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轨道交通车辆座椅的静强度和疲劳强度分析
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摘要
汽车座椅是将乘员与车身联系在一起的重要内饰部件,它直接影响到整车的安全性和舒适性。随着科技的进步和汽车工业的飞速发展,汽车座椅系统也在不断变革,已不再只是满足乘员的简单乘坐要求,而是包容人机工程学、机械振动、生物力学和控制系统在内的复杂系统。
    对于座椅的研究主要从两个角度考虑,即座椅的安全性和舒适性。安全性研究主要围绕在座椅的静强度、疲劳强度和冲击强度等方面;舒适性研究主要围绕在座椅的体压分布、舒适坐姿、振动特性分析与优化方面。
    座椅系统的设计与任何其它工业产品的设计一样,仍然遵循“以人为本”的理念。因此,座椅系统的研究,主要处理好两个关系:一是人和座椅的关系,主要从人机工程学出发,研究乘员舒适坐姿、座椅的造型、几何参数和体压分布等;二是座椅各种特性与座椅结构设计的关系,主要是对座椅强度、刚度和振动特性的研究。随着计算机的飞速发展,有限元方法已成为这方面研究的重要手段。
    基于上述,本文开展的主要工作如下:结合长春客车厂《CCK188巴基斯坦软席客车座椅设计及有限元分析》实际项目,以微机为硬件平台,利用MSC公司开发的有限元前、后处理软件MSC.PATRAN,建立了CCK188巴基斯坦软席客车座椅骨架的有限元模型,并用有限元分析软件MSC.NASTRAN分析座椅在各工况下的静强度问题。在此基础上,进一步利用MSC.FATIGUE软件构建了用于疲劳强度分析的有限元模型,对座椅疲劳寿命进行了分析和预测,最后还对座椅进行了初步的模态分析,得到了座椅的低阶振型和频率,为进一步研究座椅的动态特性打下了基础。
    第一章,在阅读大量文献的基础上,考察了国内外座椅研究的现状,概述了汽车座椅安全性、舒适性方面的研究内容和方法。
    第二章,介绍了有限元的基本概念和基本思想,结合座椅的有限元分析,详细总结出了在工程结构有限元分析方面的基本方法和实际经验,包括模型的建立、结构的简化、连接方式的模拟以及单元的评价方法。
    
    第三章,对MSC.PATRAN以及MSC.NASTRAN软件进行了消化、吸收,介绍了MSC.PATRAN软件建模的一般流程,并在此基础上利用MSC.PATRAN建立了CCK188软席客车座椅骨架的有限元模型。该模型中主要包括座椅底架总成、座椅靠背总成、座椅座垫总成三部分。根据厂家提供的有关法规,对座椅总成的静强度进行了仿真分析。
    第四章,简单介绍了工程结构上疲劳理论和疲劳分析的一般方法,在第三章座椅静强度模型的基础上,利用MSC.FATIGUE软件对座椅的疲劳强度进行了分析,对疲劳寿命进行了预测。
    本文的研究意义在于:
    第一、消化吸收有限元软件MSC.PATRAN及MSC.NASTRAN,掌握了利用有限元软件研究座椅静态特性的一般过程,总结了有限元法在由大量零件构成的部件上的应用经验,为日后的进一步研究工作打下了基础。
    第二、掌握利用疲劳分析软件MSC.FATIGUE进行座椅疲劳破坏方面的研究,为座椅的安全性研究提供了新的思路。
    第三、对座椅进行了模态的基本分析,为将来研究座椅的动态(振动)特性打下了基础,并提供了一种研究座椅动态舒适性的新方法。
    作者认为,未来座椅系统的研究将沿着轻量化、智能化和人性化的方向进行,而有限元方法和拓扑优化方法将是最有效、最有力的工具。实现座椅的轻量化的途径主要有设计更合理的座椅结构,寻求更轻工艺性更好的材料;智能化比如座椅可根据每个乘员自动调节姿态,自动调温以及带记忆功能等;人性化主要是寻求“人-座椅”系统更和谐的关系,统一的风格,舒适的外观,提供更贴心宜人的乘坐环境。
Seat is one of the most important parts which connect the occupant with auto-body in automobiles. It is evident that seat performance is critical to occupant safety and comfort. With the rapid development of technology and auto industry, seating systems also have an evolutional development. It is not only a part that can satisfy the occupants’ requirement of seating, but a complicated system, which includes Human Engineering, Vibration, Biostatic and Control System.
    The study on seat can divide into two branches: the research on seat safety and the research on seat comfort. The research on safety focuses on the static performance, the fatigue strength and the performance during impact of seat. And the research on comfort includes the body’s static mass distribution, the seated position and the performance of absorbing vibrations.
    Similar to other product design, the design of seating systems is basic on the requirement of people. Thus, the study on seating systems always pursuing the balance between people’s need and the seat design, and also the balance between the seat structure design and various performances of seat. The former relates to the Human Engineering, the seated position, the seat style and so on. The latter concerns the strength, stiffness and vibration performance of seat structure. With the development of the IT, FEM is widely used in the area and has become one of the most important methods.
    The research work mentioned in this paper is a practical project, which is cooperated with ChangChun Car Bench & Seat Company Ltd. Using software named MSC.PATRAN, a finite element model of a Pakistan train seat structure was set up. Based on the finite element model of seat
    
    
    structure, static strength analysis and fatigue analysis were done.
    In chapter 1, the domestic and alien status of seat safety and comfort research is investigated. Simultaneously, methods used in seat research, up-to-date achievements and the future of auto seat system design are discussed, and the computer simulation theory and common used software are introduced.
    In chapter 2, some basic theories and concepts about FEM were introduced. Based on the finite element analysis of seat structure, some method and practical experiences, such as the FE model building, the model simplifying, and the simulation of connect method, were summarized in the paper.
    In chapter 3, after digested the software, the auto seat system model was set up using MSC.PATRAN. The paper also introduced the general flow of model setting-up. The model consisted of FEM skeleton seat cushion, seatback and seat frame base on the research of seat static characteristic. According to the specifications of seat’s experiments given by the cooperator. We finished the simulation of train seat static strength analysis.
    In chapter 4, some basic theories and methods of fatigue analysis used in engineering were summarized. Using the FE model built in chapter 3, the seat’s fatigue performance was simulated with the software of MSC.FATIGUE.
    The significances of this paper are:
    Firstly, based on the study in this paper, the finite element analysis method of static performance of seat structure was summarized and provided other people some useful experience.
    Secondly, the paper made some research on fatigue strength and fatigue life of seat using MSC.FATIGUE, which started a new period of
    
    
    seat safety research.
    In the future, the seat must become more light, intelligent, and humanistic. Thus, the FEM and topology optimization will be the most powerful tools. The way to make the seat lighter is to try to make the seat structure more reasonable and use some new materials, which have small density and can be formed easily. To let the seat more intelligent is to make seat adjust the seatback angel and seat’s temperature automatically according to every occupants’ need. The aim of seat humanistic design is to let the system of “people – seat” more harmonious and reasonable.
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