高水头大流量作用下反拱水垫塘拱圈底板局部破坏机理的研究
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摘要
水垫塘是高拱坝泄洪消能和防冲的主要措施之一。反拱水垫塘是一种新型的消能防冲结构形式,具有锚固量少,截面小,超载能力强和稳定性高等优点,是一种优化的水垫塘体型。反拱水垫塘拱圈底板块的稳定性是其在高水头和大流量作用下能否安全运用的关键问题,一直倍受国内外学者的关注,但对拱圈底板的破坏机理仍缺乏研究。本文在回顾总结前人研究的基础上,依据溪洛渡拱坝表孔水舌作用下的反拱水垫塘,按重力相似律和弹性相似律,设计了水垫塘水力学模型和局部拱圈水弹性模型。在高水头、大流量作用下,拱圈底板块之间的止水设施完全破坏,底板锚筋失效条件下,结合反拱水垫塘拱圈底板的局部破坏机理,从全流场范围对拱圈底板表面和缝隙动水压强的变化规律、底板块振动特性及底板块轴力传递规律进行了理论分析和试验研究,主要研究内容和成果有：
(1)采用RNG k-e紊流模型对七表孔泄流的反拱和平底水垫塘流场进行三维数值模拟,经比较,两种水垫塘的流场中不仅存在已被认识到的横向漩涡,而且还有纵向漩涡,其是在入射水舌和折冲向左右岸运动的水舌诱导作用下形成,并向上下游螺旋推进；由横向漩滚末端向上翻滚的水流在回溯过程中,又形成了竖向漩涡。反拱水垫塘壁射流主流集中在溢流中心附近流动,流速沿横向向两岸减小,沿程衰减较慢；平底水垫塘壁射流流速沿横向分布均匀,沿程衰减较快。在平底水垫塘内,向左右岸折冲的高速射流冲击边墙与底板的隅角,形成明显的压强峰值,水位降低后,其仍然存在,对其底板和边墙的安全构成威胁。在水舌入水区,反拱水垫塘的流态和底板受力较好,在入水区上下游,平底水垫塘的流态和底板受力较好。
(2)在整个流场范围内,对拱圈底板动水压强的时空变化规律进行了详细地试验研究,得到了底板表面和缝隙动水压强沿流程、沿拱圈的变化规律,及其时域和频域特性。从底板表面和缝隙时均压强角度,探讨了上举力的形成机理及最终导致底板失稳破坏的原因,提出了底板块起动的可能方式。针对反拱水垫塘底板的设计,对底板表面、底板缝隙瞬时最大压强和时均压强在底板块上的平均值沿流程和沿拱圈两方向进行规-化处理,提出其预测方法。
(3)对拱圈单、多底板块振动进行理论分析,首次提出了拱圈底板的失稳机理及不同工况下,底板块自由振动的最大位移公式。研究结果表明,底板块的径向位移受底板缝隙宽度控制,因此,在工程上,控制缝隙宽度,特别是拱圈底板块之间的缝宽对于反拱水垫塘的局部稳定起至关重要的作用。
(4)在全流场范围内,对反拱水垫塘拱圈单、多底板块振动位移特性进行了试验研究,提出了底板块振动的特性区及各自区域界定,分析了沿程各振动区底板块的振动特征。研究结果表明,在冲击强振区,振动底板块数目较少时,保持剧烈自由振动,随底板块数目增多,形成瞬时局部拱或长期局部拱；在上下游强振区内,所有底板块形成长期整体拱,其首部则形成瞬时局部拱或长期局部拱。水舌冲击区和上下游壁射流区的分界处,即冲击强振区和上下游强振区首部,-2.0=x/bm=1.5,为最危险的区域。
(5)分析了拱圈底板块轴力的传递机理,建立了底板块锁定状态时力学的平衡方程,推导出底板块轴力与上举力、重力分量的关系式。通过试验研究,得到了底板块轴力沿流程和沿横向的变化规律及底板块受压强度与其位移之间的关系,验证了底板块轴力的传递规律。试验结果表明,随拱圈振动底板块数目增多,底板块径向位移增大,底板块间的接触面积减少,底板块存在发生强度破坏的可能,在反拱水垫塘设计和施工中应采取相应措施加以避免。
(6)对拱圈底板表面和底板缝隙动水压强、底板块振动和底板块轴力频域特性的研究表明,底板块压强、振动及轴力脉动的主频集中在0-1Hz,属于低频窄带分布,脉动能量以低频域为主,与反拱水垫塘中射流卷吸,水跃旋滚的大涡主频甚为接近,底板块不会发生共振破坏,而且在底板块振动过程中,虽与相邻底板块不断的撞击和磨合,但不致使底板块端部混凝土材料发生疲劳破坏。
(7)经过对研究成果的综合分析,揭示了拱圈底板块的局部破坏机理,提出了拱圈底板块失稳破坏的观点。研究表明,拱圈底板块锚固失效的连锁反应,导致底板块缝隙宽度的“累加效应”,使底板块飞出座穴,拱圈发生失稳破坏；由于拱圈底板块之间相互挤压,底板块侧部由于应力集中而发生强度破坏、局部裂缝或局部断裂；拱圈底板块间的轴力强度增大,传至拱端,拱座不能承受而发生强度破坏,或整体滑动。
Plunge pool is one of the major measures for flood discharge and energy dissipation and preventing erosion to the body of high arch dam. The Inverted arch plunge pool is a new form of energy dissipation and erosion preventions for dam body. It is an optimized plunge pool and enjoys such advantages as using fewer anchorages, smaller cross sections, strong overloading and high stability. The stability of the apron slabs on the arch ring of the inverted arch plunge pool decides whether it can be safely applied under the action of high water head and large discharge. Consistent attention has been paid to the damage mechanism of the apron slabs on the arch ring by designers at home and abroad. On the basis of previous studies and in light of the inverted arch plunge pool under the action of surface hole nappe in Xiluodu arch dam, the hydraulic model and hydroelastic model in the partial arch ring were designed in consideration of gravity similitude law and elasticity similitude law. Under the condition of high water head and large discharge and that all the seal installations between the apron slabs and the anchoring on the slabs were all out of function, the damage mechanism of the apron slabs on the arch ring was researched on and theoretically analyzed in the whole flow field in the following three aspects:the law of changes in the dynamic water pressures on the surface and between the slot of apron slabs; the characteristics of vibrating displacement of apron slabs on the arch ring; the law of changes in the axial force on the apron slabs on the arch ring. The major research contents and findings are as follows:
(1) RNG k-e turbulent flow model was adopted to make three dimensional numerical value simulation on the seven surface holes of the inverted arch pool and flat plunge pool. The comparison shows that there are lateral swirls as well as longitudinal swirls which are caused by incident water jet and the water jet forced moving to the left and right banks. Both swirls are forced to move to the upper reach and lower reach in a spiral way. The flow rolled upside at the end of the lateral swirl is changed into vertical swirl when it is backtracking. The major flow of the wall jet in the inverted arch pool mainly moves around the center of the overflow. Its velocity decreases and decreases slowly along its way when flowing laterally to the two banks while the velocity of the wall jet in the flat plunge pool is evenly distributed laterally and decreases fast along the way. In the flat plunge pool, the high speed jet current dashes to the side wall and the corner of the slabs, formed an obvious pressure peak value, and remains there even after the water level is lowered, therefore poses a threat to the slabs and the side wall. The flow pattern and the force on the slabs perform well in the water jet entrance area in the inverted plunge pool while the flow patter and force on the slabs perform well in the upper and lower reaches in the flat plunge pool.
(2) A detailed research on the changing law of time and space in the dynamic water pressures of apron slabs on the arch ring was conducted in the whole flow field. The law of changes in the dynamic water pressures on the surface and between the slots of apron slabs on the arch ring along the flowing path and along the arch ring and the feature of time domain and frequency domain in the fluctuating pressure were found. The time average pressures on the surface and between the slots of apron slabs on the arch ring were analyzed. The forming mechanism of uplift force was dealt with and the reasons for the failure of stability in apron slabs were discussed. The possible ways for the movement of apron slabs in the arch ring were put forward. In consideration of the design of the soleplate in the inverted arch plunge pool, the respective average of the instant maximum pressure and time average pressure on the surface and between the slot of apron slabs on the arch ring along the flow path and along the arch ring was normalized. The ways of predicting the average value in the instant maximum pressure and time average pressure on the surface and between the slots of apron slabs on the arch ring were put forward. The time-space correlative properties of the dynamic water pressures of apron slabs on the arch ring shows that the fluctuating pressure remains almost unchanged and transmits vertically along the slot and it tends to transmit from the two ends to the arch crown along the arch ring.
(3) The theoretical analysis was made on the vibrations of single apron slab on the arch ring and of multi apron slabs on the arch ring. The maximum displacement formula was put forward for the first time under different experimental conditions. From the formula it can be concluded that the radial displacement of apron slabs is controlled by the slot width of the apron slabs; if the arch abutment remains stable after the apron slabs are locked, the apron slabs will not be moved out of their seats; however, if any of the apron slab loses the geometric condition of forming arch, the arch ring is doomed to lose its stability. Hence, the control on the slot width, especially the slot width between the apron slabs of the arch ring, plays a crucial role in the local stability of the inverted arch plunge pool.
