音乐速度变化感知的脑电研究
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摘要
音乐速度与音乐所表达的情绪、情感有密切关系,是准确诠释音乐作品个性的基础。音乐速度取决于乐曲的内容与风格,大致可分为慢速、中速和快速三类。由于音乐表现的需要,不同风格的乐曲对应的演奏速度通常不同,而同一首乐曲内的速度也常呈现缓急交错的变化。因此,感知音乐速度变化的能力对演奏家、作曲家和听赏者都具有重要意义,而相关的音速变化感知加工机理也成为认知神经科学的研究热点。
本论文从脑电入手,首先概括并发展了脑电相关的信号处理方法,然后围绕大多数音乐的偏好速度,即100拍/分钟(Beats/min)左右的中速,设计了音速变化感知相关的行为和脑电实验,再结合适当的脑电信号分析方法,研究了序列局部速度扰动所激活的大脑感知加工机制。主要工作如下:
1.归纳并发展了本论文实验数据分析中所涉及的脑电信号分析方法,具体包括时域ERP (Even-Related Potential)波形参数分析、时频域Gamma波段响应分析(Gamma Band Activity,GBA)、空域低分辨率层析成像(Low Resolution Brain Tomography Algorithm, LORETA)以及球面局部Laplacian分析方法。
2.采用被动听觉实验范式,研究了三类典型音速(慢速、中速、快速)的序列局部速度扰动所诱发的大脑自动加工模式。N1波形及GBA分析显示,音速对N1幅度及潜伏期、诱发GBA幅度及潜伏期均有显著影响。其中,快速序列的诱发GBA峰值最小、潜伏期最早,但N1幅度最大、潜伏期最晚;慢速序列的诱发GBA峰值最大,潜伏期最晚;中速序列的N1幅度最小、潜伏期最早,且提前音与延后音诱发的N1幅度有显著差异。Laplacian电流密度成像分析也显示,中速序列比快速和慢速序列的目标音所诱发的脑区激活更强。这可能与中速序列相邻音的听觉模版适当交叠所引起的感知共振相关,导致大脑对中速刺激的时间变化最为敏感。
3.采用行为实验及被动听觉实验相结合,研究了中速序列局部速度扰动的大脑自动感知加工。行为数据显示,慢速和快速序列中,提前音与延后音的辨别力指数d’均有显著差异;但中速序列中,提前音与延后音的辨别力指数d’无显著差异。表明在较快或较慢的速度下,听者对提前音与延后音的敏感度均存在偏差,而中速下,听者对提前音与延后音的敏感度一致。进一步的失匹配负波(MisMatching Negative,MMN)分析发现,在Fz,中速序列的提前音比延后音诱发的MMN幅度更大、潜伏期更早。表明即使是在行为无偏差的中速下,大脑对中速序列的提前音及延后音的感知仍然有显著差异。本实验的结果表明,电生理数据比行为数据能更准确地表征中速序列局部速度扰动的感知差异。
4.采用ERP主动听觉实验范式,通过调整中速序列第4音的音强及第3音和第4音间的刺激间隔长度,研究了音强重音对中速序列局部速度扰动感知的影响。行为和脑电数据的分析显示,音强重音对中速序列局部速度扰动的感知有显著影响。与音强无变化的目标音相比,强音主要降低延后音与标准音的辨别力指数,增大了它们的检测难度;弱音则主要引起提前音的P3潜伏期缩短,表明音强的突然下降可能会引入对注意的干扰,阻碍更多高级加工过程参与对提前音的感知。另外,在音强各个水平下,延后音的P3幅度均显著大于提前音,为补偿理论提供了重要的电生理证据。
Tempo is an extremely crucial element in music since it can influence how a piece sounds and feels. As the rate of beat, tempo can be slow, fast or in-between, and can change during a melody. Different tempo is related to different emotion evoked in music performance and appreciation. So the ability for discrimination of tempo change in music is critical not only for performers and composers, but also for listeners.
This thesis focused on the detection of IOI deviations in an isochronous sequences. Based on scalp Electroencephalography (EEG) and some associated methods of signal processing, the following studies were presented and discussed.
1. Methods of signal processing for EEG analysis in our experiments, such as the ERP (Event-Related Potential) waveform measurement in temporal analysis, the GBA in tempospectral analysis, the low resolution brain tomography algorithm (LORETA) estimation and the Laplacian technology in spatial analysis, were summarized firstly. Then the planar difference approximation approach for local Laplacian was extended to a spherical surface model. The 2nd and 4th order approximation were derived and a proportional coefficient difference was revealed between the planar and the spherical surface models.
