牛粪基过磷酸钙制备的研究和工艺开发
|
摘要
随着我国人民生活水平的提高,畜牧业规模越来越大,使得产生的禽畜排泄物堆积问题越来越严重。2009年,全国畜禽粪便年排放量超过40亿吨,日产粪便量达到1123万吨,是工业产生有机污染物量的4.1倍。其对土壤、水资源和空气造成严重污染,对禽畜粪便的污染防治和利用已成为迫在眉睫的任务。
而一方面禽畜粪便是一种很好的有机肥料来源,除富含大量有机质和氮磷钾及其它微量元素等植物必需的营养物质外,还含有各种生物酶和微生物。其制成肥料后,能起到化肥不可替代的作用,有利于提高土壤的有机质和肥力,改良土壤结构,改善土壤理化环境和微生物环境。另一方面磷肥使用我国磷肥当季利用率偏低,仅为10～25%,所施用的大部分磷肥被吸持在土壤中,提高磷肥利用效率一直是相关领域研究的热点。将磷肥与有机肥相结合形成有机磷肥,可充分发挥两者间的协同效应。
本课题以牛粪为畜禽固废源、过磷酸钙为磷肥源,通过稀酸矿粉法制备含有机质的过磷酸钙,为增强畜禽固废的资源利用和提高磷肥利用效率提供理论基础和实验支撑。主要研究内容如下：
(1)对过磷酸钙制备工艺条件的对照研究,通过单因素和正交实验得出优惠工艺条件为：硫酸用量为理论计算值、搅拌强度500 r/min、搅拌时间15 min、硫酸浓度65%,该条件下鲜肥转化率为84.2%。
(2)对硫酸、磷酸对牛粪酸解进行研究,测定有机质含量变化。不同浓度的硫酸、磷酸对牛粪有机质的影响无显著性差异,硫酸的强氧化性导致其处理后的牛粪有机质含量均低于磷酸的处理,硫酸作用后样品颜色变黑,磷酸作用后颜色仍为黄色。中低浓度硫酸对牛粪作用后,其养分含量也有相应变化变化,酸解对粗蛋白、粗灰分、钙含量影响很小,随着硫酸浓度增大,样品中粗纤维会有一定程度变化,磷含量有增长至稳定趋势,粗脂肪含量数值严重偏大,说明其已经被酸作用炭化。
(3)对矿粉与牛粪混合和分步与硫酸反应进行研究可知,牛粪和矿粉分步加入效果明显好于混合加入,磷转化率更高,游离酸含量更低。
(4)对含有机质过磷酸钙制备工艺的研究,通过正交实验得出优惠工艺条件：牛粪细度0.355 mm、牛粪用量10 g、硫酸用量110%、牛粪加入时间为矿粉加入后,此时鲜肥转化率为83.9%。通过直观分析各因素的极差可以看出,影响鲜肥转化率的因素大小依次为牛粪加入时间、牛粪细度、硫酸用量、牛粪用量。
The expansion of animal husbandry makes accumulation of animal manure issues more and more serious because of China's rapid economic development. Livestock produced manure more than 4 billion tons in 2009. Manure reached 11.23 million tons every day was 4.1 times of industrial organic pollutants. The manure caused serious pollution of the soil, water and air. Pollution prevention and use of manure have become an urgent task.
The one hand, livestock manure is a good source of organic fertilizer, It contains a lot of organic matter, NPK and other trace elements which is essential plant nutrients, and also contains a variety of enzymes and microorganisms. It can play an irreplaceable role by making of fertilizers, it helps to improve soil organic matter and soil fertility, soil structure, improves soil physical and chemical environment and microbial environment. On the other hand, improve fertilizer use efficiency has been a hot research in related fields because of most of the phosphorus retention in soil. Phosphate utilization of quarter was only 10-25%. Data indicate that organic fertilizer has a significant effect on the activation of soil phosphorus, migration, and increased P use efficiency. The combination of phosphate fertilizer and organic manure can take advantage of synergies between fertilizer and organic manure. Superphosphate containing organic matter was prepared based on the diluted acid technology. It was animal dung as a source of solid waste and superphosphate as phosphate source in this paper. The purpose of this article provided a theoretical basis and experimental support to enhance the use of animal solid waste and improve fertilizer use efficiency.
