江汉平原区海相地层烃源对比及油气藏的形成与演化
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摘要
通过对江汉平原区生、储、盖成藏基本条件的研究,在纵向上将海相地层划分出五个主要的油气成藏组合。通过生物标志化合物的地球化学特征确定了海相地层中充填有机质或沥青的来源。利用Easy%Ro动力学模拟方法,恢复了江汉平原区海相地层典型构造主要烃源岩的热史和生烃演化史。然后结合构造演化史,剖析了江汉平原区海相地层典型构造油气藏的形成与演化过程。最后总结出油气成藏的主控因素,指出油气聚集的有利地带。论文的主要成果如下:
(1)根据震旦系-侏罗系生、储、盖层发育情况,在纵向上划分出五个主要的油气成藏组合,分别命名为I、II、III、IV、V组合。即上震旦统陡山沱组-下寒武统天河板组成藏组合(Z2ds-∈1t)、下寒武统水井沱组-中寒武统覃家庙组成藏组合(∈1t-∈2q)、中寒武统覃家庙组-下志留统龙马溪组成藏组合(∈2q–S1lO)、上奥陶统五峰组-下二叠统栖霞组成藏组合(O2w-P1q)、下二叠统栖霞组-侏罗系成藏组合(P1q-J)。
(2)江汉平原区二叠系、三叠系油苗或储层中充填的有机质来源于二叠系烃源岩;石炭系与泥盆系储层中充填的有机质来源于志留系和二叠系烃源岩;志留系储层沥青来源于志留系和寒武系烃源岩;奥陶系沥青来源于本身烃源岩。侏罗系粗砂岩中的油苗可能来自于其下伏侏罗系或下伏其它地层,至少不应该来自于二叠系或其以下地层。
(3)江汉平原区海相地层油气藏的形成与演化主要经历了以下几个阶段:①晚印支期,区内地层发生小规模的褶皱,油气在古隆起区聚集。②早燕山期,挤压隆升区海相地层埋深明显变浅乃至出露。甚至有些地区下古生界也不同程度暴露地表,海相地层油气藏遭受了严重的破坏。而在中三叠统至侏罗系区域盖层剥蚀厚度较小的地区,海相地层保存条件依然很好。③晚燕山期-早喜山期,受区域伸展拉张应力影响的地区,断层处于开启状态,烃源岩生成的油气及古油气藏中的油气沿断层向地表散逸,海相地层古油气藏遭到致命破坏;④晚喜山期至今,无大的构造运动和断裂活动发生,海相地层封存性能逐渐改善,但各烃源层生油气高峰早已过去,无二次生烃的能力。
(4)油气成藏主控因素:①构造隆升剥蚀作用,主要指燕山期强烈的褶皱、隆起、剥蚀作用。挤压隆升区海相地层埋深明显变浅乃至出露,甚至有些地区下古生界也不同程度暴露地表,使海相地层油气藏遭到破坏;②断裂活动,印支期断裂对油气的破坏作用相对较小。燕山期断裂使部分地区的地层大幅度冲出地表而遭受剥蚀和大气水的淋滤。晚燕山期-早喜山期断裂以张性断裂为主,断裂呈开启状态,大量的正断层发育,对古油气藏造成致命性破坏;③油气成藏时空配置不匹配,主要指石炭系-下三叠统油气系统。主力烃源岩志留系和二叠系在晚燕山-早喜山期处于生气、生油高峰阶段,而此时江汉平原区整体却处于张性环境内,断裂呈开启状态,油气保存条件差,烃源岩生成的油气无法聚集在有效圈闭内,只能沿断层向地表逸散。
(5)宜昌稳定带处于北部大洪山弧形构造带、南部八面山-大磨山弧形构造带及西部黄陵隆起所共同围限的一个构造三角带,由于受到三方围限,该区受对冲挤压作用较弱,构造稳定,褶皱宽缓,断裂不发育,印支期以来以整体升降运动为主,是江汉平原区海相地层有利的勘探区块。
The marine strata were divided into five main hydrocarbon plays based on the analysis of hydrocarbon accumulation basic conditions.Through the characteristics of biological maker of organic material and bitumen in reseroivs,oil source could be identified.The thermal evolution history of the source rock of typical structures is recovered using the Easy % Ro(vitrinite reflectance) chemical kinetics model.Combined with the structural evolution history, the formation and evolution process of oil and gas accumulation of typical structures was analysed.Finally the thesis summarizes the key controlling factors of oil and gas accumulation,points out the favor accumulation areas.The main achievement of this thesis is as follows:
(1)According to the characteristics of hydrocarbon source rocks、reservoirs and cap rocks from Sinian to Jurassic,five main hydrocarbon plays , named I、II、III、IV、V hydrocarbon play respectively which include Doushantuo Formation of Upper Sinian to Tianheban Formation of Lower Cambrian(Z2ds-∈1t),Shuijingtuo Formation of Lower Cambrian to Qinjiamiao Formation of Middle Cambrian(∈1t-∈2q), Qinjiamiao Formation of Middle Cambrian to Longmaxi Formation of Lower Silurian(∈2q–S1lO),Wufeng Formation of Upper Ordovician to Qixia Formation of Lower Permian(O2w–P1q)、Qixia Formation of Lower Permian to Jurassic could be divided respectively.