(4) Experimental research was conducted on the vibrating displacement characteristics of single and group of apron slabs of arch ring in the inverted arch plunge pool. The characteristic area of the vibrating slabs was put forward and the respective area definition was given. The vibrating characteristics along the flow in each vibrating area were analyzed. The research finding shows that in the strong impact vibrating area, the slabs remain in a state of free violent vibrating when the number of slabs is low. With the increase of the number of slabs, the instant partial arch or long-term partial arch is formed; in the upper and lower reach, all the slabs form an long term complete arch, its head part forms an instant partial or long term partial arch. The most dangerous area is located at the boundary area between the nappe impacted area and the upper and lower stream wall jet area, namely, in the strong impact vibrating area and the head part of the vibrating area in the upper and lower reaches, that is, when-2.0=x/bm=1.5.
(5) The transfer mechanism of the slabs'axial force is analyzed in theory. The mechanics equilibrium equation of apron slabs of the arch ring in the state of being locked is established. The relation between the slabs'axial force and upper lifting force and weight component together with the calculation formula is deducted. The changing law of the slab's axial force along the flow path and along the horizontal direction as well as the relationship between the slab's compressive strength and its displacement is obtained. The experiment results show that the slab's radial displacement increases with the increase of the number of vibrating slabs; if the contact area between the slabs decreases, the slabs are likely to be destroyed; hence, relative measures should be taken to avoid this in designing and constructing the inverted arch plunge pool.
(6) The dynamic water pressures on the surface and between the slot of apron slabs on the arch ring and the frequency features of the slab's vibration and axial force is researched. The results show that the major frequency of slab's fluctuating pressure and the slab's vibration and the changes in slab's axial force ranges from OHz to 1Hz; the fluctuation energy mainly shows low frequency with low frequency narrow band distribution, close to large eddy dominant frequency in the jet entrainment and hydraulic jump in the inverted arch plunge pool. Although the eigenvalue of the slab's vibration velocity and acceleration is large, the destruction due to resonance is unlikely to occur. In the process of slab's moving up to being locked, the collision and running-in with neighboring slab will not lead to fatigue and damage of the concrete material at the end of the slab.
(7)A comprehensive analysis of the above findings reveals the failure mechanism of apron slab of the arch ring in the inverted arch plunge pool. The research shows that the accumulative effect of the slot width between slabs results in slab's flying out of its seat which in turn brings about the instability and destruction of the arch ring; the mutual extrusion between slabs leads to the damage or partial fissure or partial breakage in the side of the slab due to the focus of stress; the increase of the axial force between the slabs, when transferred to the end of the arch, makes the arch seat fail to stand it and being damaged seriously or a whole slide may occur.
(1)采用RNG k-e紊流模型对七表孔泄流的反拱和平底水垫塘流场进行三维数值模拟,经比较,两种水垫塘的流场中不仅存在已被认识到的横向漩涡,而且还有纵向漩涡,其是在入射水舌和折冲向左右岸运动的水舌诱导作用下形成,并向上下游螺旋推进；由横向漩滚末端向上翻滚的水流在回溯过程中,又形成了竖向漩涡。反拱水垫塘壁射流主流集中在溢流中心附近流动,流速沿横向向两岸减小,沿程衰减较慢；平底水垫塘壁射流流速沿横向分布均匀,沿程衰减较快。在平底水垫塘内,向左右岸折冲的高速射流冲击边墙与底板的隅角,形成明显的压强峰值,水位降低后,其仍然存在,对其底板和边墙的安全构成威胁。在水舌入水区,反拱水垫塘的流态和底板受力较好,在入水区上下游,平底水垫塘的流态和底板受力较好。
(2)在整个流场范围内,对拱圈底板动水压强的时空变化规律进行了详细地试验研究,得到了底板表面和缝隙动水压强沿流程、沿拱圈的变化规律,及其时域和频域特性。从底板表面和缝隙时均压强角度,探讨了上举力的形成机理及最终导致底板失稳破坏的原因,提出了底板块起动的可能方式。针对反拱水垫塘底板的设计,对底板表面、底板缝隙瞬时最大压强和时均压强在底板块上的平均值沿流程和沿拱圈两方向进行规-化处理,提出其预测方法。