(1) Single factor experiment and Orthogonal experiments were conducted to find out optimum conditions of preparation of SSP. Results showed the optimum conditions were the addition of sulfuric acid at theoretical dosage,stirring intensity at 500 r/min, reaction duration for 15 min, and sulfuric acid concentration at 65%. The conversion in the fresh single superphosphate was 84.2%in the optimal treatment.
(2) Fertilizer and nutrient changes were measured by experiment when cow dung was acid hydrolysis by sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid. Results showed the concentration of sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid was no significant effect on organic matter of cow dung. Organic matter content of cow dung by Sulfuric acid solution was lower than by phosphoric acid solution because of strong oxidizing of sulfuric acid.Determine the nutrient content of changes, acid solution crude protein, crude ash and calcium content, with little impact sulphuric acid concentration increases, samples of crude fibre could have certain degree reducing, phosphorus had grown to stable trend, crude fat content numerical severe eccentric explain its had been carbonized acids.
(3) Cow dung and slag added step by step was better than cow dung added mixed with slag. This was because it would had a higher conversion rate of phosphorus and a lower free acid content.
(4) Orthogonal experiments were conducted to find out the optimum conditions of preparation of organic manure SSP. Results showed the optimum conditions were cow dung fineness below 0.355 mm, the amount of cow dung at 10 grams, the addition of sulfuric acid at 110%of theoretical dosage, and adding slag first. The conversion in the fresh single superphosphate was 83.9%in the optimal treatment. Fresh manure conversion factors could be seen by direct analysis of the range of each factor. Decreasing order was added cow dung, cow dung fineness, the amount of sulfuric acid, the amount of cow dung.
而一方面禽畜粪便是一种很好的有机肥料来源,除富含大量有机质和氮磷钾及其它微量元素等植物必需的营养物质外,还含有各种生物酶和微生物。其制成肥料后,能起到化肥不可替代的作用,有利于提高土壤的有机质和肥力,改良土壤结构,改善土壤理化环境和微生物环境。另一方面磷肥使用我国磷肥当季利用率偏低,仅为10～25%,所施用的大部分磷肥被吸持在土壤中,提高磷肥利用效率一直是相关领域研究的热点。将磷肥与有机肥相结合形成有机磷肥,可充分发挥两者间的协同效应。
本课题以牛粪为畜禽固废源、过磷酸钙为磷肥源,通过稀酸矿粉法制备含有机质的过磷酸钙,为增强畜禽固废的资源利用和提高磷肥利用效率提供理论基础和实验支撑。主要研究内容如下：
(1)对过磷酸钙制备工艺条件的对照研究,通过单因素和正交实验得出优惠工艺条件为：硫酸用量为理论计算值、搅拌强度500 r/min、搅拌时间15 min、硫酸浓度65%,该条件下鲜肥转化率为84.2%。
(2)对硫酸、磷酸对牛粪酸解进行研究,测定有机质含量变化。不同浓度的硫酸、磷酸对牛粪有机质的影响无显著性差异,硫酸的强氧化性导致其处理后的牛粪有机质含量均低于磷酸的处理,硫酸作用后样品颜色变黑,磷酸作用后颜色仍为黄色。中低浓度硫酸对牛粪作用后,其养分含量也有相应变化变化,酸解对粗蛋白、粗灰分、钙含量影响很小,随着硫酸浓度增大,样品中粗纤维会有一定程度变化,磷含量有增长至稳定趋势,粗脂肪含量数值严重偏大,说明其已经被酸作用炭化。
(3)对矿粉与牛粪混合和分步与硫酸反应进行研究可知,牛粪和矿粉分步加入效果明显好于混合加入,磷转化率更高,游离酸含量更低。
(4)对含有机质过磷酸钙制备工艺的研究,通过正交实验得出优惠工艺条件：牛粪细度0.355 mm、牛粪用量10 g、硫酸用量110%、牛粪加入时间为矿粉加入后,此时鲜肥转化率为83.9%。通过直观分析各因素的极差可以看出,影响鲜肥转化率的因素大小依次为牛粪加入时间、牛粪细度、硫酸用量、牛粪用量。
The expansion of animal husbandry makes accumulation of animal manure issues more and more serious because of China's rapid economic development. Livestock produced manure more than 4 billion tons in 2009. Manure reached 11.23 million tons every day was 4.1 times of industrial organic pollutants. The manure caused serious pollution of the soil, water and air. Pollution prevention and use of manure have become an urgent task.
