力学荷载及环境复合因素作用下混凝土结构劣化机理研究
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摘要
钢筋混凝土结构物因过早发生性能退化而缩减其服役寿命,往往不是由于强度不够,而是因为耐久性不足。目前国内外对单一环境因素如氯离子侵入、碳化导致的混凝土结构耐久性劣化已有较成熟的研究。但值得注意的是,实际环境中混凝土因耐久性不良服役性能下降大多是荷载、环境和气候等多因素协同作用的结果,这必然与单一环境因素下的混凝土结构劣化规律有显著差异。同时,为深入揭示复合因素作用对混凝土宏观性能力劣化的影响机理,也有必要从微观层面研究混凝土微结构变化、孔溶液化学成分的演变与混凝土中离子传输性能、耐久性宏观劣化之间的相互联系。
为此,本论文开展了力学荷载作用下混凝土的碳化及氯离子侵入试验研究,揭示了荷载对混凝土碳化及氯离子侵入性能的量化影响规律,并将其应用于混凝土结构可靠度分析中。另外,本论文采用压汞和离子色谱分析技术,研究了复合环境条件下混凝土微结构及其孔溶液化学环境的变化。本论文主要研究内容及结论如下:
(1)研究了荷载作用下混凝土的碳化性能,试验表明,混凝土的碳化程度随拉应力水平单调提高,随压应力水平先降低后提高,这是由于低应力水平的压荷载使混凝土初始的微裂缝适当闭合,内部趋于密实,碳化程度下降,然而随着压应力水平增大,混凝土内的界面裂缝和砂浆裂缝重新发展,开始导致混凝土碳化程度加剧。硅烷凝胶表面防水处理对提高混凝土抗碳化性有显著作用,但经硅烷表面处理的试块受载后碳化程度有一定的提高。在试验结果基础上建立了荷载作用下混凝土碳化模型。
(2)研究了荷载作用下混凝土的毛细吸水、毛细氯盐溶液吸收、稳态和非稳态氯离子扩散等性能。对长期受弯曲荷载下的混凝土进行了自然浸泡、干湿循环和实际海洋环境暴露试验。用Fick第一和第二定律分别确定了稳态和非稳态条件下的氯离子扩散系数。结果一致表明,受压区混凝土在30%荷载水平时氯离子扩散系数普遍降低;但随着荷载水平进一步提高,部分结果中氯离子扩散系数开始有所提高,压荷载对混凝土中微裂缝的闭合效应在30%~60%的荷载水平之间已开始转变,较高水平的压应力使混凝土表层及内部产生新的裂缝并开始发展;受拉区的氯离子扩散系数随荷载水平不断增加,但基本不遵循线性关系。对比分析了混凝土在自然浸泡、干湿循环和实际海洋环境暴露下氯离子侵入量的差异。试验还表明,经过硅烷凝胶表面防水处理的试块氯离子侵入量极低。在试验结果基础上建立了荷载作用下混凝土氯离子扩散模型。
(3)研究了碳化后的混凝土的毛细吸水、毛细氯盐溶液吸收、稳态和非稳态氯离子扩散等性能。试验表明,加速碳化提高了混凝土在纯水和氯盐溶液中的毛细吸收性,提高了混凝土和砂浆的氯离子扩散系数。研究了由于碳化对混凝土密实性的影响而导致抗氯离子渗透性变化的规律,同时全面分析了碳化对硬化水泥浆体孔结构的影响。结果表明,碳化使混凝土硬化水泥浆体的总孔隙率下降了30%~40%;碳化对不同配合比混凝土的硬化水泥浆体孔结构的影响并不一致,对于水胶比低、胶凝材料用量大的混凝土来说,碳化使硬化水泥浆体中>200nm的孔隙比例增加的效应更为显著。本论文还研究了混凝土微结构与混凝土抗氯离子渗透性能的相关关系并建立了相应模型。
(4)采用孔溶液制取、离子色谱分析的试验手段,定量研究了配合比、龄期、内掺氯离子等因素对孔溶液中的氯离子存在状态的影响规律及相关机理。研究了碳化对混凝土孔溶液的氯离子存在状态以及碱度等方面的影响机理。完全碳化条件下孔溶液中的自由氯离子含量表现出明显增大的趋势,提高幅度在1~11倍;碳化后孔溶液中的氯离子结合率比未碳化试块的孔溶液降低了27%~54%;碳化使得孔溶液的碱度由13.19~13.47范围降至7.6~8.1范围。X射线衍射晶相分析结果也表明,与未碳化试样相比,碳化试样中的CaCO_3衍射峰最明显,Ca(OH)_2和Friedel复盐的衍射峰都消失了。碳化反应消耗了Ca(OH)_2和Friedel复盐,降低了水泥浆体的pH值,释放了Cl~-,由此极大地改变了混凝土内固相及液相化学环境,促进了氯离子对钢筋混凝土的侵蚀。
(5)采用可靠度计算理论,结合荷载下混凝土的碳化模型和荷载下混凝土氯离子扩散模型,计算了相应的混凝土结构耐久性可靠度指标,分析了影响混凝土结构耐久性可靠度的因素。计算结果表明,荷载对结构基于碳化过程、基于氯离子传输累计至钢筋开始锈蚀的临界浓度的可靠度和服役寿命影响显著,在混凝土结构的耐久性设计中必须予以重视。
In practice it may be frequently observed that reinforced concrete structures need substantial repair or even need to be replaced a long time before the desired or designed service life is reached. That means the service life of many reinforced concrete structures is not sufficient. Early failure is in most cases not due to insufficient strength or stiffness but due to inadequate durability under the given environmental conditions. In this context it must be pointed out that durability under one dominant deteriorating mechanism as for instance chloride penetration or carbonation is taken into consideration for important structures nowadays. But in reality reinforced concrete structures are nearly always exposed to combined mechanical and environmental actions. It may be anticipated that service life can be shortened significantly by simultaneous or subsequent action of combined mechanical and environmental loads. In order to better understand the combined action it is necessary to investigate changes in the nano and micro structure and the migration of pore solution as well as of dissolved ions in the pore solution.
