核电站数字化控制系统可靠性评价方法的研究
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摘要
核电站的数字化控制系统是整个电站安全运行不可或缺的重要组成部分。它在电站的整个寿期内,要对电站进行全天候地监控以及保护,使之能够安全、稳定、高效地运行。一个安全可靠的控制系统,所带来的不仅仅是经济效益,还有巨大的社会效益(只有安全稳定运行的核电站才会得到民众的认可)。近年来,随着数字技术广泛地应用于核电站控制,数字化控制系统已然成为了发展的主流。数字化控制系统作为核电站控制的“神经中枢”,其任何一个环节出现问题,都有可能导致控制系统部分功能失效或引发整体系统故障,最终引发反应堆停堆、汽机脱扣等安全动作,这将极大地影响电站的经济效益；甚至还有可能导致堆芯损毁、放射性物质释放到环境中等极限事故,最终危及到公众安全。所以说,对数字化控制系统进行可靠性评价至关重要。由于数字化控制系统自身的复杂性,提出一套用于评价数字化控制系统可靠性的有效方法体系意义重大。
随着人们对概率风险评价方法研究的深入,国内外的多家科研机构开始尝试着采用不同的方法对核电站数字化控制系统的可靠性进行评价。由于各个研究团体的切入角度,以及想要解决的问题不同,造成了目前的评价方法虽然针对性强,但普遍具有局限性,难以量化,与工程实际衔接不紧的问题,所以还无法形成一整套既有理论支撑,又能面向工程应用的完整评价体系。基于上述原因,本课题在充分调研的基础上,进行了如下研究：
首先,本文改变了以往按物理设备分层的思路,从功能分层的角度出发(这是因为可靠性的定义强调的就是首先完成指定功能),把原有的系统、单元、模件、元件四层结构,变为了系统、微系统和基本单元三层结构。因为,这样做不仅更易于对各个层次进行可靠性评价,而且还能为数字化控制系统的可靠性评价建立起一套新的方法体系与思路。然后,本文借鉴了机械设备可靠性评价的经典模型——强度-载荷模型,根据数字化设备失效的特点,即多种冲击共同作用产生失效,而非设备的单一冲击多次作用产生失效,对其进行了拓展,形成了适用于数字化控制系统可靠性评价的广义无量纲强度-载荷模型。并在该模型的基础上,提出了动态模型和考虑共因失效的模型。考虑到工程应用的需要,在失效率已知的情况下,对多故障冲击模型(MESH)进行了改进。最后,本文以功能分层思想和广义无量纲强度-载荷模型为基础,以工程实际应用为导向,以工程设计文件——系统网络结构图为输入,建立了一套图形化的建模方法,即基于功能分层的系统网络结构图分析法。本文还为该方法定义了图符和基本概念,同时设计了计算步骤,并用一套真实的电厂数字化控制系统为对象进行了验证。
本文提出的按功能分层评价的思路,给出了一套完整有效的数字化控制系统可靠性评价的方法体系。而广义无量纲强度-载荷模型的提出解决了数字化设备容易遭受多种类型载荷共同作用失效的问题,以及失效率未知情况下的共因失效问题。对失效率未知的情况,本文对原有的多故障冲击模型(MESH)进行了改进,较好的解决了该问题。本文最后还结合工程实际,把上述模型与系统网络结构图分析法相结合,解决了工程上实际的数字化控制系统可靠性评价问题。
Nuclear power plant control system is the indispensable important component for plant safe operation. In the whole life cycle of the plant, it is charge to monitor and protect the station, and make it safe, stable, efficient operate. A safe and reliable control system, is not only brought about by the economic benefits, there is a huge social benefit (only the safe and stable operation of the nuclear power plant will be public recognition). In recent years, along with the digital technology has been widely used in nuclear power plant control, digital control system has become the mainstream of development. Digital control system for nuclear power plant control "nerve center", its a part of any problems, are likely to lead to the part of control system failure or cause a system failure, eventually led to the reactor shutdown, turbine trip safety action, this will greatly affect the economic benefits of the power station; they may even lead to core damage, release of radioactive material into the environment medium ultimate accident, ultimately endanger public security. Therefore, the digital control system reliability evaluation is crucial. Due to the complexity of digital control system, it is great significance to put forward a set of effective methodology for evaluation of digital control system reliability.