The one hand, livestock manure is a good source of organic fertilizer, It contains a lot of organic matter, NPK and other trace elements which is essential plant nutrients, and also contains a variety of enzymes and microorganisms. It can play an irreplaceable role by making of fertilizers, it helps to improve soil organic matter and soil fertility, soil structure, improves soil physical and chemical environment and microbial environment. On the other hand, improve fertilizer use efficiency has been a hot research in related fields because of most of the phosphorus retention in soil. Phosphate utilization of quarter was only 10-25%. Data indicate that organic fertilizer has a significant effect on the activation of soil phosphorus, migration, and increased P use efficiency. The combination of phosphate fertilizer and organic manure can take advantage of synergies between fertilizer and organic manure. Superphosphate containing organic matter was prepared based on the diluted acid technology. It was animal dung as a source of solid waste and superphosphate as phosphate source in this paper. The purpose of this article provided a theoretical basis and experimental support to enhance the use of animal solid waste and improve fertilizer use efficiency.
(1) Single factor experiment and Orthogonal experiments were conducted to find out optimum conditions of preparation of SSP. Results showed the optimum conditions were the addition of sulfuric acid at theoretical dosage,stirring intensity at 500 r/min, reaction duration for 15 min, and sulfuric acid concentration at 65%. The conversion in the fresh single superphosphate was 84.2%in the optimal treatment.
(2) Fertilizer and nutrient changes were measured by experiment when cow dung was acid hydrolysis by sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid. Results showed the concentration of sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid was no significant effect on organic matter of cow dung. Organic matter content of cow dung by Sulfuric acid solution was lower than by phosphoric acid solution because of strong oxidizing of sulfuric acid.Determine the nutrient content of changes, acid solution crude protein, crude ash and calcium content, with little impact sulphuric acid concentration increases, samples of crude fibre could have certain degree reducing, phosphorus had grown to stable trend, crude fat content numerical severe eccentric explain its had been carbonized acids.
(3) Cow dung and slag added step by step was better than cow dung added mixed with slag. This was because it would had a higher conversion rate of phosphorus and a lower free acid content.
(4) Orthogonal experiments were conducted to find out the optimum conditions of preparation of organic manure SSP. Results showed the optimum conditions were cow dung fineness below 0.355 mm, the amount of cow dung at 10 grams, the addition of sulfuric acid at 110%of theoretical dosage, and adding slag first. The conversion in the fresh single superphosphate was 83.9%in the optimal treatment. Fresh manure conversion factors could be seen by direct analysis of the range of each factor. Decreasing order was added cow dung, cow dung fineness, the amount of sulfuric acid, the amount of cow dung.