2. The effects of different tempos on the detection of temporal perturbation were investigated in 5-beat isochronous sequences. Modulations of gamma-band activity (GBA) were measured as subjects listened to theses 5-beat isochronous sequences with embedded inter-onset interval (IOI) variations. These sequences had three different base tempos: fast, modest or slow. Perturbations occurred at the last beat, which occurred early, on time, or late. The evoked (phase-locked) GBA peaks showed a smaller amplitude and earlier latency in fast sequences, and a larger amplitude and later latency in slow sequences. The N1 component had a larger amplitude and later latency in fast sequences, and a smaller amplitude and earlier latency in modest sequences. Also, the N1 amplitude was significantly different between the advanced and delayed target tones in modest sequences. Furtherly, the Laplacian current density mapping indicated that the brain activity evoked by targets in modest sequences was stronger than that in fast or slow sequences. This might be related with the perception resonance induced from the overlapping of auditory templates between the preceding tone and the target in modest sequences, implicating the higher discrimination sensitivity for temporal variations under modest simulation rate.
3. This work was to investigate whether the pre-attentive perception of acceleration and deceleration were different when the basic tempo was at the behavioral indifference time. The standard stimulus was a 5-beat sequence with each inter-stimulus interval (ISI) of 300, 600, and 900ms for behavioral experiment, and only 600ms for ERP experiment. For the deviant stimulus, the ISI between the third and fourth beats was shortened or lengthened by 10% of the standard IOI. The behavioral data indicated that no perception bias was existed for the detection of the delayed and advanced targets in sequences with modest tempo. The ERP data showed that both deviants elicited a frontally mismatching negativity (MMN), with relatively earlier latency and greater magnitude for shorter IOI than for longer IOI. The LORETA source estimation showed an activity predominantly at the left prefrontal area. The results indicated that the temporal variation directions had an effect on the latency and magnitude of the MMNs even when the standard tempo was at the behavioral indifference time.
4. The effect of intensity accent on the perception of temporal variations was examined in an Event-Related Potential (ERP) experiment. For a standard 5-beat isochronous sequence, the IOI before the fourth tone and the intensity of the fourth tone were modulated respectively (IOI: standard, shortened or lengthened by 15%; Intensity: standard, louder or softer by 4dB) to get 9 different stimulation sequences. Analyses of behavioral and ERP measures revealed that intensity accents had an asymmetric effect on the detection of IOI deviations in an isochronous sequence. The louder accents mainly reduced the discrimination sensitivity of the shorter and standard IOIs and thus made them much difficult to detect. The softer accents resulted in an earlier latency for P3 component. The suddenly intensity declination might introduce into a disturbance to attention, especially for the detection of the shorter IOIs, and then impede the entrainment of more high-level processing in the temporal perception. Importantly, the longer IOIs corresponded to larger P3 amplitude than the short IOIs in each of the three kinds of sequences, providing electrophysiological evidence for compensation hypothesis, which predicts that the longer IOIs were easier to detect than the shorter IOIs.
本论文从脑电入手,首先概括并发展了脑电相关的信号处理方法,然后围绕大多数音乐的偏好速度,即100拍/分钟(Beats/min)左右的中速,设计了音速变化感知相关的行为和脑电实验,再结合适当的脑电信号分析方法,研究了序列局部速度扰动所激活的大脑感知加工机制。主要工作如下:
1.归纳并发展了本论文实验数据分析中所涉及的脑电信号分析方法,具体包括时域ERP (Even-Related Potential)波形参数分析、时频域Gamma波段响应分析(Gamma Band Activity,GBA)、空域低分辨率层析成像(Low Resolution Brain Tomography Algorithm, LORETA)以及球面局部Laplacian分析方法。
2.采用被动听觉实验范式,研究了三类典型音速(慢速、中速、快速)的序列局部速度扰动所诱发的大脑自动加工模式。N1波形及GBA分析显示,音速对N1幅度及潜伏期、诱发GBA幅度及潜伏期均有显著影响。其中,快速序列的诱发GBA峰值最小、潜伏期最早,但N1幅度最大、潜伏期最晚;慢速序列的诱发GBA峰值最大,潜伏期最晚;中速序列的N1幅度最小、潜伏期最早,且提前音与延后音诱发的N1幅度有显著差异。Laplacian电流密度成像分析也显示,中速序列比快速和慢速序列的目标音所诱发的脑区激活更强。这可能与中速序列相邻音的听觉模版适当交叠所引起的感知共振相关,导致大脑对中速刺激的时间变化最为敏感。
3.采用行为实验及被动听觉实验相结合,研究了中速序列局部速度扰动的大脑自动感知加工。行为数据显示,慢速和快速序列中,提前音与延后音的辨别力指数d’均有显著差异;但中速序列中,提前音与延后音的辨别力指数d’无显著差异。表明在较快或较慢的速度下,听者对提前音与延后音的敏感度均存在偏差,而中速下,听者对提前音与延后音的敏感度一致。进一步的失匹配负波(MisMatching Negative,MMN)分析发现,在Fz,中速序列的提前音比延后音诱发的MMN幅度更大、潜伏期更早。表明即使是在行为无偏差的中速下,大脑对中速序列的提前音及延后音的感知仍然有显著差异。本实验的结果表明,电生理数据比行为数据能更准确地表征中速序列局部速度扰动的感知差异。
4.采用ERP主动听觉实验范式,通过调整中速序列第4音的音强及第3音和第4音间的刺激间隔长度,研究了音强重音对中速序列局部速度扰动感知的影响。行为和脑电数据的分析显示,音强重音对中速序列局部速度扰动的感知有显著影响。与音强无变化的目标音相比,强音主要降低延后音与标准音的辨别力指数,增大了它们的检测难度;弱音则主要引起提前音的P3潜伏期缩短,表明音强的突然下降可能会引入对注意的干扰,阻碍更多高级加工过程参与对提前音的感知。另外,在音强各个水平下,延后音的P3幅度均显著大于提前音,为补偿理论提供了重要的电生理证据。
Tempo is an extremely crucial element in music since it can influence how a piece sounds and feels. As the rate of beat, tempo can be slow, fast or in-between, and can change during a melody. Different tempo is related to different emotion evoked in music performance and appreciation. So the ability for discrimination of tempo change in music is critical not only for performers and composers, but also for listeners.
