elements as the property of absorbing coat on the surface of absorber, the thickness of the insulation layer of backboard and the ratio of the depth of top channel to that of the bottom channel on the performance of solar air collector. Furthermore, we have established the theoretical model for both top channel solar air heater and bottom channel solar air heater. Besides, at one hand, we have taken analysis into the thermo-efficiency and exergy for solar air heaters with three different channel structures, respectively, and at the other hand, we have launched analysis and optimization for air channel depth with three different structures, respectively, based on first thermodynamics law as well as second thermodynamics law.
In industrial applications, due to large-scale application of adjoined solar air heating systems, the annual utilization efficiency is relatively small as a result of the mono-function of solar air heater. To resolve this problem, our literature has proposed a dual-function solar collector (DFSC) based on active heating. DFSC could realize air heating and water heating. Heating system fabricated with this kind of module could provide hot air for industrial complex and north-oriented buildings in winter, while supplying hot water requested by industrial process in other seasons, resulted in the prominent raise of both the economy of the system as well as the utilization efficiency of solar energy. The experimental testing platform for air heating and natural-cycled water heating has been rigged up, and theoretical models for both of these two states have been presented. Test results show that DFSC get high performance in both work modes. Analysis and optimization over the inner structure of DFSC for both of the heating modes have been executed, with the help of theoretical model validated by experiments. Furthermore, we have researched the heating property of the compound of air and water and have found that DFSC under compound heating mode could obtain a higher daily heating efficiency than that of mere air heating or mere water heating.
Solar water heating system will encounter antifreeze problems in winter. However, such passive heating technique of solar energy for space heating as Trombe wall, or improved Barral-Costantini wall using metal plate for heat absorbing will stay idle for seasons without necessity of heating, what's more, buildings will be likely to become overheat during the hottest period of summer. In order to have this problem solved, our literature has presented a passive dual function solar collector (P-DFSC) based on passive heating, which could be used for space heating in winter in passive heating mode and water heating for the rest seasons in water heating mode. As a consequence, the annual utilization efficiency and the economy of the system have been magnificently promoted. Relative researches have revealed that, the variation of interior temperatures of buildings equipped with P-DFSC system between daytime and nighttime is quite large. Given to this weakness, our literature innovatively proposed to combine passive heating function of P-DFSC with Kang. Both experimental and theoretical research have been undertaken for the passive heating condition of P-DFSC. Subsequently we have carried out both experimental and theoretical research for the passive heating mode of P-DFSC. Experimental result shows that, subject to passive heating, internal temperature of houses equipped with P-DFSC could reach more than14℃in daytime and more than6℃in night when only the passive heating mode is running. The heat storing property of Kang has made it that the variation of room temperature between daytime and nighttime is slighter. When room temperature is controlled to no less than18℃, P-DFSC room could save electricity amount to approximately3.5kWh in a whole day, in comparison with the reference room. With experiment-validated theoretical model, we have undertaken theoretical research into the performance of passive heating mode of P-DFSC and optimized the depth of air channel. Depth of air channel should be no less than4cm.
Finally, with the characteristic of P-DFSC, a theoretical model for window-equipped real building integrated with P-DFSC system has been set up. Besides, theoretical research for the performance of P-DFSC running in different modes in corresponding seasons has been undertaken as well as its impact over buildings. Corresponding result shows that, passive heating mode of P-DFSC could keep the temperature of the room beyond18℃for almost7hours in sunny days of winter. Water heating mode of P-DFSC could decrease thermo-load of the building in overcast days of winter and in summer when only water heating mode is running.
引文
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