Along with the people study the PSA methods in-depth, a lot of domestic and foreign research institutions began to try different approaches to the nuclear plant digital control system reliability evaluation. Due to various research perspective, and need to resolve different issues, resulting in the current evaluation method, although targeted, but generally have limitations, it is difficult to quantify, and applying in engineer, so it is unable to form a complete set of both theoretical support, and can complete evaluation system for engineering application. Based on the above reasons, this paper on the basis of investigation, to do the following research:
First of all, in this paper, a previous thought of system layering according to the physical equipments has been changed, system layering according to the function is used (reliability definition emphasizes the completion of a specified function). And the original system, unit, module, and element four layers structure, has been changed into the system, classical systems and basic unit consisting of three layers structure. In this way, it is more easy to do reliability evaluation for every layer, and finally get the whole system reliability evaluation results. A new methodology for digital control system reliability evaluation is provided. Then, this paper draws on the reliability of mechanical equipment evaluation model:strength-load model. And according to the digital equipment failure characteristics, namely multiple impact caused failure, rather than a single impact by multiple, a new kind of digital control system reliability evaluation model:generalized dimensionless strength-load model is put forward. And on the basis of the model, the dynamic model and considering the common cause failure model are also put forward. Considering the need of engineering application, the failure rate is known, the multi-fault impact model (MESH) is improved. Finally, based on functional hierarchical thought and generalized dimensionless strength-load model as the foundation, to the practical engineering application oriented, with engineering design documents:system network structure diagram as input, a set of graphical modeling method is established, namely the system network structure diagram analysis method. based on function layer. This paper also provide the self-defined symbol and basic concept for the method, while the design of the calculation procedure, and useing a real power plant as the research object.
This paper puts forward new diea:based on functional hierarchical, and a complete set of effective digital control system reliability evaluation is presented. General dimensionless strength-load model is proposed to solve the problems of digital equipment which is easy to suffer from multiple types of loads, and common cause failure model under the condition of failure rate unknown. When the failure rate is unknown, the original fault impact model (MESH) is improved, betterly solves the problem. Finally, combined with the engineering practice, combining the model and system network structure diagram analysis method, the engineering actual digital control system reliability evaluation is resolved.
随着人们对概率风险评价方法研究的深入,国内外的多家科研机构开始尝试着采用不同的方法对核电站数字化控制系统的可靠性进行评价。由于各个研究团体的切入角度,以及想要解决的问题不同,造成了目前的评价方法虽然针对性强,但普遍具有局限性,难以量化,与工程实际衔接不紧的问题,所以还无法形成一整套既有理论支撑,又能面向工程应用的完整评价体系。基于上述原因,本课题在充分调研的基础上,进行了如下研究：
首先,本文改变了以往按物理设备分层的思路,从功能分层的角度出发(这是因为可靠性的定义强调的就是首先完成指定功能),把原有的系统、单元、模件、元件四层结构,变为了系统、微系统和基本单元三层结构。因为,这样做不仅更易于对各个层次进行可靠性评价,而且还能为数字化控制系统的可靠性评价建立起一套新的方法体系与思路。然后,本文借鉴了机械设备可靠性评价的经典模型——强度-载荷模型,根据数字化设备失效的特点,即多种冲击共同作用产生失效,而非设备的单一冲击多次作用产生失效,对其进行了拓展,形成了适用于数字化控制系统可靠性评价的广义无量纲强度-载荷模型。并在该模型的基础上,提出了动态模型和考虑共因失效的模型。考虑到工程应用的需要,在失效率已知的情况下,对多故障冲击模型(MESH)进行了改进。最后,本文以功能分层思想和广义无量纲强度-载荷模型为基础,以工程实际应用为导向,以工程设计文件——系统网络结构图为输入,建立了一套图形化的建模方法,即基于功能分层的系统网络结构图分析法。本文还为该方法定义了图符和基本概念,同时设计了计算步骤,并用一套真实的电厂数字化控制系统为对象进行了验证。
本文提出的按功能分层评价的思路,给出了一套完整有效的数字化控制系统可靠性评价的方法体系。而广义无量纲强度-载荷模型的提出解决了数字化设备容易遭受多种类型载荷共同作用失效的问题,以及失效率未知情况下的共因失效问题。对失效率未知的情况,本文对原有的多故障冲击模型(MESH)进行了改进,较好的解决了该问题。本文最后还结合工程实际,把上述模型与系统网络结构图分析法相结合,解决了工程上实际的数字化控制系统可靠性评价问题。