引文
[1]张玉珍,洪华生,曾悦等.九龙江流域畜禽养殖业的生态环境问题及防治对策探讨[J].重庆环境科学,2003,25(7)：29～34
[2]彭里,王定勇.重庆市畜禽粪便年排放量的估算研究[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(1)：288～292
[3]王方浩,马文奇,窦争霞,马林,刘小利,许俊香,张福锁.中国畜禽粪便产生量估算及环境效应[J].中国环境科学,2006,26(5)：614～617
[4]周凯,雷泽勇,王智芳,史杰,彭兴芝.河南省畜禽养殖粪便年排放量估算[J].中国生态农业学报,2010,9,18(5)：1060～1065
[5]陈素华,孙铁珩,耿春女.我国畜禽养殖业引致的环境问题及主要对策[J].环境污染治理技术与设备,2003,5,4(5)：5-8
[6]高太忠,李景印.土壤重金属污染研究与治理现状[J].土壤与环境,1999,8(5)
[7]郝秀珍,周东美.畜禽粪中重金属环境行为研究进展[J].土壤通报,2007,39(4)：509～513
[8]吕晓男,孟赐福,麻万诸.重金属与土壤环境质量及食物安全问题研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2007,15(2)
[9]吴淑杭,姜震方,俞清英.禽畜粪便污染现状与发展趋势[J].上海农业科技,2002,1：9-10
[10]王志斌.规模化畜禽养殖场排泄物污染治理状况分析与对策[J].医学动物防治,2009,10(25)：782
[11]陈岩,孟凡朋,陈冬青.浅谈面源污染的现状与防治对策[J].山东环境,2002,1,18
[12]焦桂枝,典平鸽,马照民.养殖场畜禽粪便的污染及综合利用[J].天中学刊,2003,18(2)：53～54
[13]李纪周.浅议我国畜禽养殖业带来的污染问题及主要对策[C].农业机械化与全面建设小康社会——中国农业机械学会成立40周年庆典暨2003年学术年会论文集,2003,10
[14]陈斌,张妙仙,史蓉,翁方芳. 畜禽废弃物引致的环境污染及防治对策[J].畜牧与饲料科学,2010,31(3)：109～110
[15]江传杰,王岩,张玉霞.畜禽养殖业环境污染问题研究[J].河南畜牧兽医,2005,26(1)：28～31
[16]欧武亮.重庆市养殖业环境污染防治对策及建议[J].畜牧市场,2010,8
[17]相俊红,胡伟.我国畜禽粪便废弃物资源化利用现状[J].现代农业装备,2006,2：59～63
[18]金媛娟.畜禽养殖污染处理及控制[J].引进与咨询,2006,9：82～83
[19]戴洪刚,唐金陵,杨志军.利用蝇蛆处理畜禽粪便污染的生物技术[J].农业环境与发展,2002(1)：34～35
[20]张新阳.畜禽粪便资源利用现状及前景[J].畜牧业,1999(9)：59～60
[21]相俊红,杨宁,刘强.农村废弃物资源化处理及利用技术[J].农机科技推广,2004(5)：7
[22]Jackson B P, Bertsch P M, Cabrera M L, Camberato J J, Seaman J C, Wood C W. Trace element speciation in poultry litter [J]. Journal of Environmental Quality,2003,32: 535-540.
[23]Nicholsona F A, Chambersa B J, Williamsb J R, Unwin R J. Heavy metal contents of livestock feeds and animal manures in England and Wale [sJ]. Bioresource Technology, 1999,70(1):23-31.
[24]李胜利.我国奶牛养殖模式及发展情况[J].中国畜牧杂志,2008,4(14)：36-41
[25]刁治民,王得贤.禽畜粪便再生饲料[J].中国饲料,1996(3)：43～44
[26]邹先枚,胡朝阳,马承宝.奶牛场粪污利用新途径探讨[C].中国奶牛,2007年增刊：183～186
[27]邹先枚,胡朝阳,马承宝.奶牛场污粪利用新途径探讨[J].中国畜牧兽医报,2009,3
[28]刘启明.变废为宝美国农民用禽粪发电[J].山西农业(畜牧兽医),2007,7
[29]武鸣.域外来风[J].山西农业(畜牧兽医),2007,12
[30]范梅华,王桂朝.畜牧业循环经济的实践与思考[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2008,12：106～107
[31]向宝玉.一种用牛粪作原料生产牛粪纸浆的方法[P].中国专利,101250831,2008-08-27
[32]孙长征,马学良,黄华.利用牛粪生产商品有机肥工艺技术与设备[J].中国奶牛,2008,10
[33]刘建玲,张福锁,杨奋翩.北方耕地和蔬菜保护地土壤磷素状况研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2000,6(2)：179～186
[34]张志剑,王光火.嘉兴地区水稻土磷素状况与环境效应评估[J].科技通报,1999,15(5)：377～381
[35]王新军.磷肥和有机肥对土壤各形态磷的影响及环境效应研究[D].[硕士学位论文].河北：河北农业大学,2001
[36]刘方,黄昌勇,何腾兵等.长期施磷对黄壤旱地磷库变化及地表径流中磷浓度的影响[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(2)：196～200
[37]鲁如坤.土壤一植物营养学原理和施肥[M].北京：化学工业出版社,1998
[38]刘建玲,李仁岗,廖文华等.白菜辣椒轮作中磷肥的产量效应及土壤磷积累研究[J].中国农业科学,2005,38(8)：1616～1620
[39]史春余,张夫道,张俊清等.长期施肥条件下设施蔬菜地土壤养分变化研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2003,9(4)：437～441
[40]黄绍敏,宝德俊,皇甫湘荣等.长期施肥对潮土土壤磷素利用与积累的影响[J].中国农业科学,2006,39(1)：102～108
[41]魏静,周恩湘,姜淳姚等.石灰性土壤上利用天然沸石活化磷矿粉的初步探讨[J].河北农业大学,1999,22(3)：21-23
[42]李长洪,李华兴,张新明.天然沸石对土壤及养分有效性的影响[J].土壤与环境,2000,9(2)：163～165
[43]周明,徐彦峰,姜丽君等. 生物磷肥与无机化肥混施对甜菜产质量的影响[J].中国糖科,2000(2)：41～42
[44]戴建军,刘宏宇.生物磷肥对生菜、小白菜生长及N、P、K养分积累的影响[J].东北农业大学学报,2001,32(3)：248～251.