(2)Oil seepage or organic material in Permian or Triassic reservoirs came from Permian source rocks.Organic material in Carboniferous or Devonian came from Permian and Silurian source rocks.Bitumen in Silurian reservoirs came from Lower Cambrian and Silurian source rocks; Bitumen in Ordovician reservoirs came from Ordovician source rocks.Oil seepage in Jurassic gritrock reservoirs possibly came from the underlying Jurassic or the underlying others strara.It impossibly came from the Permian or its underlying strara
(3) The formation and evolution process of oil and gas accumulation in Jianghan plain maily experienced some stages as follow:①The late Indosinian.Indosinian movement caused some small scale folds.Oil and gas accumulated in the palaeohigh area;②The Early Yanshanian.Burial depth of marine strata in folded doming-up areas became obviously shallow,or the marine strara exposed to the surface.The Lower Paleozoic exposed to the surface in varying degrees in some areas.The paleo-reserviors in marine strata has been a large degree of damage.However,the preservation conditions were still well of marine strata in the areas where the denudation thickness of Middle Triassic-Jurassic was small.③The late Yanshanian-The Early Himalayan.The faults unsealed in those areas where were affected by regional extensional stress.Oil and gas escaped along faults toward the earth surface substantially.The paleo-reserviors in marine strata were destroyed fatally;④The late Himalayan-Nowadays.No violent tectonic and breaking movements have occurred in this stage.The sealing property of all marine strara was relatively superior today.However, all source rocks had lost capacity of secondary hydrocarbon generation owing to the past of oil/gas generation fastigium.
(4) Key controlling factors of oil and gas accumulation:①the effect of uplift and denudation,it mainly refers to the effect of violent fold, uplift, denudation in yanshanian.Burial depth of marine strata in folded doming-up region became obviously shallow and the marine strara exposed to the surface,even in some areas the lower Paleozoic was exposed to the surface in varying degrees;②The movement of fracture. The damaging effects on oil and gas reservoirs are relatively slight.The strara of some areas substantially breached the earth surface caused by faults in Yanshanian,and then they suffered intense denudation and leached by atmospheric water.Under the tectonic background of regional extension,faults remained opening in late Yansahnian-early Himalayan,and a large number of normal faults developed.The preservation conditions of marine strara where those faults well developed were destroied.③The space-time configuration of oil and gas accumulation did not match,mainly refers to the carboniferous-Lower Triassic petroleum system.The hydrocarbon source rocks in silurian and Permian is at the stage of hydrocarbon generation fastigium in late Yanshanian-early Himalayan.Under the tectonic background of regional extension,faults remained opening. Accordingly,oil and gas both in paleo-reservoir and generated by source rocks escaped along fault toward the earth surface substantially.Though the preservation conditions has been improved between late Himalayan to nowadays,all source rocks had lost capacity of secondary hydrocarbon generation owing to the past of oil/gas generation fastigium.
