我国工业行业外商投资对环境影响的实证研究
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摘要
本文在综述国内外相关文献的基础上,运用经济学理论和现代计量经济学分析方法,对工业行业外商直接投资和外商投资结构对我国环境产生的影响进行了理论和实证分析。通过对总体工业行业吸收FDI和工业“三废”排放情况的分析后发现,在利用外商直接投资的过程中,FDI加剧了我国环境质量恶化的程度;而在利用外商直接投资的区域分布上,则存在着显著的不平衡现象,主要表现为外商直接投资与环境污染均呈现出“东高西低”的梯度特征。通过对中国35个工业行业2001-2007年的面板数据进行实证研究得出的结论表明:对总体工业行业而言,外商直接投资对我国环境产生了显著的负面影响。
对外商直接投资在工业行业内部的投资结构而言,FDI在工业三大部门的分布情况呈现出极度的不均衡现象,表现为工业行业的FDI主要流入了制造业部门。通过对35个工业行业内部的三大部门的外商直接投资与环境污染的相关指标进行实证研究后发现:采矿业和电力、燃气及水的生产和供应业两个部门的FDI对我国环境污染产生的影响并不显著,而制造业部门的外商直接投资对环境产生了显著的负面影响。
进一步按照不同污染程度和不同要素密集度对工业行业进行行业结构分组后发现:一方面,FDI主要集中在轻度污染密集型行业,实证结果表明轻度污染密集型行业的外商直接投资对环境污染产生了显著的负面影响,而重度污染密集型行业的外商直接投资对工业废气的排放量影响并不显著;另一方面,FDI有加大投资技术密集型行业的倾向,比重呈逐年上升的趋势。实证结果表明技术密集型行业的FDI对我国环境则产生了较大程度的负面影响,劳动密集型行业的FDI对环境影响并不显著。
本文认为由于我国经济发展水平和发达国家之间存在着的较大差距、产业梯度转移规律以及我国环境保护法规的不完善等各种主观和客观原因,导致外商直接投资对我国的环境产生了负面影响。因此,我们在利用外商直接投资的过程中,不能再以牺牲环境为代价来追求经济发展,必须协调好两者之间的关系,让外商直接投资对环境的正效应逐步发挥出来,促进我国环境质量的改善。文章最后提出了相关的对策和建议。
On the basis of reviewing literature in both domestic and abroad, the paper employs theoretical analysis and empirical analysis to study the environmental impacts of foreign direct investment and foreign direct investment structure in China’s industry by using modern economic theory and econometric analysis. Based on analysed the situation of overall industrial sector absorbed FDI and industrial“three wastes”, we found that foreign direct investment increased the degree of deterioration of China’s environment. In the utilization of foreign direct investment, the regional distribution of FDI shows a significant imbalance phenomenon, which appears gradient feature of“east high and west low”in both foreign direct investment and environmental pollution. After the empirical research on the panel data of China’s 35 industrial sectors during the period from 2001-2007, we found the same result that foreign direct investment has significant negative impact on China’s environment in terms of the overall industrial sectors.
In terms of investment structure in industrial sectors, the distribution of FDI in the three major industrial sectors showed extreme imbalance that the FDI of industial sector mainly flow into the manufacturing sector.After the empirical research on the related indicators of foreign direct investment and environmental pollution of three major sectors in 35 industries, we found that FDI of mining industry and electricity, gas and water production and supply industry put no significant effects on China’s environmental pollution, while FDI of manufacture industry has significant negative impact on our environmental pollution.
After grouped the industries in accordance with the different degree of pollution and different element-intensive, we found that FDI of industrial sector mainly flow into the light pollution-intensive industries. Based on the results, on the one hand we found that FDI of the light pollution-intensive industries has significant negative effect on the environment, while FDI of the severe pollution-intensive industries has no significant effect on the environment; On the other hand, we found that FDI tends to increase investment in technology-intensive industries, and the proportion between technology-intensive and labor-intensive industries showed an increasing tendency. The empirical results showed that FDI of the technology-intensive industries produced a greater degree of negative impact on China’s environment, while FDI of the labor-intensive industries also has no significant effect on the environment.