[45]任春玲,曾广勤,张志红.生物磷肥在花生上的应用效果[J].花生科技,2000(4)：23-25.
[46]汤建伟,赵文莲.用低品位磷矿制备生态型磷肥[J].化工环保,2007,27(2)：168～171
[47]王成红.畜禽粪便施用最大量磷素指标的确定[D].扬州：扬州大学,2009.
[48]张小莉,孟琳,王秋君,等.不同有机无机复混肥对水稻产量和氮素利用率的影响[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(3)：624～630.
[49]文方芳.有机结合态磷肥研制与有效性研究[D].北京：中国农业科学院,2009.
[50]杜伟.有机无机复混肥优化化肥养分利用的效应与机理[D].北京：中国农业科学院,2010.
[51]郭萍.饲料中粗纤维的快速测定[J].兽药与饲料添加剂,2004,9(4)：35～36
[52]常菊.茶叶主要成分的工厂化快速检测研究[D].四川农业大学,2009
[53]汤建伟,孙少飞,化全县,刘咏.利用牛粪制备含有机质过磷酸钙的实验研究[J].磷肥与复肥,2011,26(3)13～14,17
[2]彭里,王定勇.重庆市畜禽粪便年排放量的估算研究[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(1)：288～292
[3]王方浩,马文奇,窦争霞,马林,刘小利,许俊香,张福锁.中国畜禽粪便产生量估算及环境效应[J].中国环境科学,2006,26(5)：614～617
[4]周凯,雷泽勇,王智芳,史杰,彭兴芝.河南省畜禽养殖粪便年排放量估算[J].中国生态农业学报,2010,9,18(5)：1060～1065
[5]陈素华,孙铁珩,耿春女.我国畜禽养殖业引致的环境问题及主要对策[J].环境污染治理技术与设备,2003,5,4(5)：5-8
[6]高太忠,李景印.土壤重金属污染研究与治理现状[J].土壤与环境,1999,8(5)
[7]郝秀珍,周东美.畜禽粪中重金属环境行为研究进展[J].土壤通报,2007,39(4)：509～513
[8]吕晓男,孟赐福,麻万诸.重金属与土壤环境质量及食物安全问题研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2007,15(2)
[9]吴淑杭,姜震方,俞清英.禽畜粪便污染现状与发展趋势[J].上海农业科技,2002,1：9-10
[10]王志斌.规模化畜禽养殖场排泄物污染治理状况分析与对策[J].医学动物防治,2009,10(25)：782
[11]陈岩,孟凡朋,陈冬青.浅谈面源污染的现状与防治对策[J].山东环境,2002,1,18
[12]焦桂枝,典平鸽,马照民.养殖场畜禽粪便的污染及综合利用[J].天中学刊,2003,18(2)：53～54
[13]李纪周.浅议我国畜禽养殖业带来的污染问题及主要对策[C].农业机械化与全面建设小康社会——中国农业机械学会成立40周年庆典暨2003年学术年会论文集,2003,10
[14]陈斌,张妙仙,史蓉,翁方芳. 畜禽废弃物引致的环境污染及防治对策[J].畜牧与饲料科学,2010,31(3)：109～110
[15]江传杰,王岩,张玉霞.畜禽养殖业环境污染问题研究[J].河南畜牧兽医,2005,26(1)：28～31
[16]欧武亮.重庆市养殖业环境污染防治对策及建议[J].畜牧市场,2010,8
[17]相俊红,胡伟.我国畜禽粪便废弃物资源化利用现状[J].现代农业装备,2006,2：59～63
[18]金媛娟.畜禽养殖污染处理及控制[J].引进与咨询,2006,9：82～83
[19]戴洪刚,唐金陵,杨志军.利用蝇蛆处理畜禽粪便污染的生物技术[J].农业环境与发展,2002(1)：34～35
[20]张新阳.畜禽粪便资源利用现状及前景[J].畜牧业,1999(9)：59～60
[21]相俊红,杨宁,刘强.农村废弃物资源化处理及利用技术[J].农机科技推广,2004(5)：7
[22]Jackson B P, Bertsch P M, Cabrera M L, Camberato J J, Seaman J C, Wood C W. Trace element speciation in poultry litter [J]. Journal of Environmental Quality,2003,32: 535-540.