This thesis focused on the detection of IOI deviations in an isochronous sequences. Based on scalp Electroencephalography (EEG) and some associated methods of signal processing, the following studies were presented and discussed.
1. Methods of signal processing for EEG analysis in our experiments, such as the ERP (Event-Related Potential) waveform measurement in temporal analysis, the GBA in tempospectral analysis, the low resolution brain tomography algorithm (LORETA) estimation and the Laplacian technology in spatial analysis, were summarized firstly. Then the planar difference approximation approach for local Laplacian was extended to a spherical surface model. The 2nd and 4th order approximation were derived and a proportional coefficient difference was revealed between the planar and the spherical surface models.
2. The effects of different tempos on the detection of temporal perturbation were investigated in 5-beat isochronous sequences. Modulations of gamma-band activity (GBA) were measured as subjects listened to theses 5-beat isochronous sequences with embedded inter-onset interval (IOI) variations. These sequences had three different base tempos: fast, modest or slow. Perturbations occurred at the last beat, which occurred early, on time, or late. The evoked (phase-locked) GBA peaks showed a smaller amplitude and earlier latency in fast sequences, and a larger amplitude and later latency in slow sequences. The N1 component had a larger amplitude and later latency in fast sequences, and a smaller amplitude and earlier latency in modest sequences. Also, the N1 amplitude was significantly different between the advanced and delayed target tones in modest sequences. Furtherly, the Laplacian current density mapping indicated that the brain activity evoked by targets in modest sequences was stronger than that in fast or slow sequences. This might be related with the perception resonance induced from the overlapping of auditory templates between the preceding tone and the target in modest sequences, implicating the higher discrimination sensitivity for temporal variations under modest simulation rate.
3. This work was to investigate whether the pre-attentive perception of acceleration and deceleration were different when the basic tempo was at the behavioral indifference time. The standard stimulus was a 5-beat sequence with each inter-stimulus interval (ISI) of 300, 600, and 900ms for behavioral experiment, and only 600ms for ERP experiment. For the deviant stimulus, the ISI between the third and fourth beats was shortened or lengthened by 10% of the standard IOI. The behavioral data indicated that no perception bias was existed for the detection of the delayed and advanced targets in sequences with modest tempo. The ERP data showed that both deviants elicited a frontally mismatching negativity (MMN), with relatively earlier latency and greater magnitude for shorter IOI than for longer IOI. The LORETA source estimation showed an activity predominantly at the left prefrontal area. The results indicated that the temporal variation directions had an effect on the latency and magnitude of the MMNs even when the standard tempo was at the behavioral indifference time.
4. The effect of intensity accent on the perception of temporal variations was examined in an Event-Related Potential (ERP) experiment. For a standard 5-beat isochronous sequence, the IOI before the fourth tone and the intensity of the fourth tone were modulated respectively (IOI: standard, shortened or lengthened by 15%; Intensity: standard, louder or softer by 4dB) to get 9 different stimulation sequences. Analyses of behavioral and ERP measures revealed that intensity accents had an asymmetric effect on the detection of IOI deviations in an isochronous sequence. The louder accents mainly reduced the discrimination sensitivity of the shorter and standard IOIs and thus made them much difficult to detect. The softer accents resulted in an earlier latency for P3 component. The suddenly intensity declination might introduce into a disturbance to attention, especially for the detection of the shorter IOIs, and then impede the entrainment of more high-level processing in the temporal perception. Importantly, the longer IOIs corresponded to larger P3 amplitude than the short IOIs in each of the three kinds of sequences, providing electrophysiological evidence for compensation hypothesis, which predicts that the longer IOIs were easier to detect than the shorter IOIs.
引文
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