(5) Yichuang inactive belt was a tectonic triangle belt,which was confined with Dahong mountain arc tectonic belt in the north,Bamian mountain-Damo mountain arc tectonic belt in the south,and Huangling lift in the west.Under the three directions confinements,the compression that was affected by the hedge to this area was weak. And in this area, the structure was stable,the fold was rolling and the fracture was not developed.Since Indosinian, the main structure in this area is overall elevating movement.So Yichuang inactive belt is the favor exploration area in Jianghan Plain.
(1)根据震旦系-侏罗系生、储、盖层发育情况,在纵向上划分出五个主要的油气成藏组合,分别命名为I、II、III、IV、V组合。即上震旦统陡山沱组-下寒武统天河板组成藏组合(Z2ds-∈1t)、下寒武统水井沱组-中寒武统覃家庙组成藏组合(∈1t-∈2q)、中寒武统覃家庙组-下志留统龙马溪组成藏组合(∈2q–S1lO)、上奥陶统五峰组-下二叠统栖霞组成藏组合(O2w-P1q)、下二叠统栖霞组-侏罗系成藏组合(P1q-J)。
(2)江汉平原区二叠系、三叠系油苗或储层中充填的有机质来源于二叠系烃源岩;石炭系与泥盆系储层中充填的有机质来源于志留系和二叠系烃源岩;志留系储层沥青来源于志留系和寒武系烃源岩;奥陶系沥青来源于本身烃源岩。侏罗系粗砂岩中的油苗可能来自于其下伏侏罗系或下伏其它地层,至少不应该来自于二叠系或其以下地层。
(3)江汉平原区海相地层油气藏的形成与演化主要经历了以下几个阶段:①晚印支期,区内地层发生小规模的褶皱,油气在古隆起区聚集。②早燕山期,挤压隆升区海相地层埋深明显变浅乃至出露。甚至有些地区下古生界也不同程度暴露地表,海相地层油气藏遭受了严重的破坏。而在中三叠统至侏罗系区域盖层剥蚀厚度较小的地区,海相地层保存条件依然很好。③晚燕山期-早喜山期,受区域伸展拉张应力影响的地区,断层处于开启状态,烃源岩生成的油气及古油气藏中的油气沿断层向地表散逸,海相地层古油气藏遭到致命破坏;④晚喜山期至今,无大的构造运动和断裂活动发生,海相地层封存性能逐渐改善,但各烃源层生油气高峰早已过去,无二次生烃的能力。
(4)油气成藏主控因素:①构造隆升剥蚀作用,主要指燕山期强烈的褶皱、隆起、剥蚀作用。挤压隆升区海相地层埋深明显变浅乃至出露,甚至有些地区下古生界也不同程度暴露地表,使海相地层油气藏遭到破坏;②断裂活动,印支期断裂对油气的破坏作用相对较小。燕山期断裂使部分地区的地层大幅度冲出地表而遭受剥蚀和大气水的淋滤。晚燕山期-早喜山期断裂以张性断裂为主,断裂呈开启状态,大量的正断层发育,对古油气藏造成致命性破坏;③油气成藏时空配置不匹配,主要指石炭系-下三叠统油气系统。主力烃源岩志留系和二叠系在晚燕山-早喜山期处于生气、生油高峰阶段,而此时江汉平原区整体却处于张性环境内,断裂呈开启状态,油气保存条件差,烃源岩生成的油气无法聚集在有效圈闭内,只能沿断层向地表逸散。
(5)宜昌稳定带处于北部大洪山弧形构造带、南部八面山-大磨山弧形构造带及西部黄陵隆起所共同围限的一个构造三角带,由于受到三方围限,该区受对冲挤压作用较弱,构造稳定,褶皱宽缓,断裂不发育,印支期以来以整体升降运动为主,是江汉平原区海相地层有利的勘探区块。
The marine strata were divided into five main hydrocarbon plays based on the analysis of hydrocarbon accumulation basic conditions.Through the characteristics of biological maker of organic material and bitumen in reseroivs,oil source could be identified.The thermal evolution history of the source rock of typical structures is recovered using the Easy % Ro(vitrinite reflectance) chemical kinetics model.Combined with the structural evolution history, the formation and evolution process of oil and gas accumulation of typical structures was analysed.Finally the thesis summarizes the key controlling factors of oil and gas accumulation,points out the favor accumulation areas.The main achievement of this thesis is as follows:
(1)According to the characteristics of hydrocarbon source rocks、reservoirs and cap rocks from Sinian to Jurassic,five main hydrocarbon plays , named I、II、III、IV、V hydrocarbon play respectively which include Doushantuo Formation of Upper Sinian to Tianheban Formation of Lower Cambrian(Z2ds-∈1t),Shuijingtuo Formation of Lower Cambrian to Qinjiamiao Formation of Middle Cambrian(∈1t-∈2q), Qinjiamiao Formation of Middle Cambrian to Longmaxi Formation of Lower Silurian(∈2q–S1lO),Wufeng Formation of Upper Ordovician to Qixia Formation of Lower Permian(O2w–P1q)、Qixia Formation of Lower Permian to Jurassic could be divided respectively.