[23]Nicholsona F A, Chambersa B J, Williamsb J R, Unwin R J. Heavy metal contents of livestock feeds and animal manures in England and Wale [sJ]. Bioresource Technology, 1999,70(1):23-31.
[24]李胜利.我国奶牛养殖模式及发展情况[J].中国畜牧杂志,2008,4(14)：36-41
[25]刁治民,王得贤.禽畜粪便再生饲料[J].中国饲料,1996(3)：43～44
[26]邹先枚,胡朝阳,马承宝.奶牛场粪污利用新途径探讨[C].中国奶牛,2007年增刊：183～186
[27]邹先枚,胡朝阳,马承宝.奶牛场污粪利用新途径探讨[J].中国畜牧兽医报,2009,3
[28]刘启明.变废为宝美国农民用禽粪发电[J].山西农业(畜牧兽医),2007,7
[29]武鸣.域外来风[J].山西农业(畜牧兽医),2007,12
[30]范梅华,王桂朝.畜牧业循环经济的实践与思考[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2008,12：106～107
[31]向宝玉.一种用牛粪作原料生产牛粪纸浆的方法[P].中国专利,101250831,2008-08-27
[32]孙长征,马学良,黄华.利用牛粪生产商品有机肥工艺技术与设备[J].中国奶牛,2008,10
[33]刘建玲,张福锁,杨奋翩.北方耕地和蔬菜保护地土壤磷素状况研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2000,6(2)：179～186
[34]张志剑,王光火.嘉兴地区水稻土磷素状况与环境效应评估[J].科技通报,1999,15(5)：377～381
[35]王新军.磷肥和有机肥对土壤各形态磷的影响及环境效应研究[D].[硕士学位论文].河北：河北农业大学,2001
[36]刘方,黄昌勇,何腾兵等.长期施磷对黄壤旱地磷库变化及地表径流中磷浓度的影响[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(2)：196～200
[37]鲁如坤.土壤一植物营养学原理和施肥[M].北京：化学工业出版社,1998
[38]刘建玲,李仁岗,廖文华等.白菜辣椒轮作中磷肥的产量效应及土壤磷积累研究[J].中国农业科学,2005,38(8)：1616～1620
[39]史春余,张夫道,张俊清等.长期施肥条件下设施蔬菜地土壤养分变化研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2003,9(4)：437～441
[40]黄绍敏,宝德俊,皇甫湘荣等.长期施肥对潮土土壤磷素利用与积累的影响[J].中国农业科学,2006,39(1)：102～108
[41]魏静,周恩湘,姜淳姚等.石灰性土壤上利用天然沸石活化磷矿粉的初步探讨[J].河北农业大学,1999,22(3)：21-23
[42]李长洪,李华兴,张新明.天然沸石对土壤及养分有效性的影响[J].土壤与环境,2000,9(2)：163～165
[43]周明,徐彦峰,姜丽君等. 生物磷肥与无机化肥混施对甜菜产质量的影响[J].中国糖科,2000(2)：41～42
[44]戴建军,刘宏宇.生物磷肥对生菜、小白菜生长及N、P、K养分积累的影响[J].东北农业大学学报,2001,32(3)：248～251.
[45]任春玲,曾广勤,张志红.生物磷肥在花生上的应用效果[J].花生科技,2000(4)：23-25.
[46]汤建伟,赵文莲.用低品位磷矿制备生态型磷肥[J].化工环保,2007,27(2)：168～171
[47]王成红.畜禽粪便施用最大量磷素指标的确定[D].扬州：扬州大学,2009.
[48]张小莉,孟琳,王秋君,等.不同有机无机复混肥对水稻产量和氮素利用率的影响[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(3)：624～630.
[49]文方芳.有机结合态磷肥研制与有效性研究[D].北京：中国农业科学院,2009.
[50]杜伟.有机无机复混肥优化化肥养分利用的效应与机理[D].北京：中国农业科学院,2010.
[51]郭萍.饲料中粗纤维的快速测定[J].兽药与饲料添加剂,2004,9(4)：35～36
[52]常菊.茶叶主要成分的工厂化快速检测研究[D].四川农业大学,2009
[53]汤建伟,孙少飞,化全县,刘咏.利用牛粪制备含有机质过磷酸钙的实验研究[J].磷肥与复肥,2011,26(3)13～14,17