The micro structure of the cement based matrix has been measured by means of mercury intrusion porosimetry. The composition of the pore solution has been analyzed by ion chromatography. CaCO3 and Ca(OH)2 profiles as well as chloride profiles have been determined. Most important results and the conclusions, which may be drawn are summarized in the following:
1. The rate of carbonation increases with increasing applied tensile load. Under compressive load the rate of carbonation first decreases up to a load level of approximately 30% of the ultimate load. If, however, the compressive load is further increased the rate of carbonation increases with increasing compressive load. Surface impregnation with silane slows down the rate of carbonation. But an applied load increases the rate of carbonation even after surface treatment with silane. Based on these results a model has been developed which allows predicting the carbonation depth under an applied tensile or compressive load as function of time.
2. Capillary absorption of water and of salt solutions has been determined. The influence of an applied load has been studied in particular. The chloride diffusion coefficient has been determined by applying Fick′s second law. Concrete has been exposed to salt solutions by immersion, by drying wetting cycles, and in an exposure site in the tidal zone. Under compressive load the chloride diffusion coefficient decreases until about one third of the ultimate load. Further increase of the compressive load increases the chloride diffusion coefficient again. It may be assumed that the micro structure becomes denser first and then formation of micro cracks through which chloride can migrate dominates. Under increasing tensile load the coefficient of diffusion of chlorides increases steadily. Little chloride penetrates specimens with silane impregnated surfaces. Based on these results a model to predict penetration of chloride into mechanically loaded structural elements has been developed.
3. Capillary absorption of water, chloride absorption and chloride diffusion of carbonated concrete has been determined. After accelerated carbonation, capillary absorption of liquids by concrete is enhanced, and the chloride diffusion coefficient increases. The pore size distribution, total porosity, average pore size and the most probable pore size of carbonated concrete was analyzed. Changes of the microstructure induced by carbonation and their influence on chloride penetration were studied. It could be shown that the total porosity of hardened cement paste decreases by 30% to 40% during carbonation of concrete. The effect of carbonation on pore size distribution depends on the type of concrete. For concrete with a low water-binder ratio and high content of binder, the proportion of pores with a size lager than 200 nm increases in particular. A model describing the relationship between microstructure and chloride transportation in concrete was established based on the experimental results.
