周期性扰动对壁湍流多尺度相干结构影响的实验研究
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摘要
本文对风洞中平板湍流边界层通过展向狭缝引入的不同频率的局部周期性扰动控制多尺度相干结构进行了实验研究。采用热线测速技术,以高于对应最小湍流时间尺度的分辨率,精细测量了施加不同频率的周期性扰动前后平板湍流边界层中不同流向和法向位置的瞬时流向、法向和展向速度分量的时间序列信号,研究了不同频率的周期性扰动对平板边界层多尺度相干结构的影响。
利用快速Fouier变换,确定了扰动影响流场的流向和法向空间范围。通过测量基本流场,发现在扰动源下游一定空间范围内,摩擦系数有所减小,粘性底层增厚。扰动使雷诺应力幅值趋于零的空间范围变大;改变了湍流边界层原有湍动能的产生和扩散输运机制,在一定程度上抑制了湍流脉动的产生。此外,在扰动源下游形成了两个定常的、强度相似的、大尺度的展向涡,起到流体滚动轴承的作用,减小了壁面摩擦阻力。
采用子波系数模极大值法提取了猝发过程中,相干结构不同速度分量和雷诺应力分量的条件相位平均波形,发现在缓冲层和对数律层,流向和法向脉动速度分量的相位平均波形的相位差恒定保持为钝角,几乎不随法向位置变化,导致雷诺应力分量u′v′在湍流边界层中恒保持为负号且具有很大幅值。而展向分量的相位平均波形比流向脉动速度分量的相位平均波形明显存在相位滞后,且相位差随法向位置变化,在缓冲层相位差为钝角,随着远离壁面,相位差逐渐减小为零。
基于湍流多尺度结构和局部平均速度结构函数的概念,研究了施加扰动对湍流多尺度相干结构及其间歇性的影响。发现在缓冲层,扰动使得小尺度湍涡结构在湍流整体中的重要性相对减弱;使能量最大尺度附近的大尺度湍涡结构的重要性相对增强;湍流系统在整体上受到与扰动尺度相当的大尺度湍涡结构的制约;扰动使多尺度湍涡结构的正负交替有序性增强。扰动抑制了低速条纹结构的上抛运动和高速条纹结构的下扫运动,而且扰动频率越大抑制得也就越强烈,使展向条纹结构更加有序化,抑制了条纹结构在展向的失稳。
周期性扰动改变了法向或展向脉动速度与流向脉动速度的条件相位平均波形的相位差,使法向或展向脉动速度与流向脉动速度的相位差保持在π/2的奇数倍左右,此时一个脉动速度分量的幅值达到最大而另一个脉动速度分量的幅值则几乎为零,使雷诺应力分量的幅值保持在较小的状态,从而达到了控制湍流产生和减阻的目的。
Experimental investigations on controlling multi-scale coherent structures by locally periodic disturbances of different frequency were carried out. The time sequence signals of instantaneous longitudinal, normal and spanwise velocity components at different vertical locations in turbulent boundary layer over a flat plate have been finely measured by constant temperature anemometry and the effects of periodic disturbances on the multi-scale coherent structures of boundary layer were studied in a flat plate.
The longitudinal and normal regions comprising disturbed signals were extracted by the method of FFT. In these regions, it is found that the friction coefficients are reduced, the sub-layer becomes thicker and the turbulent kinetic distribution coefficients are reduced. The spactical ranges, in which the Reynolds stresses trend to zero, become larger. The mechanism of producing, diffusion and transporting is changed and the turbulent fluctuations are restrained to a certain degree. After disturbed, two unsteady, similar strength and large-scale spanwise vortexes came into being. These vortexes play the role of fluid rolling bearing, which reduce the wall friction drag.
By the method of the module-maximum of wavelet coefficients, the conditional phased-averaged waveforms of coherent structures were extracted in the burst. The phased differences between the phased averaged waveforms of the longitudinal velocity and the normal velocity always remain blunt angles and almost not change with the normal locations. Thus the Reynolds stress u′v′remains negative and the amplitude is large. While the spanwise velocity lags to the longitudinal velocity apparently. The phased differences change with the normal locations. In the buffer layer, it is blunt angles and it gradually reduces to zero with far from the wall.
Based on the concept of turbulent multi-scale and locally averaged velocity structure fuction, the effct of turbulent energy and coherent structure intermittence have been studied. The disturbances weaken the importance of small scale turbulent vorticity structures, while strengthen the importance of large scale turbulent vorticity structures. The turbulent system is restrained by the large-scale vorticity structures. The positive and negative alternations of vortical structures are enganced. After disturbed, the upward movement of low-velocity striation structures and the downward movement of high-velocity structures are restrained. The spanwise fringe became more ordering and the spanwise losting stability is restrained.
