复合相变储能材料的自组装合成及性能研究
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摘要
相变储能材料(Phase Change Materials)因其在相变的过程中能够吸收或释放大量的热,可以起到控温和储能的作用,能够解决能量供求在时间和空间上分配不平衡的矛盾,是提高能源利用率的有效手段。它可以广泛应用于航空航天、太阳能利用、工业余热回收、采暖空调及家用电器等领域。复合相变储能材料由于可以解决相变储能的流动性及相变过程中的体积变化,成为当前材料科学领域的研究热点,对其研究也取得了很大的进展。但作为一种具有深远应用潜力的新型材料,复合相变储能材料目前尚未获得大规模的工业化生产。如何提高其相变潜热、热传导率以及长期工作稳定性；如何简化合成工艺,降低复合相变储能材料的生成成本及如何提高相变储能材料与各种材料的相容性等问题还有待进一步研究。本文第一部分旨在提高传统微胶囊复合相变储能材料的力学稳定性,采用自组装技术合成了具有抗裂、抗压、抗冲击性能的聚合物基壁材包覆的微胶囊复合相变储能材料。第二部分旨在提高复合相变储能材料的导热系数,提高其工作热响应能力,合成了一系列不同形貌的无机壁材包覆的微胶囊复合相变储能材料。第三部分通过多功能的相变储能材料与无机材料组装,合成了有机/无机杂化的储能聚合物/层状介孔二氧化硅复合体系、及正十八烷/碳酸钙新型杂化体系。我们首先在不同的表面活性剂如苯乙烯-马来酸酐的钠盐共聚物(SMA)、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、聚乙烯醇(PVA)的组装条件下,以不同的核壳质量投料比,合成了一系列改性氨基树脂包覆的微胶囊复合相变储能材料。采用间苯二酚对氨基树脂进行改性提高了微胶囊壁材的抗裂、抗冲击性能。结果发现在以SMA为组装模板剂,核壳比为75/25时制得的微胶囊复合相变储能材料具有光滑致密的表观形貌和规则的“核-壳”结构,并且具备较高的相变性能,包覆效率能达到92%。进一步研究发现,以SMA为组装模板剂,采用不同的水溶性活性单体即乙二胺(EDA)、二乙烯三胺(DETA)、端氨基聚醚Jeffamine,在不同的核壳比条件下,通过界面聚合法组装合成了不同结构的聚脲壁材包覆的微胶囊复合相变储能材料。结果发现,随着活性单体扩散速率的降低,微胶囊的表观形貌变好,微胶囊的平均粒径变大,即采用端氨基聚醚Jeffamine作为胺类活性单体制备的聚脲微胶囊复合相变储能材料具有光滑致密的球形表面。并且随着核壳比的增大,微胶囊的壁材变薄,70/30条件下制备的聚脲微胶囊复合相变储能材料具有最佳的“核-壳”结构和相变行为。但是其热稳定性略低于采用EDA制备的微胶囊复合相变储能材料,主要是由于其较长的烷基链易于分解造成的。我们又通过溶胶—凝胶过程和自组装技术,在pH值高于无机硅源等电点及不同核壳比条件下,制备了一系列二氧化硅壁材包覆的微胶囊复合相变储能材料,旨在提高复合相变储能材料的导热性能。结果表明,合成的复合相变储能材料的导热系数显著提高,最高能达到0.6213W·m-1·K-1。在pH=2.45条件下制备的微胶囊复合相变储能材料,表面致密光滑,具有较好的相变性能和优异的抗渗透性能,其相变焓能够达到180J/g。这为复合相变储能材料导热性能的提高提供了新方法。由于无机硅源在等电点左右的水解缩聚速率不同,通过滴加不同pH值的酸溶液控制无机硅源的水解-缩聚速率,采用自组装过程合成了以二氧化硅为壁材的微胶囊复合相变储能材料。讨论了不同pH值条件下,无机硅源水解缩聚速率与缩聚产物在相变储能材料液滴表面沉积速率的匹配平衡。结果显示,在pH=2.89制备的微胶囊样品具有致密的二氧化硅壁材和光滑的球形表面,平均粒径大约为17.0μm,且该样品具有较高的相变性能和抗渗透性能。且微胶囊样品的热传导性能均显著提高,这为微胶囊复合相变储能材料的工业化生产奠定了基础。另外,在储能聚合物PEGDS/层状二氧化硅体系中,通过在非水溶剂中的溶胶—凝胶过程,控制有机/无机界面的作用力,得到了具有层状结构的介孔二氧化硅材料。由于组装模板剂PEGDS分子链中的亲水集团与无机硅源前驱体之间的亲水相互作用和PEGDS中硬脂酸链段的疏水作用存在一个复杂的平衡状态,该平衡状态仅在一定含量的PEGDS下存在,因此,在PEGDS含量为20.73-31.75wt.%范围内,形成了长程有序的层状介孔结构。在该一维层状二氧化硅的层间距内,具有二维自由度的PEGDS分子链仍然可以结晶。但是层状介孔结构对PEGDS分子链的束缚,导致PEGDS的熔融和结晶温度大大降低。该体系提出了一条合成具有层状结构的聚合物/二氧化硅杂化材料的新路线,而且为研究高分子在新的长程有序结构内的受限结晶开辟了新途径。最后,我们通过自组装技术和微胶囊技术,以正十八烷为芯材,十二烷基苯磺酸钠为表面活性剂,碳酸钙为无机壁材制备了一系列正十八烷/碳酸钙微胶囊复合相变储能材料。分析结果显示,该复合材料的结构中同时含有碳酸钙的方解石晶型和球霰石晶型。当正十八烷的含量为20wt.%,组装模板剂含量为0.4wt.%时,合成的材料具有表面光滑致密的球霰石结构,主要是由于组装模板剂与Ca2+生成络合物,组装模板剂头部亲水基团的距离合适,诱导CO32-在胶束液滴表面定向成核结晶得到的晶体结构。该球霰石晶体结构可以有效地包覆胶束液滴中的正十八烷,但是球霰石形成复杂的三维空间网络,严重束缚了内部正十八烷分子链的运动,破坏了正十八烷的结晶性能,导致其相变行为难以发生,相变焓大大降低。
Phase change materials (PCM) can absorb, store, and release large amounts of latent heat over a defined temperature range while undergoing phase changes, thus, they have gained a great scientific interest in modern technology due to the impending shortage and increasing cost of energy resources. Composite PCM have attracted more and more attention in recent years, since they can prevent PCM from leaking and harmful interaction with the environment, and can supply a large heat capacity to control the volume changes when phase change occurs. However, there are still some limitations for traditional composite PCMs, such as poor thermal and physical stability, and quite low thermal conductivity. Therefore, in this thesis, we synthesized a series of composite PCMs with toughening-reagent modified polymers as wall material, which supply a new method to improve the thermal and physical stability of traditional PCM. We also develop a novel inorganic encapsulation technique to enhance thermal conductivity of PCM, and a series of organic PCM/inorganic hybrids with novel regular structure were prepared. The influence of synthetic conditions on the morphology and performance of composite PCM was also studied. First, a series of micro-PCMs based on n-octadecane core and resorcinol-modified melamine-formaldehyde shell were synthesized by in-situ polymerization method. The influence of various self-assembly templates (SMA, SDS, and PVA) and core/shell weight ratio on the performance of micro-PCMs was studied. Results suggested that using SMA as self-assembly template is optimal for the fabrication of the microcapsules. The micro-PCMs fabricated with a core/shell weight ratio of 75/25 by using SMA, have a compact spherical surface with a mean particle size of about 16μm. This sample has a much better phase change properties and a higher efficiency of encapsulation (about 92%) than the others, while it also exhibits a better stability through the anti-osmosis measurement. These