4. After complete carbonation, the amount of free chloride ions in the pore solution increases by a factor ranging between 1 and 11. The amount of chemically bound chloride is lowered by 27% and up to 54%, and the pH value decreases from values in the range between 13.19 and 13.47 to values in the range between 7.6 and 8.1. Results of X-ray diffraction crystallography also show that in the diffraction spectrum of carbonated concrete strong peaks of CaCO_3 can be observed, while the peaks of Ca(OH)_2 and Friedel’s salt nearly disappeared. In addition to lowering the pH value of the pore solution, carbonation will release more chloride from the hydration products into pore solution and the entire chemical environment of concrete is changed considerably. It can be concluded that carbonation facilitates chloride penetration into concrete.
5. Based on the models which have been developed to describe carbonation and chloride penetration of reinforced concrete structures under the influence of mechanical load, the reliability index of concrete structural elements under combined mechanical and environmental action has been determined. Based on probabilistic reliability theory main factors which influence reliability of concrete structures were analyzed. It turns out that mechanical load has a significant influence on reliability and service life of reinforced concrete structures. Finally it is recommended that in the future, more attention is to be paid on the influence of mechanical load on the long term performance and on service life of reinforced concrete structures.
为此,本论文开展了力学荷载作用下混凝土的碳化及氯离子侵入试验研究,揭示了荷载对混凝土碳化及氯离子侵入性能的量化影响规律,并将其应用于混凝土结构可靠度分析中。另外,本论文采用压汞和离子色谱分析技术,研究了复合环境条件下混凝土微结构及其孔溶液化学环境的变化。本论文主要研究内容及结论如下:
(1)研究了荷载作用下混凝土的碳化性能,试验表明,混凝土的碳化程度随拉应力水平单调提高,随压应力水平先降低后提高,这是由于低应力水平的压荷载使混凝土初始的微裂缝适当闭合,内部趋于密实,碳化程度下降,然而随着压应力水平增大,混凝土内的界面裂缝和砂浆裂缝重新发展,开始导致混凝土碳化程度加剧。硅烷凝胶表面防水处理对提高混凝土抗碳化性有显著作用,但经硅烷表面处理的试块受载后碳化程度有一定的提高。在试验结果基础上建立了荷载作用下混凝土碳化模型。
(2)研究了荷载作用下混凝土的毛细吸水、毛细氯盐溶液吸收、稳态和非稳态氯离子扩散等性能。对长期受弯曲荷载下的混凝土进行了自然浸泡、干湿循环和实际海洋环境暴露试验。用Fick第一和第二定律分别确定了稳态和非稳态条件下的氯离子扩散系数。结果一致表明,受压区混凝土在30%荷载水平时氯离子扩散系数普遍降低;但随着荷载水平进一步提高,部分结果中氯离子扩散系数开始有所提高,压荷载对混凝土中微裂缝的闭合效应在30%~60%的荷载水平之间已开始转变,较高水平的压应力使混凝土表层及内部产生新的裂缝并开始发展;受拉区的氯离子扩散系数随荷载水平不断增加,但基本不遵循线性关系。对比分析了混凝土在自然浸泡、干湿循环和实际海洋环境暴露下氯离子侵入量的差异。试验还表明,经过硅烷凝胶表面防水处理的试块氯离子侵入量极低。在试验结果基础上建立了荷载作用下混凝土氯离子扩散模型。
(3)研究了碳化后的混凝土的毛细吸水、毛细氯盐溶液吸收、稳态和非稳态氯离子扩散等性能。试验表明,加速碳化提高了混凝土在纯水和氯盐溶液中的毛细吸收性,提高了混凝土和砂浆的氯离子扩散系数。研究了由于碳化对混凝土密实性的影响而导致抗氯离子渗透性变化的规律,同时全面分析了碳化对硬化水泥浆体孔结构的影响。结果表明,碳化使混凝土硬化水泥浆体的总孔隙率下降了30%~40%;碳化对不同配合比混凝土的硬化水泥浆体孔结构的影响并不一致,对于水胶比低、胶凝材料用量大的混凝土来说,碳化使硬化水泥浆体中>200nm的孔隙比例增加的效应更为显著。本论文还研究了混凝土微结构与混凝土抗氯离子渗透性能的相关关系并建立了相应模型。
(4)采用孔溶液制取、离子色谱分析的试验手段,定量研究了配合比、龄期、内掺氯离子等因素对孔溶液中的氯离子存在状态的影响规律及相关机理。研究了碳化对混凝土孔溶液的氯离子存在状态以及碱度等方面的影响机理。完全碳化条件下孔溶液中的自由氯离子含量表现出明显增大的趋势,提高幅度在1~11倍;碳化后孔溶液中的氯离子结合率比未碳化试块的孔溶液降低了27%~54%;碳化使得孔溶液的碱度由13.19~13.47范围降至7.6~8.1范围。X射线衍射晶相分析结果也表明,与未碳化试样相比,碳化试样中的CaCO_3衍射峰最明显,Ca(OH)_2和Friedel复盐的衍射峰都消失了。碳化反应消耗了Ca(OH)_2和Friedel复盐,降低了水泥浆体的pH值,释放了Cl~-,由此极大地改变了混凝土内固相及液相化学环境,促进了氯离子对钢筋混凝土的侵蚀。
(5)采用可靠度计算理论,结合荷载下混凝土的碳化模型和荷载下混凝土氯离子扩散模型,计算了相应的混凝土结构耐久性可靠度指标,分析了影响混凝土结构耐久性可靠度的因素。计算结果表明,荷载对结构基于碳化过程、基于氯离子传输累计至钢筋开始锈蚀的临界浓度的可靠度和服役寿命影响显著,在混凝土结构的耐久性设计中必须予以重视。
