环境友好型非织造布吸声材料的研究
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摘要
近年来,由于环境噪声问题越来越严重的影响到人们的工作和学习,研究者们对材料吸声性能的研究也越来越多,虽然现有的吸声材料在不同领域的应用尚可,但是仍然存在着对环境的适应力差,材料性脆,容易折断形成粉尘散逸而污染环境、影响健康,或体积大,给施工安装带来许多不便等缺点,并且随着近年来人们环保意识的加强,急需一种新型吸声材料,而非织造材料以其天然的三维网状结构以及多孔性、柔软性及弹性等特点,非常适合用作吸声材料。除此之外,非织造布还具有原料来源范围广,产品品种多;生产工艺过程简单,劳动生产率高;生产速度快,产量高;工艺变化多,产品用途广等特点,因此非织造布在吸声材料中的应用前景广阔。鉴于此,并结合国外现有的对吸声非织造材料各项性能的研究,本课题提出了从结构角度考虑研究吸声非织造材料的想法。
秉承以上的构思,从吸声原理以及影响吸声材料特性的两点重要因素——容重和厚度方面考虑,本课题先后制备了十种不同结构的复合试件,这些试件一方面从容重角度考虑,为了使声波较容易地进入材料,表层采用容重较小的非织造材料,同时为使进入材料内的声波与材料的接触机会增多,中间层采用容重较大的非织造材料。两者通过类似针刺的工艺连接,这种连接方式既可避免由于粘合剂连接所产生的孔隙损失,又可在层与层之间不完全接合处形成空气层,这样就使纤维与声波的接触机会增多,从而使材料的吸声性能得到了更有效地提高。另一方面,根据实验的结论,从具有吸声性能的最小厚度出发,逐渐增加材料的厚度,同时考虑最后的使用要求组合成所需的厚度,这样复合而成的厚度可在一定范围内调整,较现在常用的一次性成形的吸声材料更具有灵活性,并且更加合理化的应用资源。最后,为了保护非织造材料的孔隙畅通,在材料的表面安装玻璃纤维布。
通过驻波管法对试件测试,以及使用SPSS统计软件的分析表明,用不同的复合结构来实现提高非织造材料吸声性能的想法是可行的、有效的。复合后的非织造吸声材料除自身的优良吸声性能之外,还可与其它吸声材料如穿孔板、薄膜吸声材料等组合使用,更加行之有效的使用于各种需要吸声的环境。
In recent years, the experts and scholars had done more and more research on sound absorption performance of the material in that people's work and study had being disturbed by the ambient noise badly every day. Although there had been some applications of the existing sound absorption material in different areas, it still existed many shortcomings such as the poor adaptive faculty to the environment, the large volume which brought difficulties for the construction and installation, and the brittle property and easy to be broken off, which resulted in making the dust to pollute the environment and affected people's health, and so on. Along with the strengthening environmental awareness of the people, a new type of sound absorption material is urgently needed, and nonwoven material with its natural three-dimensional network structure and characteristics such as porosity, flexibility and elasticity etc., is extremely suitable for sound absorption material in recent years. In addition, the nonwoven material also had characteristics such as the wide source of the raw material, the variety of the products, the simpleness of the producing process, the high rate of the labor productivity, the high output, the variety of the craft, the broad application and so on, therefore it was very bright for the application of the supatex fabric in sound absorption material area. Owing to this, combined with the existing research on the properties of sound absorption nonwoven material abroad, the paper put forward the idea that it could be taken into account from the point of its structure.
Basing on the above concept, the test samples were made of nonwoven material with ten kinds of different structural combinations in the present task firstly, which considered the principle of sound absorption and, the bulk density and thickness that were the two important factors of the sound absorption material. On one hand considering their bulk density, the surface layers of the test samples were made of nonwoven material with slight bulk density in order to make the sound wave easier to enter into them, and the intermediate layers were made from greater bulk density in order to make the sound wave entered into them with more opportunities to contact the material. Both the two layers were composed by the craft similar to needle punch, which not only avoided the loss of slight holes brought by the adhesive, but also provided more opportunities touched with the sound wave due to the air layers formed by incomplete joints between layers. Therefore the sound absorption performance of the material was more effectively enhanced. On the other hand, according to the experimental conclusion, the thickness of the sound absorption material was increased gradually from smallest thickness until it achieved the final operation requirements, and the sound absorption material made like this was more flexible than it commonly used at present, and even more reasonable in using resources. Finally, the glass fiber cloth was fixed on its surface in order to guarantee that the holes in the nonwoven material were unimpeded.
It indicated that the idea that the sound absorption performance of the nonwoven material was improved by the changed structures was feasible and effective through the test for the test samples on the method of standing wave and the analysis of the SPSS statistics software. Moreover, besides its own good sound absorption performance, it could be combined with other sound absorption material such as perforation plate, film sound absorption material and so on, which was more effectively applied in various surroundings needed sound absorption.