(3)对拱圈单、多底板块振动进行理论分析,首次提出了拱圈底板的失稳机理及不同工况下,底板块自由振动的最大位移公式。研究结果表明,底板块的径向位移受底板缝隙宽度控制,因此,在工程上,控制缝隙宽度,特别是拱圈底板块之间的缝宽对于反拱水垫塘的局部稳定起至关重要的作用。
(4)在全流场范围内,对反拱水垫塘拱圈单、多底板块振动位移特性进行了试验研究,提出了底板块振动的特性区及各自区域界定,分析了沿程各振动区底板块的振动特征。研究结果表明,在冲击强振区,振动底板块数目较少时,保持剧烈自由振动,随底板块数目增多,形成瞬时局部拱或长期局部拱；在上下游强振区内,所有底板块形成长期整体拱,其首部则形成瞬时局部拱或长期局部拱。水舌冲击区和上下游壁射流区的分界处,即冲击强振区和上下游强振区首部,-2.0=x/bm=1.5,为最危险的区域。
(5)分析了拱圈底板块轴力的传递机理,建立了底板块锁定状态时力学的平衡方程,推导出底板块轴力与上举力、重力分量的关系式。通过试验研究,得到了底板块轴力沿流程和沿横向的变化规律及底板块受压强度与其位移之间的关系,验证了底板块轴力的传递规律。试验结果表明,随拱圈振动底板块数目增多,底板块径向位移增大,底板块间的接触面积减少,底板块存在发生强度破坏的可能,在反拱水垫塘设计和施工中应采取相应措施加以避免。
(6)对拱圈底板表面和底板缝隙动水压强、底板块振动和底板块轴力频域特性的研究表明,底板块压强、振动及轴力脉动的主频集中在0-1Hz,属于低频窄带分布,脉动能量以低频域为主,与反拱水垫塘中射流卷吸,水跃旋滚的大涡主频甚为接近,底板块不会发生共振破坏,而且在底板块振动过程中,虽与相邻底板块不断的撞击和磨合,但不致使底板块端部混凝土材料发生疲劳破坏。
(7)经过对研究成果的综合分析,揭示了拱圈底板块的局部破坏机理,提出了拱圈底板块失稳破坏的观点。研究表明,拱圈底板块锚固失效的连锁反应,导致底板块缝隙宽度的“累加效应”,使底板块飞出座穴,拱圈发生失稳破坏；由于拱圈底板块之间相互挤压,底板块侧部由于应力集中而发生强度破坏、局部裂缝或局部断裂；拱圈底板块间的轴力强度增大,传至拱端,拱座不能承受而发生强度破坏,或整体滑动。
Plunge pool is one of the major measures for flood discharge and energy dissipation and preventing erosion to the body of high arch dam. The Inverted arch plunge pool is a new form of energy dissipation and erosion preventions for dam body. It is an optimized plunge pool and enjoys such advantages as using fewer anchorages, smaller cross sections, strong overloading and high stability. The stability of the apron slabs on the arch ring of the inverted arch plunge pool decides whether it can be safely applied under the action of high water head and large discharge. Consistent attention has been paid to the damage mechanism of the apron slabs on the arch ring by designers at home and abroad. On the basis of previous studies and in light of the inverted arch plunge pool under the action of surface hole nappe in Xiluodu arch dam, the hydraulic model and hydroelastic model in the partial arch ring were designed in consideration of gravity similitude law and elasticity similitude law. Under the condition of high water head and large discharge and that all the seal installations between the apron slabs and the anchoring on the slabs were all out of function, the damage mechanism of the apron slabs on the arch ring was researched on and theoretically analyzed in the whole flow field in the following three aspects:the law of changes in the dynamic water pressures on the surface and between the slot of apron slabs; the characteristics of vibrating displacement of apron slabs on the arch ring; the law of changes in the axial force on the apron slabs on the arch ring. The major research contents and findings are as follows:
(1) RNG k-e turbulent flow model was adopted to make three dimensional numerical value simulation on the seven surface holes of the inverted arch pool and flat plunge pool. The comparison shows that there are lateral swirls as well as longitudinal swirls which are caused by incident water jet and the water jet forced moving to the left and right banks. Both swirls are forced to move to the upper reach and lower reach in a spiral way. The flow rolled upside at the end of the lateral swirl is changed into vertical swirl when it is backtracking. The major flow of the wall jet in the inverted arch pool mainly moves around the center of the overflow. Its velocity decreases and decreases slowly along its way when flowing laterally to the two banks while the velocity of the wall jet in the flat plunge pool is evenly distributed laterally and decreases fast along the way. In the flat plunge pool, the high speed jet current dashes to the side wall and the corner of the slabs, formed an obvious pressure peak value, and remains there even after the water level is lowered, therefore poses a threat to the slabs and the side wall. The flow pattern and the force on the slabs perform well in the water jet entrance area in the inverted plunge pool while the flow patter and force on the slabs perform well in the upper and lower reaches in the flat plunge pool.