By periodic disturbance, the phase angles between the phase-averaged waveforms of the longitudinal, vertical velocity and the spanwise velocity are changed. When their phase angles are about odd times ofπ/2, the Reynolds stress is about zero. At this point, the turbulent coherent structures are controlled and the burst in turbulence is restrained.
利用快速Fouier变换,确定了扰动影响流场的流向和法向空间范围。通过测量基本流场,发现在扰动源下游一定空间范围内,摩擦系数有所减小,粘性底层增厚。扰动使雷诺应力幅值趋于零的空间范围变大;改变了湍流边界层原有湍动能的产生和扩散输运机制,在一定程度上抑制了湍流脉动的产生。此外,在扰动源下游形成了两个定常的、强度相似的、大尺度的展向涡,起到流体滚动轴承的作用,减小了壁面摩擦阻力。
采用子波系数模极大值法提取了猝发过程中,相干结构不同速度分量和雷诺应力分量的条件相位平均波形,发现在缓冲层和对数律层,流向和法向脉动速度分量的相位平均波形的相位差恒定保持为钝角,几乎不随法向位置变化,导致雷诺应力分量u′v′在湍流边界层中恒保持为负号且具有很大幅值。而展向分量的相位平均波形比流向脉动速度分量的相位平均波形明显存在相位滞后,且相位差随法向位置变化,在缓冲层相位差为钝角,随着远离壁面,相位差逐渐减小为零。
基于湍流多尺度结构和局部平均速度结构函数的概念,研究了施加扰动对湍流多尺度相干结构及其间歇性的影响。发现在缓冲层,扰动使得小尺度湍涡结构在湍流整体中的重要性相对减弱;使能量最大尺度附近的大尺度湍涡结构的重要性相对增强;湍流系统在整体上受到与扰动尺度相当的大尺度湍涡结构的制约;扰动使多尺度湍涡结构的正负交替有序性增强。扰动抑制了低速条纹结构的上抛运动和高速条纹结构的下扫运动,而且扰动频率越大抑制得也就越强烈,使展向条纹结构更加有序化,抑制了条纹结构在展向的失稳。
周期性扰动改变了法向或展向脉动速度与流向脉动速度的条件相位平均波形的相位差,使法向或展向脉动速度与流向脉动速度的相位差保持在π/2的奇数倍左右,此时一个脉动速度分量的幅值达到最大而另一个脉动速度分量的幅值则几乎为零,使雷诺应力分量的幅值保持在较小的状态,从而达到了控制湍流产生和减阻的目的。
Experimental investigations on controlling multi-scale coherent structures by locally periodic disturbances of different frequency were carried out. The time sequence signals of instantaneous longitudinal, normal and spanwise velocity components at different vertical locations in turbulent boundary layer over a flat plate have been finely measured by constant temperature anemometry and the effects of periodic disturbances on the multi-scale coherent structures of boundary layer were studied in a flat plate.
The longitudinal and normal regions comprising disturbed signals were extracted by the method of FFT. In these regions, it is found that the friction coefficients are reduced, the sub-layer becomes thicker and the turbulent kinetic distribution coefficients are reduced. The spactical ranges, in which the Reynolds stresses trend to zero, become larger. The mechanism of producing, diffusion and transporting is changed and the turbulent fluctuations are restrained to a certain degree. After disturbed, two unsteady, similar strength and large-scale spanwise vortexes came into being. These vortexes play the role of fluid rolling bearing, which reduce the wall friction drag.
By the method of the module-maximum of wavelet coefficients, the conditional phased-averaged waveforms of coherent structures were extracted in the burst. The phased differences between the phased averaged waveforms of the longitudinal velocity and the normal velocity always remain blunt angles and almost not change with the normal locations. Thus the Reynolds stress u′v′remains negative and the amplitude is large. While the spanwise velocity lags to the longitudinal velocity apparently. The phased differences change with the normal locations. In the buffer layer, it is blunt angles and it gradually reduces to zero with far from the wall.
Based on the concept of turbulent multi-scale and locally averaged velocity structure fuction, the effct of turbulent energy and coherent structure intermittence have been studied. The disturbances weaken the importance of small scale turbulent vorticity structures, while strengthen the importance of large scale turbulent vorticity structures. The turbulent system is restrained by the large-scale vorticity structures. The positive and negative alternations of vortical structures are enganced. After disturbed, the upward movement of low-velocity striation structures and the downward movement of high-velocity structures are restrained. The spanwise fringe became more ordering and the spanwise losting stability is restrained.
By periodic disturbance, the phase angles between the phase-averaged waveforms of the longitudinal, vertical velocity and the spanwise velocity are changed. When their phase angles are about odd times ofπ/2, the Reynolds stress is about zero. At this point, the turbulent coherent structures are controlled and the burst in turbulence is restrained.
引文
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