秉承以上的构思,从吸声原理以及影响吸声材料特性的两点重要因素——容重和厚度方面考虑,本课题先后制备了十种不同结构的复合试件,这些试件一方面从容重角度考虑,为了使声波较容易地进入材料,表层采用容重较小的非织造材料,同时为使进入材料内的声波与材料的接触机会增多,中间层采用容重较大的非织造材料。两者通过类似针刺的工艺连接,这种连接方式既可避免由于粘合剂连接所产生的孔隙损失,又可在层与层之间不完全接合处形成空气层,这样就使纤维与声波的接触机会增多,从而使材料的吸声性能得到了更有效地提高。另一方面,根据实验的结论,从具有吸声性能的最小厚度出发,逐渐增加材料的厚度,同时考虑最后的使用要求组合成所需的厚度,这样复合而成的厚度可在一定范围内调整,较现在常用的一次性成形的吸声材料更具有灵活性,并且更加合理化的应用资源。最后,为了保护非织造材料的孔隙畅通,在材料的表面安装玻璃纤维布。
通过驻波管法对试件测试,以及使用SPSS统计软件的分析表明,用不同的复合结构来实现提高非织造材料吸声性能的想法是可行的、有效的。复合后的非织造吸声材料除自身的优良吸声性能之外,还可与其它吸声材料如穿孔板、薄膜吸声材料等组合使用,更加行之有效的使用于各种需要吸声的环境。
In recent years, the experts and scholars had done more and more research on sound absorption performance of the material in that people's work and study had being disturbed by the ambient noise badly every day. Although there had been some applications of the existing sound absorption material in different areas, it still existed many shortcomings such as the poor adaptive faculty to the environment, the large volume which brought difficulties for the construction and installation, and the brittle property and easy to be broken off, which resulted in making the dust to pollute the environment and affected people's health, and so on. Along with the strengthening environmental awareness of the people, a new type of sound absorption material is urgently needed, and nonwoven material with its natural three-dimensional network structure and characteristics such as porosity, flexibility and elasticity etc., is extremely suitable for sound absorption material in recent years. In addition, the nonwoven material also had characteristics such as the wide source of the raw material, the variety of the products, the simpleness of the producing process, the high rate of the labor productivity, the high output, the variety of the craft, the broad application and so on, therefore it was very bright for the application of the supatex fabric in sound absorption material area. Owing to this, combined with the existing research on the properties of sound absorption nonwoven material abroad, the paper put forward the idea that it could be taken into account from the point of its structure.
Basing on the above concept, the test samples were made of nonwoven material with ten kinds of different structural combinations in the present task firstly, which considered the principle of sound absorption and, the bulk density and thickness that were the two important factors of the sound absorption material. On one hand considering their bulk density, the surface layers of the test samples were made of nonwoven material with slight bulk density in order to make the sound wave easier to enter into them, and the intermediate layers were made from greater bulk density in order to make the sound wave entered into them with more opportunities to contact the material. Both the two layers were composed by the craft similar to needle punch, which not only avoided the loss of slight holes brought by the adhesive, but also provided more opportunities touched with the sound wave due to the air layers formed by incomplete joints between layers. Therefore the sound absorption performance of the material was more effectively enhanced. On the other hand, according to the experimental conclusion, the thickness of the sound absorption material was increased gradually from smallest thickness until it achieved the final operation requirements, and the sound absorption material made like this was more flexible than it commonly used at present, and even more reasonable in using resources. Finally, the glass fiber cloth was fixed on its surface in order to guarantee that the holes in the nonwoven material were unimpeded.
It indicated that the idea that the sound absorption performance of the nonwoven material was improved by the changed structures was feasible and effective through the test for the test samples on the method of standing wave and the analysis of the SPSS statistics software. Moreover, besides its own good sound absorption performance, it could be combined with other sound absorption material such as perforation plate, film sound absorption material and so on, which was more effectively applied in various surroundings needed sound absorption.