(2) A detailed research on the changing law of time and space in the dynamic water pressures of apron slabs on the arch ring was conducted in the whole flow field. The law of changes in the dynamic water pressures on the surface and between the slots of apron slabs on the arch ring along the flowing path and along the arch ring and the feature of time domain and frequency domain in the fluctuating pressure were found. The time average pressures on the surface and between the slots of apron slabs on the arch ring were analyzed. The forming mechanism of uplift force was dealt with and the reasons for the failure of stability in apron slabs were discussed. The possible ways for the movement of apron slabs in the arch ring were put forward. In consideration of the design of the soleplate in the inverted arch plunge pool, the respective average of the instant maximum pressure and time average pressure on the surface and between the slot of apron slabs on the arch ring along the flow path and along the arch ring was normalized. The ways of predicting the average value in the instant maximum pressure and time average pressure on the surface and between the slots of apron slabs on the arch ring were put forward. The time-space correlative properties of the dynamic water pressures of apron slabs on the arch ring shows that the fluctuating pressure remains almost unchanged and transmits vertically along the slot and it tends to transmit from the two ends to the arch crown along the arch ring.
(3) The theoretical analysis was made on the vibrations of single apron slab on the arch ring and of multi apron slabs on the arch ring. The maximum displacement formula was put forward for the first time under different experimental conditions. From the formula it can be concluded that the radial displacement of apron slabs is controlled by the slot width of the apron slabs; if the arch abutment remains stable after the apron slabs are locked, the apron slabs will not be moved out of their seats; however, if any of the apron slab loses the geometric condition of forming arch, the arch ring is doomed to lose its stability. Hence, the control on the slot width, especially the slot width between the apron slabs of the arch ring, plays a crucial role in the local stability of the inverted arch plunge pool.
(4) Experimental research was conducted on the vibrating displacement characteristics of single and group of apron slabs of arch ring in the inverted arch plunge pool. The characteristic area of the vibrating slabs was put forward and the respective area definition was given. The vibrating characteristics along the flow in each vibrating area were analyzed. The research finding shows that in the strong impact vibrating area, the slabs remain in a state of free violent vibrating when the number of slabs is low. With the increase of the number of slabs, the instant partial arch or long-term partial arch is formed; in the upper and lower reach, all the slabs form an long term complete arch, its head part forms an instant partial or long term partial arch. The most dangerous area is located at the boundary area between the nappe impacted area and the upper and lower stream wall jet area, namely, in the strong impact vibrating area and the head part of the vibrating area in the upper and lower reaches, that is, when-2.0=x/bm=1.5.
(5) The transfer mechanism of the slabs'axial force is analyzed in theory. The mechanics equilibrium equation of apron slabs of the arch ring in the state of being locked is established. The relation between the slabs'axial force and upper lifting force and weight component together with the calculation formula is deducted. The changing law of the slab's axial force along the flow path and along the horizontal direction as well as the relationship between the slab's compressive strength and its displacement is obtained. The experiment results show that the slab's radial displacement increases with the increase of the number of vibrating slabs; if the contact area between the slabs decreases, the slabs are likely to be destroyed; hence, relative measures should be taken to avoid this in designing and constructing the inverted arch plunge pool.
(6) The dynamic water pressures on the surface and between the slot of apron slabs on the arch ring and the frequency features of the slab's vibration and axial force is researched. The results show that the major frequency of slab's fluctuating pressure and the slab's vibration and the changes in slab's axial force ranges from OHz to 1Hz; the fluctuation energy mainly shows low frequency with low frequency narrow band distribution, close to large eddy dominant frequency in the jet entrainment and hydraulic jump in the inverted arch plunge pool. Although the eigenvalue of the slab's vibration velocity and acceleration is large, the destruction due to resonance is unlikely to occur. In the process of slab's moving up to being locked, the collision and running-in with neighboring slab will not lead to fatigue and damage of the concrete material at the end of the slab.
(7)A comprehensive analysis of the above findings reveals the failure mechanism of apron slab of the arch ring in the inverted arch plunge pool. The research shows that the accumulative effect of the slot width between slabs results in slab's flying out of its seat which in turn brings about the instability and destruction of the arch ring; the mutual extrusion between slabs leads to the damage or partial fissure or partial breakage in the side of the slab due to the focus of stress; the increase of the axial force between the slabs, when transferred to the end of the arch, makes the arch seat fail to stand it and being damaged seriously or a whole slide may occur.
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