The paper considered some subjective and objective reasons which leaded FDI to produce negative effect on our environment. These reasons are the large gap between our country and developed countries, the law of gradient transfer of industry, the imperfect environmental laws in our country and so on. Therefore, we should no longer pursue economical development on the expense of the environment in utilization of FDI. We should coordinate relationship between FDI and the economical development to promote the positive effect of FDI and improve the quality of China’s environment. The article concludes with some countermeasures and suggestions.
对外商直接投资在工业行业内部的投资结构而言,FDI在工业三大部门的分布情况呈现出极度的不均衡现象,表现为工业行业的FDI主要流入了制造业部门。通过对35个工业行业内部的三大部门的外商直接投资与环境污染的相关指标进行实证研究后发现:采矿业和电力、燃气及水的生产和供应业两个部门的FDI对我国环境污染产生的影响并不显著,而制造业部门的外商直接投资对环境产生了显著的负面影响。
进一步按照不同污染程度和不同要素密集度对工业行业进行行业结构分组后发现:一方面,FDI主要集中在轻度污染密集型行业,实证结果表明轻度污染密集型行业的外商直接投资对环境污染产生了显著的负面影响,而重度污染密集型行业的外商直接投资对工业废气的排放量影响并不显著;另一方面,FDI有加大投资技术密集型行业的倾向,比重呈逐年上升的趋势。实证结果表明技术密集型行业的FDI对我国环境则产生了较大程度的负面影响,劳动密集型行业的FDI对环境影响并不显著。
本文认为由于我国经济发展水平和发达国家之间存在着的较大差距、产业梯度转移规律以及我国环境保护法规的不完善等各种主观和客观原因,导致外商直接投资对我国的环境产生了负面影响。因此,我们在利用外商直接投资的过程中,不能再以牺牲环境为代价来追求经济发展,必须协调好两者之间的关系,让外商直接投资对环境的正效应逐步发挥出来,促进我国环境质量的改善。文章最后提出了相关的对策和建议。
On the basis of reviewing literature in both domestic and abroad, the paper employs theoretical analysis and empirical analysis to study the environmental impacts of foreign direct investment and foreign direct investment structure in China’s industry by using modern economic theory and econometric analysis. Based on analysed the situation of overall industrial sector absorbed FDI and industrial“three wastes”, we found that foreign direct investment increased the degree of deterioration of China’s environment. In the utilization of foreign direct investment, the regional distribution of FDI shows a significant imbalance phenomenon, which appears gradient feature of“east high and west low”in both foreign direct investment and environmental pollution. After the empirical research on the panel data of China’s 35 industrial sectors during the period from 2001-2007, we found the same result that foreign direct investment has significant negative impact on China’s environment in terms of the overall industrial sectors.
In terms of investment structure in industrial sectors, the distribution of FDI in the three major industrial sectors showed extreme imbalance that the FDI of industial sector mainly flow into the manufacturing sector.After the empirical research on the related indicators of foreign direct investment and environmental pollution of three major sectors in 35 industries, we found that FDI of mining industry and electricity, gas and water production and supply industry put no significant effects on China’s environmental pollution, while FDI of manufacture industry has significant negative impact on our environmental pollution.
After grouped the industries in accordance with the different degree of pollution and different element-intensive, we found that FDI of industrial sector mainly flow into the light pollution-intensive industries. Based on the results, on the one hand we found that FDI of the light pollution-intensive industries has significant negative effect on the environment, while FDI of the severe pollution-intensive industries has no significant effect on the environment; On the other hand, we found that FDI tends to increase investment in technology-intensive industries, and the proportion between technology-intensive and labor-intensive industries showed an increasing tendency. The empirical results showed that FDI of the technology-intensive industries produced a greater degree of negative impact on China’s environment, while FDI of the labor-intensive industries also has no significant effect on the environment.
The paper considered some subjective and objective reasons which leaded FDI to produce negative effect on our environment. These reasons are the large gap between our country and developed countries, the law of gradient transfer of industry, the imperfect environmental laws in our country and so on. Therefore, we should no longer pursue economical development on the expense of the environment in utilization of FDI. We should coordinate relationship between FDI and the economical development to promote the positive effect of FDI and improve the quality of China’s environment. The article concludes with some countermeasures and suggestions.