micro-PCMs can be used in the manufacture of thermal-regulated fibers, fabrics and building materials. Then, the micro-PCMs based on n-octadecane core and polyurea shells containing different soft segments in the molecular chain were successfully synthesized through interfacial polycondensation. Various amines (i.e. EDA, DETA, and Jeffamine) were used as water-soluble monomers to investigate the changes of morphology and chemical structure for the wall materials of micro-PCMs. The microcapsules synthesized by using Jeffamine as the amine monomer have a smoother and more compact surface than those using EDA and DETA. It is also found that the microcapsules synthesized by using Jeffamine have a large mean particle size with a centralized size distribution. These microcapsules under this condition also exhibit much better phase change properties, higher encapsulation efficiency, and better anti-osmosis property than the other two samples, although they have poorer thermal stabilities. Furthermore, the core/shell weight ratio of 70/30 is optimal to synthesize micro-PCMs with good pergormance. Furthermore, a novel microencapsulated PCM based on an n-octadecane core and an inorganic silica shell was designed to enhance thermal conductivity and phase-change performance. These silica microcapsules were synthesized by using TEOS as an inorganic source through a sol-gel process. They exhibit a spherical morphology with a well-defined core-shell microstructure. Furthermore, the silica microcapsules synthesized at 2.45 display a smooth and compact surface and present a large particle size range of 7-16μm, thus n-Octadecane inside the silica microcapsules still retains a good crystallinity. These silica microcapsules have good thermal stability, and the encapsulated n-octadecane can achieve good phase change behavior, high encapsulation efficiency, and good antiosmosis property by controlling the loading of core material and acidity of the reaction solution during the sol-gel process. Especially, the thermal conductivity of these silica microcapsules is significantly enhanced due to the presence of the high thermal conductive silica wall. In addition, the silica microcapsules were also synthesized through interfacial condensation. The aim of this study is to discuss the influence of acidity in a large rage (pH=0.93-4.07) on the micro-structure of silica microcapsules. Although the silica microcapsules obtained in different conditions present a spherical morphology with well-defined core-shell microstructure, the samples formed at pH 2.89 achieve a compact silica wall with fairly smooth surface as well as a large mean particle size of about 17.0μm, suggesting an optimal acidity for the preparation of silica microcapsules. Compared to the samples synthesized in chapter 4, the thermal conductivity of these silica microcapsules is more highly improved, which indicates that the silica wall is more compact than that synthesized by sol-gel process. Therefore, encapsulation of n-octadecane with the silica wall material through interfacial condensation can be a perspective way to prepare micro-PCMs with enhanced thermal transfer and phase-change performance for potential applications to thermal-regulating textiles and fibers. Interestingly, the lamellar-mesostructured PEGDS/silica hybrids have been synthesized by using amphiphilic PEGDS as template through self-assembly in sol-gel process. A delicate balance between the hydrophilic interactions at the surfactant head group-silanol interface and the hydrophobic interactions between the stearate segments in the surfactant can be maintained in a severe range of TEOS/PEGDS weight ratio, resulting in the final lamellar mesostructure of the hybrids only containing 20.73-31.25 wt% PEGDS. The molecular chains of PEGDS with 2D degree of freedom could still crystallize, though they were stranded one dimensionally between the silica interlayers. However, the confinement effects of the lamellar mesostructure caused a significant decrease in both the melting and crystallization temperatures of the PEGDS. This work not only presents a novel synthetic route to polymer/silica hybrids with the lamellar mesostructure, but also creates opportunities to study the confined crystallization within a new long-range-ordered space. Besides, a series of novel n-octadecane/calcium hybrids were synthesized by using sodium lauryl benzenesulfate (DBS) as template through self-assembly process. Since inorganic crystals of defined shape and orientation are produced by DBS, the synthesized hybrids have two crystalline forms, calcite and vaterite. As the hybrids containing 20 wt.