引文
[1]吴清仁编,生态建材与环保,北京,化学工业出版社,2003,204
[2]刘惠玲主编,环境噪声控制,哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2002,75-98
[3]洪宗辉主编,环境噪声控制工程,高等教育出版社,2002,118-144
[4]陈海涛、郑松青、谢永红,玻璃棉保温吸声材料的应用及展望,技术交流,2002(1)48-49
[5]钟祥璋,矿物棉的吸声特性及应用,保温材料与节能技术,2000(5),4-10
[6]刘克,丁辉,无纤维吸声材料研究发展,物理.1998(9),537-5412
[7]周洪、黄光速、陈喜荣、何显儒,高分子吸声材料,化学进展,2004,16(3),451
[8]周洪,李波,黄光速,高分子微粒吸声材料的声学特性,高分子材料科学与工程,2004,20(3),119
[9]王滨生、张建平,泡沫金属吸声材料制备及吸声性能的研究,化学工程师,2003,97(4),9
[10]钱军民、李旭详,橡塑型泡沫吸声材料的研究,功能高分子学报,2000(3),310-311
[11]钟祥璋、刘明明,吸声泡沫玻璃的吸声特性,保温材料与建筑节能,1998(3),27
[12]胡湘晖,泡沫陶瓷在城市地下汽车通道声环境设计中的应用,城市道桥与防洪,2002(3),28-29
[13]晓捷,吸声降噪泡沫陶瓷,建材工业信息,2001(7),49
[14]刘克、田静、焦风雷、吕亚东,微穿孔板吸声体的研究进展,声学学报,2005(6),504
[15]马大猷、刘克,微穿孔板吸声体随机入射吸声性能,声学学报,2000(4),289-296
[16]魏刚,多孔性吸声材料及穿孔装饰吸声板的吸声特性,房材与应用,2005(6),61-62
[17]钟祥璋、祝培生,PVF膜在纤维吸声材料中的应用,电声技术,2002(1),12
[18]冬利、罗小华、钟祥璋,SoundTex吸声无纺布的吸声特性,噪声与振动控制,1998,10(5),32-33
[19]马建敏,金属纤维吸声特性的试验研究,机械科学与技术,2000,19(3),449-451.
[20]张守梅,曾令可、黄其秀、黄浪观,环保吸声材料的发展动态与展望,陶 瓷学报,2002,23(1),56-61.
[21]张帆、姚德生,探讨吸声材料在工程应用中吸声性能的影响因素,噪声与振动控制,2005(4),64-65
[22]徐朴,我国非织造布工业的现状和国际纺粘、熔喷的发展方向,纺织导报,2004,(6),116
[23]沈志明,非织造布在产业领域的发展前景广阔,非织造布,2003,(2)
[24]沈志明、胡杰、陈忠宽编,新型非织造技术,北京,中国纺织出版社,1998
[25]喻晓玲、靳向煜,用于建筑工程的非织造布,产业用纺织品,2005,(2),35
[26]Pele C E,Nonwovens Make Themselves at Home,Nonwovens Industry,2000,(2),3
[27]Youn Eung Lee and Chang Whan Joo,Sound Absorption Properties Of Recycled Polyester Fibrous Assembly Absorbers,AUTEX Research Journal,3(2),2003
[28]T.Koizumi,N.Tsujiuchi and A.Adachi,The Development Of Sound Absorbing Materials Using Natural Bamboo Fibers,High Performance Structure And Composites Book,WIT Press 2002
[29]Leo L.Beranek,Noise reduction,prepared for a special summer program at MIT,New York,McGraw-Hill,1960
[30]Kannan Allampalayam Jayaraman,Acoustical Absorptive Properties of Nonwovens,A thesis submitted to The Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science,2005
[31]Kyoichi Watanabe,Yoshiaki Minemura,Kouichi Nemoto and Hiroshi Sugawara,Development Of High Performance All Polyester Sound Absorbing Materials,JSAE Review 20,1999,357-362
[32]P.P.Narang,Material Parameter Selection In Polyester Fiber Insulation For Sound Transmission And Absorption,Applied Acoustics,45,1995,335-358
[33]Mevlut Tascan,Acoustical Properties of Nonwoven Fiber Network Structures,A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in Textiles,Fiber&Polymer Science,2005
[34]钟祥璋编,建筑吸声材料与隔声材料,北京,化学工业出版社,2004,
[35]马保国、朱洪波、董荣珍、梁志坚,高效吸声材料的研制,新型建筑材料,2002(5),42
[36]郭秉臣主编,非织造布学,纺织工业出版社,2000,16
[37]钟祥璋、刘明明,塑料薄膜对多孔材料吸声性能的影响,噪声与振动控制,1992(4),38-40
[38]魏刚,多孔性吸声材料及穿孔装饰吸声板的吸声特性,房材与应用,2005(6),61
[39]吕玉恒、王庭佛编著,噪声与振动控制设备及材料选用手册,北京,机械工业出版社,1999,133
[40]马大猷主编,噪声与振动控制工程手册,北京,机械工业出版社,2002
