听觉系统自动加工汉语声调和辅音时的大脑半球优势
摘要
语言是人类进化的产物，是人类之间进行交流与沟通的重要工具。对于大脑是如何感知并且加工处理随着时间快速变化且具有复杂成分的语言信号的机制，一直是科学界关于人脑研究的重要问题，但是迄今为止，还有很多问题没有弄清楚。语言作为一种交流工具，它是一种声音信息的集合，不同种族的人具用不同的语言。语言的基本单位是音素，由音素形成音节，再组合形成语言。但是作为声调语言例如汉语普通话的声调却有着不同的特性，每个音节会伴随着基频(f0)的变化而产生声调。在功能上，声调可以用来反映不同说话者的声音、用于情绪的表达(这种现象主要出现在大多数西方语言的语句表达上，如疑问句)以及表意的功能(在声调语言中语意的表达)。
声调语言中的声调成分是随着音节变化时，伴随着基频的改变而出现的。并且对于相同的音节，不同的声调可以表达出不同的语意。例如第一声调ma1表示“妈”；第二声调ma2表示“麻”。声调是如何在大脑中加工处理的，一直是神经语言学研究中的一个重要问题，人们特别感兴趣究竟哪个大脑半球在处理声调的优势半球。目前，有关声调加工的优势脑半球存在着两种假说。一种是功能假说(functional hypothesis)：认为声调按照完全它们本身所拥有的语言功能主要在左侧大脑半球处理。另一种是声学假说(acoustic hypothesis)：认为所有的调，不论其拥有什么样的功能，都是主要在右侧大脑半球处理，因为调的声学属性主要是一种频率上的变化，而这样的声音主要是在右侧大脑半球处理加工的。关于这两种假说，目前报道的结果经常互相矛盾，形成了一个长期争论。尽管很多研究支持功能性假说，包括在脑部缺损病人，正常人的行为学实验以及功能成像实验，但不是所有的实验结果都支持这种假说。而且也有一部分研究结果是支持声学假说的。本论文工作主要研究当声调在作为一种声学信息被传入到大脑中的时候，在听觉认知的自动加工阶段即注意前的早期阶段，究竟哪个大脑半球处理占优势。
大脑中处理声音的位置主要是在左右两侧颞叶的颞上回和颞中回部位，以及位于蹑叶后部的联合区域。早在19世纪，通过对脑部受损病人的神经心理学的测试，Fechner和Wernicke就发现左右两侧半球在加工处理声音信息上的角色差异。随着近代科技的发展，功能成像技术也被应用到研究大脑结构以及功能的研究中。大量的研究证实左侧大脑半球在处理语言时占据优势；而右侧大脑半球在处理音乐时占据优势。但是由于脑受损病人受损区域的不固定性，以及功能成像技术本身的低时间分辨率的局限性，都无法精确地观察言语信号是如何在大脑中作为声音信号处理的。而脑诱发电位技术拥有相当高的时间分辨率，可以实时地观察到大脑对刺激的反应。所以有可能适合用于精确分析听觉信息在大脑中加工的时间过程。
因此，对于作为声调语言的超音段成份的声调一直以来都存在疑问，就是它是否和构成基础的音段成份，例如辅音，在不同的优势脑半球进行加工。为了回答这个问题，我们选用母语是汉语的受试者，通过高频率的播放由辅音和元音构成的有汉语语意的音节，低频率的播放改变辅音音节(辅音组)或者改变声调(声调组)从而达到改变汉语语意的音节。为了克服fMRI和PET时间分辨率低的弱点，本工作采用高时间分辨率的脑电技术记录脑听觉事件相关电位和分析其中的失匹配负波成份(mismatch negativity，MMN)。所记录到的MMN成分反映了听觉系统在早期认知阶段(注意前阶段)对外界信号的自动加工过程。本研究发现在听觉认知的注意前阶段：(1)在辅音组中，改变辅音在左侧大脑半球诱发的MMN幅度要高于右侧大脑半球的幅度；(2)在声调组中，右侧大脑半球的MMN幅度要高于左侧大脑半球的幅度。这个结果显示在早期的听觉认知加工过程中，针对声调和辅音脑半球优势是相反的。由于声调和辅音在定义语义时有着相同的功能，这个相反的半球优势模式说明在意识前阶段，决定脑半球优势的因素是听觉输入的声学特性，而不是其功能。该结果已经在2006年12月发表在《美国科学院院刊》(PNAS)上。这篇论文认为，先前报道的相关研究工作未能够通过分阶段观测大脑听觉认知处理过程来研究这个问题，但实际上声学假说在早期的意识前加工阶段是成立的，而功能假说则在后期的意识加工阶段是成立的。这篇论文同时提出了一个两级听觉认知模型，将声学假说和功能假说统一起来。根据这个模型，在意识前阶段右脑依据听觉输入的声学特性成为处理汉语声调的优势半球，而到了意识阶段左脑依据听觉输入的语义功能成为处理汉语声调的优势半球。
Language is the product of human evolution and an important tool for human communication. The mechanisms through which the human brain perceives and discriminates complex and rapidly changing components of human speech are not well understood and remain as an important question for brain research. Although speech is a compound sound and there exists a variety of speech in the world, it is built with syllables composed of the phonemes. Variations in fundamental frequency (f0) form pitch patterns of speech, or lexical tones which have different functions in the different languages. The speech pitch can be used to identify the speaker's voice, mood and doubt. But the pitch pattern, or a lexical tone, of a tonal language such as Mandarin Chinese has a unique linguistic function: they encode word meaning as vowels and consonants do.
In tonal languages, lexical tones acoustically correlate with variations of the fundamental frequency (f0) of a syllable. The same syllable can represents different word meanings when it is accented in different lexical tones. For example, syllable /mal/ means "mother", /ma2/ means "hemp". How the brain processes lexical tones is an important issue in neurolinguistic research. In particular, it remains as an interesting question which hemisphere dominates the processing of a lexical