Nuclear power plant control system is the indispensable important component for plant safe operation. In the whole life cycle of the plant, it is charge to monitor and protect the station, and make it safe, stable, efficient operate. A safe and reliable control system, is not only brought about by the economic benefits, there is a huge social benefit (only the safe and stable operation of the nuclear power plant will be public recognition). In recent years, along with the digital technology has been widely used in nuclear power plant control, digital control system has become the mainstream of development. Digital control system for nuclear power plant control "nerve center", its a part of any problems, are likely to lead to the part of control system failure or cause a system failure, eventually led to the reactor shutdown, turbine trip safety action, this will greatly affect the economic benefits of the power station; they may even lead to core damage, release of radioactive material into the environment medium ultimate accident, ultimately endanger public security. Therefore, the digital control system reliability evaluation is crucial. Due to the complexity of digital control system, it is great significance to put forward a set of effective methodology for evaluation of digital control system reliability.
Along with the people study the PSA methods in-depth, a lot of domestic and foreign research institutions began to try different approaches to the nuclear plant digital control system reliability evaluation. Due to various research perspective, and need to resolve different issues, resulting in the current evaluation method, although targeted, but generally have limitations, it is difficult to quantify, and applying in engineer, so it is unable to form a complete set of both theoretical support, and can complete evaluation system for engineering application. Based on the above reasons, this paper on the basis of investigation, to do the following research:
First of all, in this paper, a previous thought of system layering according to the physical equipments has been changed, system layering according to the function is used (reliability definition emphasizes the completion of a specified function). And the original system, unit, module, and element four layers structure, has been changed into the system, classical systems and basic unit consisting of three layers structure. In this way, it is more easy to do reliability evaluation for every layer, and finally get the whole system reliability evaluation results. A new methodology for digital control system reliability evaluation is provided. Then, this paper draws on the reliability of mechanical equipment evaluation model:strength-load model. And according to the digital equipment failure characteristics, namely multiple impact caused failure, rather than a single impact by multiple, a new kind of digital control system reliability evaluation model:generalized dimensionless strength-load model is put forward. And on the basis of the model, the dynamic model and considering the common cause failure model are also put forward. Considering the need of engineering application, the failure rate is known, the multi-fault impact model (MESH) is improved. Finally, based on functional hierarchical thought and generalized dimensionless strength-load model as the foundation, to the practical engineering application oriented, with engineering design documents:system network structure diagram as input, a set of graphical modeling method is established, namely the system network structure diagram analysis method. based on function layer. This paper also provide the self-defined symbol and basic concept for the method, while the design of the calculation procedure, and useing a real power plant as the research object.
This paper puts forward new diea:based on functional hierarchical, and a complete set of effective digital control system reliability evaluation is presented. General dimensionless strength-load model is proposed to solve the problems of digital equipment which is easy to suffer from multiple types of loads, and common cause failure model under the condition of failure rate unknown. When the failure rate is unknown, the original fault impact model (MESH) is improved, betterly solves the problem. Finally, combined with the engineering practice, combining the model and system network structure diagram analysis method, the engineering actual digital control system reliability evaluation is resolved.
引文
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