(2)Oil seepage or organic material in Permian or Triassic reservoirs came from Permian source rocks.Organic material in Carboniferous or Devonian came from Permian and Silurian source rocks.Bitumen in Silurian reservoirs came from Lower Cambrian and Silurian source rocks; Bitumen in Ordovician reservoirs came from Ordovician source rocks.Oil seepage in Jurassic gritrock reservoirs possibly came from the underlying Jurassic or the underlying others strara.It impossibly came from the Permian or its underlying strara
(3) The formation and evolution process of oil and gas accumulation in Jianghan plain maily experienced some stages as follow:①The late Indosinian.Indosinian movement caused some small scale folds.Oil and gas accumulated in the palaeohigh area;②The Early Yanshanian.Burial depth of marine strata in folded doming-up areas became obviously shallow,or the marine strara exposed to the surface.The Lower Paleozoic exposed to the surface in varying degrees in some areas.The paleo-reserviors in marine strata has been a large degree of damage.However,the preservation conditions were still well of marine strata in the areas where the denudation thickness of Middle Triassic-Jurassic was small.③The late Yanshanian-The Early Himalayan.The faults unsealed in those areas where were affected by regional extensional stress.Oil and gas escaped along faults toward the earth surface substantially.The paleo-reserviors in marine strata were destroyed fatally;④The late Himalayan-Nowadays.No violent tectonic and breaking movements have occurred in this stage.The sealing property of all marine strara was relatively superior today.However, all source rocks had lost capacity of secondary hydrocarbon generation owing to the past of oil/gas generation fastigium.
(4) Key controlling factors of oil and gas accumulation:①the effect of uplift and denudation,it mainly refers to the effect of violent fold, uplift, denudation in yanshanian.Burial depth of marine strata in folded doming-up region became obviously shallow and the marine strara exposed to the surface,even in some areas the lower Paleozoic was exposed to the surface in varying degrees;②The movement of fracture. The damaging effects on oil and gas reservoirs are relatively slight.The strara of some areas substantially breached the earth surface caused by faults in Yanshanian,and then they suffered intense denudation and leached by atmospheric water.Under the tectonic background of regional extension,faults remained opening in late Yansahnian-early Himalayan,and a large number of normal faults developed.The preservation conditions of marine strara where those faults well developed were destroied.③The space-time configuration of oil and gas accumulation did not match,mainly refers to the carboniferous-Lower Triassic petroleum system.The hydrocarbon source rocks in silurian and Permian is at the stage of hydrocarbon generation fastigium in late Yanshanian-early Himalayan.Under the tectonic background of regional extension,faults remained opening. Accordingly,oil and gas both in paleo-reservoir and generated by source rocks escaped along fault toward the earth surface substantially.Though the preservation conditions has been improved between late Himalayan to nowadays,all source rocks had lost capacity of secondary hydrocarbon generation owing to the past of oil/gas generation fastigium.
(5) Yichuang inactive belt was a tectonic triangle belt,which was confined with Dahong mountain arc tectonic belt in the north,Bamian mountain-Damo mountain arc tectonic belt in the south,and Huangling lift in the west.Under the three directions confinements,the compression that was affected by the hedge to this area was weak. And in this area, the structure was stable,the fold was rolling and the fracture was not developed.Since Indosinian, the main structure in this area is overall elevating movement.So Yichuang inactive belt is the favor exploration area in Jianghan Plain.
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