tone in the brain. Currently, there are two competing hypotheses about hemisphere dominance for processing lexical tones in tonal languages. The functional hypothesis predicts that a lexical tone will be preferentially processed in the left hemisphere based on its linguistic functions. Alternatively, the acoustic hypothesis predicts that a lexical tone will be preferentially processed in the right hemisphere based on its acoustic structures. The two hypotheses are competing and neither can account for a full range of experimental data.
When non-speech sounds are used as the stimulus, the lateralization patterns as revealed with fMRI or PET are well predicted by the acoustic hypothesis. Arguing against this hypothesis are data from the fMRI or PET experiments which use lexical tones as the stimulus to demonstrate that additional areas of the left hemisphere will be activated in native tonal language speakers versus English speakers, suggesting the dependence of hemisphere lateralization on linguistic functions and language experience, rather than on acoustic features. Because fMRI or PET measures hemodynamic responses with a temporal resolution ranging from seconds to tens of seconds, the observation from these neuroimaging studies, which require subjects to execute a discrimination task, likely represents the temporally aggregated brain activities including those at an attentive stage of auditory processing. However, the hemisphere lateralization for an auditory response to speech sound can occur as early as 144 ms after the onset of stimulus. Thus, there is a possibility that the auditory response to lexical tones at such an early stage was actually lateralized to the right hemisphere based on their acoustic features but confounded with the response components at a later stage of processing and not explicitly revealed in the previous fMRI or PET studies. The present study attempted to identify which hypothesis prevails in early auditory processing with whole-head electric recordings of the mismatch negativity (MMN) from native Mandarin Chinese speakers under a passive auditory odd-ball paradigm. The recorded MMN response occurred around 200 ms after the onset of stimulus and reflected the brain's automatic processing at a pre-attentive stage. This study demonstrates that early auditory processing of a lexical tone at a pre-attentive stage is actually lateralized to the right hemisphere. A meaningful auditory word with a consonant-vowel structure is frequently presented to native Mandarin Chinese speakers and either its lexical tone or initial consonant using an odd-ball paradigm infrequently varied to create a contrast and result in a change in word meaning. The lexical tone contrast evoked a stronger pre-attentive response, as revealed by whole-head electric recordings of the mismatch negativity, in the right hemisphere than in the left whereas the consonant contrast produced an opposite pattern. Given the distinct acoustic features between a lexical tone and a consonant, this opposite lateralization pattern suggests the dependence of hemisphere dominance mainly on acoustic cues before speech input is mapped into a semantic representation in the processing stream.
