对资产减值准备会计选择的三种理论假设的检验——以上市公司为例
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摘要
进入二十一世纪以来，企业面临的经济环境的不确定性加剧，使资产减值会计成为当前各国会计制度规范的热点问题之一。人们期望通过会计上的规范来减少信息不对称，向投资者提供对决策有用的信息。在我国，随着证券市场的发展，财政部制定了一系列的资产减值会计政策，力求真实的反映企业资产的质量，提高会计信息的有用性，但是，从近几年的上市公司年报来看，资产减值会计政策却成为上市公司选择会计政策，操纵盈余的工具。那么，上市公司在执行资产减值会计政策时受什么因素的影响呢?这便是本文研究的重点内容。
本文采用定性和定量相结合的方法来研究我国资产减值准备会计选择的理论假设问题。研究分为理论、政策和实证三个方面，重点对影响上市公司执行资产减值政策的因素进行实证研究。在理论分析部分，本文首先从决策有用观和风险观的角度论述资产减值准备的理论基础，然后结合国内外有关会计选择权文献的研究，对资产减值准备的理论假设进行分析，得出影响企业选用资产减值政策的因素，这些因素将是我们实证研究的基础。在政策分析部分，我们运用会计准则来分析资产减值政策如何赋予企业会计选择权，以及会计准则赋予企业会计选择权的必然性和合理性。在实证研究部分，我们选取横向和纵向两个截面对上市公司选择执行资产减值政策的影响因素进行分析，在横向分析部分，首先建立了回归模型，该模型将契约论的三大会计假设、证券市场监管政策、行业因素等作为自变量，选取《企业会计制度》开始执行的2001年度沪市A股符合样本条件的631家上市公司作为研究对象，然后运用SPSS进行描述性分析和回归分析，最后结合我国特殊的政治和经济环境作出解释。在纵向分析部分，我们针对”ST”政策，选取先被特别处理后撤销的20家公司与控制样本公司五年内执行资产减值政策的情况进行趋势和对比分析，结论与横向分析结果相互印证。样本数据来自于上海证券信息有限公司编制的《上市公司2001年报数据大全》、中国证监会网站，部分信息参阅了上市公司咨询网和全景网络。最后，针对研究结果，对会计制度规范、公司治理结构等提出一些建议。
After the entry of 21st century, accounting for impairment of assets has become the central issue concerning the regulation of accounting system around the world, owing to the increasing change in the economic environment that the enterprise are involved in. The regulation of accounting is expected to reduce the information asymmetry and to provide the investors with valuable decision-making information .In our country, with the development of the security market, Ministry of Finance has formulated a series of accounting polices on impairment of assets, so that the quality of the enterprise assets can be truly reflected, thus, the effectiveness of accounting information will be improved. However, according to the annual reports of the listed companies in recent years, accounting polices on impairment of assets is adopted by the listed companies as a tool for profit manipulation. The focus on this paper is to study what kinds of elements affect the listed companies' carrying on the policy.
This paper use both qualitative and quantitative method to study the theory hypothesis problem about accounting option in the reserve for impaired assets in china, including theoretical background, policy itself demonstration, especially highlighting the positive research on the elements which affect the listed companies to implement the accounting policy on impairment of assets. We introduce the theoretical background of the reserve for impaired assets from the valuable viewpoint, venture viewpoint, with the decision-making viewpoint as our starting point, then, with the assistance of the foreign and domestic document of accounting option, we analyze the theory hypothesis of the reserve for impaired assets, and conclude the elements that affect enterprises' choosing accounting policy on impairment of assets. The elements are the basis of our positive research. While analyzing policy, we apply the accounting standards to the analysis of how this policy grants the enterprise accounting option right, and to the analysis of inevitability and rationality the accounting principles grant the enterprise. In the positive research, we divide it into two parts to analyze the above elements. In the first part, we established a linear regression model, which has the three accounting hypothesis, security market supervision policy, industry factors, etc as its independent variables, chooses the 631 listed companies in the Shanghai A share market in 2001, as its target. SPSS is applied to the descriptive analysis and regression analysis. Finally, we give the explanation with the combination of internal political and economic environment In the second part, we choose the "ST" company as the sample and make tendency and comparison analysis of the sample companies while implementing the policies on impairment of assents within 5 years. And the conclusion of the second confirms the first part. The Sample data are from "Data in the Annual Reports of listed company, 2001 "edited by Shanghai security information Co. Ltd, some are referred to www.cnlist.com and www.p5w.net. The paper is closed with some suggestion from the writer.