引文
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[2] Selden T, Song D. Environmental quality and development: is there a Kuznets curve for air pollution estimates? [J]. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 1994, (27):147-162
[3] Xepapadeas A, Amri E. Some empirical indications of the relationship between environmental quality and economic development [J]. Environmental and Resource Economics, 1995, (11):93-106
[4] Grossman Gene M, Alan B Krueger. Environment Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement [D]. The U.S.-Mexico Free Trade Agreement, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1993,13-56
[5] Birdsall and D Wheeler. Trade Policy and Pollution in Latin American: Where are the Pollution Havens? [J]. Journal of Environment and Development, 1993, (1):137-147
[6] Eskeland Gunnar S, Harrison Ann E. Moving to Greener Pastures: Multinationals and the Pollution Haven Hypothesis [Z]. Policy Research Working Paper Series, The World Bank, 1997, 1774
[7] Zarsky Lyuba. Havens, Halos and Spaghetti: Untangling the Evidence about Foreign Direct Investment and the Environment in Foreign Direct Investment and the Environment [M]. OECD Foreign Direct Investment and the Evironment, 1999,47-74
[8] Kevin Grey, Duncan Brank. Environmental Issues in Policy-based Competition for Investment: a Literature Review [Z]. ENV/EPOC/GSP, 2002, (11)
[9] OECD. Environmental Impacts of Foreign Direct Investment in the Mining Sector in Sub-Saharan Africa[R]. 2002
[10] Feng Henlen Liang. Does Foreign Direct Investment Harm Host Country Environment? Evidence from Coastal and Interior China [J]. Institute of Business & Economic Research, 2006, (3)
[11] Walter I, J Ugelow. Environmental Polices in Developing Countries [J]. Ambio, 1979, (8):102-109
[12] Markusen J R. Competition in Regional Environmental Policies Wen Plant Locations is Endogenous [J]. Journal of Public Economics, 1995
[13] Wheeler D. Racing to the bottom? Foreign investment and air pollution in developing countries[R]. Development Research Group. World Bank, 2000
[14] Baumol, Oates. Environmental and Natural Resource Economics [M]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 1988, (2):525-529
[15] Low P, Yeats A. Do dirty industries migrate? [D]. International Trade and the Environment. New York: World Bank Discussion Paper. 1992
[16] Copeland Brian, M Scott Taylor. North-South Trade and the Environment [J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, MIT Press, 1994, 109(3):755-787
[17] Mani M, Wheeler D. In Search of Pollution Havens? Dirty Industry in the World Economy, 1960-1995[D]. In: Fredriksson Per G, ed. Trade, Global Policy, and the Environment. Discussion paper, no.402, World Bank, Washington, DC, 1999:115-128
[18] Matthew A C, Robert J R, Fredriksson P G. Endogenous Pollution Havens: Does FDI Influence Environmental Regulations?[J].The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 2006, 108(1):157-178
[19] Jie HE. Pollution Haven Hypothesis and Environmental Impacts of Foreign Direct Investment: The Case of Industrial Emission of Sulfur Dioxide(SO2) in Chinese Provinces[J]. Ecological Economics, 2006, Volume 60:228-245
[20]夏友富.外商投资中国污染密集型产业现状、后果及其对策研究.管理世界[J],1999,(3):109-123
[21]赵细康.环境保护与产业国际竞争力:理论与实证分析[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社, 2003,(5)
[22]曾凡银,郭羽诞.绿色壁垒与污染产业转移成因及对策研究[J].财经研究, 2004, (4):101-107
[23]崔到陵.外商直接投资“污染避难所假说”的实证检验——以江苏省为例[J].审计与经济研究,2009,(6):97-102
[24]苏振东,周玮庆.外商直接投资对中国环境的影响与区域差异——基于省际面板数据和动态面板数据模型的异质性分析[J].世界经济研究,2010,(6)
[25]陈红蕾,陈秋锋.“污染避难所”假说及其在中国的检验[J].暨南学报, 2006,(4): 51-55
[26]赵哲,罗永明.“污染避难所”假说在中国的实证检验[J].生态经济, 2008,(7): 102-104
[27]方鸣,应瑞瑶.FDI和环境污染的关系分析——基于中国省级面板数据的研究[J].科技管理研究, 2010,(10):204-207
[28]杨海生.贸易、外商直接投资、经济增长与环境污染[J].中国人口·资源与环境, 2005,(3):99-103
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