声调语言中的声调成分是随着音节变化时，伴随着基频的改变而出现的。并且对于相同的音节，不同的声调可以表达出不同的语意。例如第一声调ma1表示“妈”；第二声调ma2表示“麻”。声调是如何在大脑中加工处理的，一直是神经语言学研究中的一个重要问题，人们特别感兴趣究竟哪个大脑半球在处理声调的优势半球。目前，有关声调加工的优势脑半球存在着两种假说。一种是功能假说(functional hypothesis)：认为声调按照完全它们本身所拥有的语言功能主要在左侧大脑半球处理。另一种是声学假说(acoustic hypothesis)：认为所有的调，不论其拥有什么样的功能，都是主要在右侧大脑半球处理，因为调的声学属性主要是一种频率上的变化，而这样的声音主要是在右侧大脑半球处理加工的。关于这两种假说，目前报道的结果经常互相矛盾，形成了一个长期争论。尽管很多研究支持功能性假说，包括在脑部缺损病人，正常人的行为学实验以及功能成像实验，但不是所有的实验结果都支持这种假说。而且也有一部分研究结果是支持声学假说的。本论文工作主要研究当声调在作为一种声学信息被传入到大脑中的时候，在听觉认知的自动加工阶段即注意前的早期阶段，究竟哪个大脑半球处理占优势。
大脑中处理声音的位置主要是在左右两侧颞叶的颞上回和颞中回部位，以及位于蹑叶后部的联合区域。早在19世纪，通过对脑部受损病人的神经心理学的测试，Fechner和Wernicke就发现左右两侧半球在加工处理声音信息上的角色差异。随着近代科技的发展，功能成像技术也被应用到研究大脑结构以及功能的研究中。大量的研究证实左侧大脑半球在处理语言时占据优势；而右侧大脑半球在处理音乐时占据优势。但是由于脑受损病人受损区域的不固定性，以及功能成像技术本身的低时间分辨率的局限性，都无法精确地观察言语信号是如何在大脑中作为声音信号处理的。而脑诱发电位技术拥有相当高的时间分辨率，可以实时地观察到大脑对刺激的反应。所以有可能适合用于精确分析听觉信息在大脑中加工的时间过程。
因此，对于作为声调语言的超音段成份的声调一直以来都存在疑问，就是它是否和构成基础的音段成份，例如辅音，在不同的优势脑半球进行加工。为了回答这个问题，我们选用母语是汉语的受试者，通过高频率的播放由辅音和元音构成的有汉语语意的音节，低频率的播放改变辅音音节(辅音组)或者改变声调(声调组)从而达到改变汉语语意的音节。为了克服fMRI和PET时间分辨率低的弱点，本工作采用高时间分辨率的脑电技术记录脑听觉事件相关电位和分析其中的失匹配负波成份(mismatch negativity，MMN)。所记录到的MMN成分反映了听觉系统在早期认知阶段(注意前阶段)对外界信号的自动加工过程。本研究发现在听觉认知的注意前阶段：(1)在辅音组中，改变辅音在左侧大脑半球诱发的MMN幅度要高于右侧大脑半球的幅度；(2)在声调组中，右侧大脑半球的MMN幅度要高于左侧大脑半球的幅度。这个结果显示在早期的听觉认知加工过程中，针对声调和辅音脑半球优势是相反的。由于声调和辅音在定义语义时有着相同的功能，这个相反的半球优势模式说明在意识前阶段，决定脑半球优势的因素是听觉输入的声学特性，而不是其功能。该结果已经在2006年12月发表在《美国科学院院刊》(PNAS)上。这篇论文认为，先前报道的相关研究工作未能够通过分阶段观测大脑听觉认知处理过程来研究这个问题，但实际上声学假说在早期的意识前加工阶段是成立的，而功能假说则在后期的意识加工阶段是成立的。这篇论文同时提出了一个两级听觉认知模型，将声学假说和功能假说统一起来。根据这个模型，在意识前阶段右脑依据听觉输入的声学特性成为处理汉语声调的优势半球，而到了意识阶段左脑依据听觉输入的语义功能成为处理汉语声调的优势半球。
Language is the product of human evolution and an important tool for human communication. The mechanisms through which the human brain perceives and discriminates complex and rapidly changing components of human speech are not well understood and remain as an important question for brain research. Although speech is a compound sound and there exists a variety of speech in the world, it is built with syllables composed of the phonemes. Variations in fundamental frequency (f0) form pitch patterns of speech, or lexical tones which have different functions in the different languages. The speech pitch can be used to identify the speaker's voice, mood and doubt. But the pitch pattern, or a lexical tone, of a tonal language such as Mandarin Chinese has a unique linguistic function: they encode word meaning as vowels and consonants do.