[41]孙广荣,吸声、隔声材料和结构浅说,艺术科技,2001(3),12
[2]刘惠玲主编,环境噪声控制,哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2002,75-98
[3]洪宗辉主编,环境噪声控制工程,高等教育出版社,2002,118-144
[4]陈海涛、郑松青、谢永红,玻璃棉保温吸声材料的应用及展望,技术交流,2002(1)48-49
[5]钟祥璋,矿物棉的吸声特性及应用,保温材料与节能技术,2000(5),4-10
[6]刘克,丁辉,无纤维吸声材料研究发展,物理.1998(9),537-5412
[7]周洪、黄光速、陈喜荣、何显儒,高分子吸声材料,化学进展,2004,16(3),451
[8]周洪,李波,黄光速,高分子微粒吸声材料的声学特性,高分子材料科学与工程,2004,20(3),119
[9]王滨生、张建平,泡沫金属吸声材料制备及吸声性能的研究,化学工程师,2003,97(4),9
[10]钱军民、李旭详,橡塑型泡沫吸声材料的研究,功能高分子学报,2000(3),310-311
[11]钟祥璋、刘明明,吸声泡沫玻璃的吸声特性,保温材料与建筑节能,1998(3),27
[12]胡湘晖,泡沫陶瓷在城市地下汽车通道声环境设计中的应用,城市道桥与防洪,2002(3),28-29
[13]晓捷,吸声降噪泡沫陶瓷,建材工业信息,2001(7),49
[14]刘克、田静、焦风雷、吕亚东,微穿孔板吸声体的研究进展,声学学报,2005(6),504
[15]马大猷、刘克,微穿孔板吸声体随机入射吸声性能,声学学报,2000(4),289-296
[16]魏刚,多孔性吸声材料及穿孔装饰吸声板的吸声特性,房材与应用,2005(6),61-62
[17]钟祥璋、祝培生,PVF膜在纤维吸声材料中的应用,电声技术,2002(1),12
[18]冬利、罗小华、钟祥璋,SoundTex吸声无纺布的吸声特性,噪声与振动控制,1998,10(5),32-33
[19]马建敏,金属纤维吸声特性的试验研究,机械科学与技术,2000,19(3),449-451.
[20]张守梅,曾令可、黄其秀、黄浪观,环保吸声材料的发展动态与展望,陶 瓷学报,2002,23(1),56-61.
[21]张帆、姚德生,探讨吸声材料在工程应用中吸声性能的影响因素,噪声与振动控制,2005(4),64-65
[22]徐朴,我国非织造布工业的现状和国际纺粘、熔喷的发展方向,纺织导报,2004,(6),116
[23]沈志明,非织造布在产业领域的发展前景广阔,非织造布,2003,(2)
[24]沈志明、胡杰、陈忠宽编,新型非织造技术,北京,中国纺织出版社,1998
[25]喻晓玲、靳向煜,用于建筑工程的非织造布,产业用纺织品,2005,(2),35
[26]Pele C E,Nonwovens Make Themselves at Home,Nonwovens Industry,2000,(2),3
[27]Youn Eung Lee and Chang Whan Joo,Sound Absorption Properties Of Recycled Polyester Fibrous Assembly Absorbers,AUTEX Research Journal,3(2),2003
[28]T.Koizumi,N.Tsujiuchi and A.Adachi,The Development Of Sound Absorbing Materials Using Natural Bamboo Fibers,High Performance Structure And Composites Book,WIT Press 2002
[29]Leo L.Beranek,Noise reduction,prepared for a special summer program at MIT,New York,McGraw-Hill,1960
[30]Kannan Allampalayam Jayaraman,Acoustical Absorptive Properties of Nonwovens,A thesis submitted to The Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science,2005
[31]Kyoichi Watanabe,Yoshiaki Minemura,Kouichi Nemoto and Hiroshi Sugawara,Development Of High Performance All Polyester Sound Absorbing Materials,JSAE Review 20,1999,357-362
[32]P.P.Narang,Material Parameter Selection In Polyester Fiber Insulation For Sound Transmission And Absorption,Applied Acoustics,45,1995,335-358
[33]Mevlut Tascan,Acoustical Properties of Nonwoven Fiber Network Structures,A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in Textiles,Fiber&Polymer Science,2005
[34]钟祥璋编,建筑吸声材料与隔声材料,北京,化学工业出版社,2004,
[35]马保国、朱洪波、董荣珍、梁志坚,高效吸声材料的研制,新型建筑材料,2002(5),42
[36]郭秉臣主编,非织造布学,纺织工业出版社,2000,16
[37]钟祥璋、刘明明,塑料薄膜对多孔材料吸声性能的影响,噪声与振动控制,1992(4),38-40
[38]魏刚,多孔性吸声材料及穿孔装饰吸声板的吸声特性,房材与应用,2005(6),61
[39]吕玉恒、王庭佛编著,噪声与振动控制设备及材料选用手册,北京,机械工业出版社,1999,133
[40]马大猷主编,噪声与振动控制工程手册,北京,机械工业出版社,2002
[41]孙广荣,吸声、隔声材料和结构浅说,艺术科技,2001(3),12