% n-octadecane synthesized with 0.4 wt.% DBS, vaterite crystals were mainly formed since self-assembly template stereoselectively bind with Ca2+, initiate targeted crystal nuclei and inhibit its growth, tending to induce the nucleation of vaterite. While with high weight percent of n-octadecane and DBS, the interplay of nucleation and growth becomes more complicated, and the viscosity of solution increases, whereas the influence of DBS on the CaCO3 crystal growth was decreased, thus the hybrids tend to form calcite crystals. In addition, the hybrids with vaterite crystals can effectively encapsulate n-octadecane, however, the 3D structure of vaterite seriously inhibits the motion of n-octadecane molecular chains which induce a significant decrease in phase chase properties of encapsulated n-octadecane.
Phase change materials (PCM) can absorb, store, and release large amounts of latent heat over a defined temperature range while undergoing phase changes, thus, they have gained a great scientific interest in modern technology due to the impending shortage and increasing cost of energy resources. Composite PCM have attracted more and more attention in recent years, since they can prevent PCM from leaking and harmful interaction with the environment, and can supply a large heat capacity to control the volume changes when phase change occurs. However, there are still some limitations for traditional composite PCMs, such as poor thermal and physical stability, and quite low thermal conductivity. Therefore, in this thesis, we synthesized a series of composite PCMs with toughening-reagent modified polymers as wall material, which supply a new method to improve the thermal and physical stability of traditional PCM. We also develop a novel inorganic encapsulation technique to enhance thermal conductivity of PCM, and a series of organic PCM/inorganic hybrids with novel regular structure were prepared. The influence of synthetic conditions on the morphology and performance of composite PCM was also studied. First, a series of micro-PCMs based on n-octadecane core and resorcinol-modified melamine-formaldehyde shell were synthesized by in-situ polymerization method. The influence of various self-assembly templates (SMA, SDS, and PVA) and core/shell weight ratio on the performance of micro-PCMs was studied. Results suggested that using SMA as self-assembly template is optimal for the fabrication of the microcapsules. The micro-PCMs fabricated with a core/shell weight ratio of 75/25 by using SMA, have a compact spherical surface with a mean particle size of about 16μm. This sample has a much better phase change properties and a higher efficiency of encapsulation (about 92%) than the others, while it also exhibits a better stability through the anti-osmosis measurement. These micro-PCMs can be used in the manufacture of thermal-regulated fibers, fabrics and building materials. Then, the micro-PCMs based on n-octadecane core and polyurea shells containing different soft segments in the molecular chain were successfully synthesized through interfacial polycondensation. Various amines (i.e. EDA, DETA, and Jeffamine) were used as water-soluble monomers to investigate the changes of morphology and chemical structure for the wall materials of micro-PCMs. The microcapsules synthesized by using Jeffamine as the amine monomer have a smoother and more compact surface than those using EDA and DETA. It is also found that the microcapsules synthesized by using Jeffamine have a large mean particle size with a centralized size distribution. These microcapsules under this condition also exhibit much better phase change properties, higher encapsulation efficiency, and better anti-osmosis property than the other two samples, although they have poorer thermal stabilities. Furthermore, the core/shell weight ratio of 70/30 is optimal to synthesize micro-PCMs with good pergormance. Furthermore, a novel microencapsulated PCM based on an n-octadecane core and an inorganic