In tonal languages, lexical tones acoustically correlate with variations of the fundamental frequency (f0) of a syllable. The same syllable can represents different word meanings when it is accented in different lexical tones. For example, syllable /mal/ means "mother", /ma2/ means "hemp". How the brain processes lexical tones is an important issue in neurolinguistic research. In particular, it remains as an interesting question which hemisphere dominates the processing of a lexical tone in the brain. Currently, there are two competing hypotheses about hemisphere dominance for processing lexical tones in tonal languages. The functional hypothesis predicts that a lexical tone will be preferentially processed in the left hemisphere based on its linguistic functions. Alternatively, the acoustic hypothesis predicts that a lexical tone will be preferentially processed in the right hemisphere based on its acoustic structures. The two hypotheses are competing and neither can account for a full range of experimental data.
When non-speech sounds are used as the stimulus, the lateralization patterns as revealed with fMRI or PET are well predicted by the acoustic hypothesis. Arguing against this hypothesis are data from the fMRI or PET experiments which use lexical tones as the stimulus to demonstrate that additional areas of the left hemisphere will be activated in native tonal language speakers versus English speakers, suggesting the dependence of hemisphere lateralization on linguistic functions and language experience, rather than on acoustic features. Because fMRI or PET measures hemodynamic responses with a temporal resolution ranging from seconds to tens of seconds, the observation from these neuroimaging studies, which require subjects to execute a discrimination task, likely represents the temporally aggregated brain activities including those at an attentive stage of auditory processing. However, the hemisphere lateralization for an auditory response to speech sound can occur as early as 144 ms after the onset of stimulus. Thus, there is a possibility that the auditory response to lexical tones at such an early stage was actually lateralized to the right hemisphere based on their acoustic features but confounded with the response components at a later stage of processing and not explicitly revealed in the previous fMRI or PET studies. The present study attempted to identify which hypothesis prevails in early auditory processing with whole-head electric recordings of the mismatch negativity (MMN) from native Mandarin Chinese speakers under a passive auditory odd-ball paradigm. The recorded MMN response occurred around 200 ms after the onset of stimulus and reflected the brain's automatic processing at a pre-attentive stage. This study demonstrates that early auditory processing of a lexical tone at a pre-attentive stage is actually lateralized to the right hemisphere. A meaningful auditory word with a consonant-vowel structure is frequently presented to native Mandarin Chinese speakers and either its lexical tone or initial consonant using an odd-ball paradigm infrequently varied to create a contrast and result in a change in word meaning. The lexical tone contrast evoked a stronger pre-attentive response, as revealed by whole-head electric recordings of the mismatch negativity, in the right hemisphere than in the left whereas the consonant contrast produced an opposite pattern. Given the distinct acoustic features between a lexical tone and a consonant, this opposite lateralization pattern suggests the dependence of hemisphere dominance mainly on acoustic cues before speech input is mapped into a semantic representation in the processing stream.
引文
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