本文采用定性和定量相结合的方法来研究我国资产减值准备会计选择的理论假设问题。研究分为理论、政策和实证三个方面，重点对影响上市公司执行资产减值政策的因素进行实证研究。在理论分析部分，本文首先从决策有用观和风险观的角度论述资产减值准备的理论基础，然后结合国内外有关会计选择权文献的研究，对资产减值准备的理论假设进行分析，得出影响企业选用资产减值政策的因素，这些因素将是我们实证研究的基础。在政策分析部分，我们运用会计准则来分析资产减值政策如何赋予企业会计选择权，以及会计准则赋予企业会计选择权的必然性和合理性。在实证研究部分，我们选取横向和纵向两个截面对上市公司选择执行资产减值政策的影响因素进行分析，在横向分析部分，首先建立了回归模型，该模型将契约论的三大会计假设、证券市场监管政策、行业因素等作为自变量，选取《企业会计制度》开始执行的2001年度沪市A股符合样本条件的631家上市公司作为研究对象，然后运用SPSS进行描述性分析和回归分析，最后结合我国特殊的政治和经济环境作出解释。在纵向分析部分，我们针对”ST”政策，选取先被特别处理后撤销的20家公司与控制样本公司五年内执行资产减值政策的情况进行趋势和对比分析，结论与横向分析结果相互印证。样本数据来自于上海证券信息有限公司编制的《上市公司2001年报数据大全》、中国证监会网站，部分信息参阅了上市公司咨询网和全景网络。最后，针对研究结果，对会计制度规范、公司治理结构等提出一些建议。
After the entry of 21st century, accounting for impairment of assets has become the central issue concerning the regulation of accounting system around the world, owing to the increasing change in the economic environment that the enterprise are involved in. The regulation of accounting is expected to reduce the information asymmetry and to provide the investors with valuable decision-making information .In our country, with the development of the security market, Ministry of Finance has formulated a series of accounting polices on impairment of assets, so that the quality of the enterprise assets can be truly reflected, thus, the effectiveness of accounting information will be improved. However, according to the annual reports of the listed companies in recent years, accounting polices on impairment of assets is adopted by the listed companies as a tool for profit manipulation. The focus on this paper is to study what kinds of elements affect the listed companies' carrying on the policy.
This paper use both qualitative and quantitative method to study the theory hypothesis problem about accounting option in the reserve for impaired assets in china, including theoretical background, policy itself demonstration, especially highlighting the positive research on the elements which affect the listed companies to implement the accounting policy on impairment of assets. We introduce the theoretical background of the reserve for impaired assets from the valuable viewpoint, venture viewpoint, with the decision-making viewpoint as our starting point, then, with the assistance of the foreign and domestic document of accounting option, we analyze the theory hypothesis of the reserve for impaired assets, and conclude the elements that affect enterprises' choosing accounting policy on impairment of assets. The elements are the basis of our positive research. While analyzing policy, we apply the accounting standards to the analysis of how this policy grants the enterprise accounting option right, and to the analysis of inevitability and rationality the accounting principles grant the enterprise. In the positive research, we divide it into two parts to analyze the above elements. In the first part, we established a linear regression model, which has the three accounting hypothesis, security market supervision policy, industry factors, etc as its independent variables, chooses the 631 listed companies in the Shanghai A share market in 2001, as its target. SPSS is applied to the descriptive analysis and regression analysis. Finally, we give the explanation with the combination of internal political and economic environment In the second part, we choose the "ST" company as the sample and make tendency and comparison analysis of the sample companies while implementing the policies on impairment of assents within 5 years. And the conclusion of the second confirms the first part. The Sample data are from "Data in the Annual Reports of listed company, 2001 "edited by Shanghai security information Co. Ltd, some are referred to www.cnlist.com and www.p5w.net. The paper is closed with some suggestion from the writer.
引文
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[2] 汤云为，钱逢胜，会计理论，上海财经大学出版社，1997年
[3] 陈国辉，会计理论研究，东北财经大学出版社，2001年
[4] 葛家澎，关于会计计量的新属性——公允价值，上海会计，2001年第1期
[5] 葛家澎，未来财务会计和财务报告的模式——兼论会计信息的可靠性与相关性，财务会计，1999年第2期
[6] 张为国，会计目标与会计改革，财政经济出版社，1991年
[7] 罗斯．L．瓦茨，杰罗尔德．L．齐默尔曼，黄世忠等译，实证会计研究，东北师范大学出版社
[8] 唐松华，企业会计政策选择的经济学分析——必然性 影响因素 立场，会计研究，2000年第3期
[9] 于海燕，李增泉，会计选择与盈余管理——来自上海股市四项准备的实证研究，公司金融，2001年第1期，37～42
[10] 王乔，章卫东，上市公司会计信息操纵探析，会计研究，2002年第12期
[11] 王跃堂，会计政策选择的经济动机——基于沪深股市的实证研究，会计研究，2000年第12期，31～40
[12] 杜兴强，契约理论与会计准则的起源、功能和限度研究，四川会计，2000年第1期
[13] 张为国，徐宗宇，实证研究·会计选择·证券市场，会计研究，1997年第10期
[14] 张维迎，企业理论与中国企业改革，北京大学出版社，1999年
[15] 范永武，徐晓阳，规范会计理论与实证会计理论评述，当代财经，1997年第11期
[16] 胡春元，论现代企业的委托代理关系及其在会计准则制定中应用的问题，当代经济科学，1996年第1期
[17] 朱大华，试论会计政策选择与会计规范，特区财会，1999年第3期
[18] 胡洪杰，国有企业会计选择行为的分析，贵州财经学院报，1999年第5期，60～63
[19] 唐有瑜，上市公司会计选择动机：理论分析与中国实际，财会通讯，2001年第1期，249
[20] 陆建桥，中国亏损上市公司盈余管理实证研究，会计研究，1999年第9期，25～35
[21] 黄世忠，巨额冲销与信号发送—一中美典型案例比较研究，会计研究，2002年第8
期，10～21
[22] 王跃堂，孙铮，陈世敏，会计改革与会计信息质量——来自中国证券市场的经验证据，会计研究，2001年第7期，16～26
[23] 王跃堂，我国证券市场监管政策的经济后果，经济科学，1999年第5期
[24] 杨朝军等，上海股票市场价格行为实证研究，中国股票市场实证分析，学林出版社，1997年
[25] 胡朝霞，中国股市弱式效率研究，投资研究，1998年第1期
[26] 刘斌，刘星，李世新，CEO薪酬与企业业绩互动效应的实证检验，会计研究2003年第3期，35
[27] 张胜芳，关于公司治理的思考，会计研究，2001年第10期，25～29
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