silica shell was designed to enhance thermal conductivity and phase-change performance. These silica microcapsules were synthesized by using TEOS as an inorganic source through a sol-gel process. They exhibit a spherical morphology with a well-defined core-shell microstructure. Furthermore, the silica microcapsules synthesized at 2.45 display a smooth and compact surface and present a large particle size range of 7-16μm, thus n-Octadecane inside the silica microcapsules still retains a good crystallinity. These silica microcapsules have good thermal stability, and the encapsulated n-octadecane can achieve good phase change behavior, high encapsulation efficiency, and good antiosmosis property by controlling the loading of core material and acidity of the reaction solution during the sol-gel process. Especially, the thermal conductivity of these silica microcapsules is significantly enhanced due to the presence of the high thermal conductive silica wall. In addition, the silica microcapsules were also synthesized through interfacial condensation. The aim of this study is to discuss the influence of acidity in a large rage (pH=0.93-4.07) on the micro-structure of silica microcapsules. Although the silica microcapsules obtained in different conditions present a spherical morphology with well-defined core-shell microstructure, the samples formed at pH 2.89 achieve a compact silica wall with fairly smooth surface as well as a large mean particle size of about 17.0μm, suggesting an optimal acidity for the preparation of silica microcapsules. Compared to the samples synthesized in chapter 4, the thermal conductivity of these silica microcapsules is more highly improved, which indicates that the silica wall is more compact than that synthesized by sol-gel process. Therefore, encapsulation of n-octadecane with the silica wall material through interfacial condensation can be a perspective way to prepare micro-PCMs with enhanced thermal transfer and phase-change performance for potential applications to thermal-regulating textiles and fibers. Interestingly, the lamellar-mesostructured PEGDS/silica hybrids have been synthesized by using amphiphilic PEGDS as template through self-assembly in sol-gel process. A delicate balance between the hydrophilic interactions at the surfactant head group-silanol interface and the hydrophobic interactions between the stearate segments in the surfactant can be maintained in a severe range of TEOS/PEGDS weight ratio, resulting in the final lamellar mesostructure of the hybrids only containing 20.73-31.25 wt% PEGDS. The molecular chains of PEGDS with 2D degree of freedom could still crystallize, though they were stranded one dimensionally between the silica interlayers. However, the confinement effects of the lamellar mesostructure caused a significant decrease in both the melting and crystallization temperatures of the PEGDS. This work not only presents a novel synthetic route to polymer/silica hybrids with the lamellar mesostructure, but also creates opportunities to study the confined crystallization within a new long-range-ordered space. Besides, a series of novel n-octadecane/calcium hybrids were synthesized by using sodium lauryl benzenesulfate (DBS) as template through self-assembly process. Since inorganic crystals of defined shape and orientation are produced by DBS, the synthesized hybrids have two crystalline forms, calcite and vaterite. As the hybrids containing 20 wt.% n-octadecane synthesized with 0.4 wt.% DBS, vaterite crystals were mainly formed since self-assembly template stereoselectively bind with Ca2+, initiate targeted crystal nuclei and inhibit its growth, tending to induce the nucleation of vaterite. While with high weight percent of n-octadecane and DBS, the interplay of nucleation and growth becomes more complicated, and the viscosity of solution increases, whereas the influence of DBS on the CaCO3 crystal growth was decreased, thus the hybrids tend to form calcite crystals. In addition, the hybrids with vaterite crystals can effectively encapsulate n-octadecane, however, the 3D structure of vaterite seriously inhibits the motion of n-octadecane molecular chains which induce a significant decrease in phase chase properties of encapsulated n-octadecane.
引文
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