In practice it may be frequently observed that reinforced concrete structures need substantial repair or even need to be replaced a long time before the desired or designed service life is reached. That means the service life of many reinforced concrete structures is not sufficient. Early failure is in most cases not due to insufficient strength or stiffness but due to inadequate durability under the given environmental conditions. In this context it must be pointed out that durability under one dominant deteriorating mechanism as for instance chloride penetration or carbonation is taken into consideration for important structures nowadays. But in reality reinforced concrete structures are nearly always exposed to combined mechanical and environmental actions. It may be anticipated that service life can be shortened significantly by simultaneous or subsequent action of combined mechanical and environmental loads. In order to better understand the combined action it is necessary to investigate changes in the nano and micro structure and the migration of pore solution as well as of dissolved ions in the pore solution.
The micro structure of the cement based matrix has been measured by means of mercury intrusion porosimetry. The composition of the pore solution has been analyzed by ion chromatography. CaCO3 and Ca(OH)2 profiles as well as chloride profiles have been determined. Most important results and the conclusions, which may be drawn are summarized in the following:
1. The rate of carbonation increases with increasing applied tensile load. Under compressive load the rate of carbonation first decreases up to a load level of approximately 30% of the ultimate load. If, however, the compressive load is further increased the rate of carbonation increases with increasing compressive load. Surface impregnation with silane slows down the rate of carbonation. But an applied load increases the rate of carbonation even after surface treatment with silane. Based on these results a model has been developed which allows predicting the carbonation depth under an applied tensile or compressive load as function of time.
2. Capillary absorption of water and of salt solutions has been determined. The influence of an applied load has been studied in particular. The chloride diffusion coefficient has been determined by applying Fick′s second law. Concrete has been exposed to salt solutions by immersion, by drying wetting cycles, and in an exposure site in the tidal zone. Under compressive load the chloride diffusion coefficient decreases until about one third of the ultimate load. Further increase of the compressive load increases the chloride diffusion coefficient again. It may be assumed that the micro structure becomes denser first and then formation of micro cracks through which chloride can migrate dominates. Under increasing tensile load the coefficient of diffusion of chlorides increases steadily. Little chloride penetrates specimens with silane impregnated surfaces. Based on these results a model to predict penetration of chloride into mechanically loaded structural elements has been developed.
3. Capillary absorption of water, chloride absorption and chloride diffusion of carbonated concrete has been determined. After accelerated carbonation, capillary absorption of liquids by concrete is enhanced, and the chloride diffusion coefficient increases. The pore size distribution, total porosity, average pore size and the most probable pore size of carbonated concrete was analyzed. Changes of the microstructure induced by carbonation and their influence on chloride penetration were studied. It could be shown that the total porosity of hardened cement paste decreases by 30% to 40% during carbonation of concrete. The effect of carbonation on pore size distribution depends on the type of concrete. For concrete with a low water-binder ratio and high content of binder, the proportion of pores with a size lager than 200 nm increases in particular. A model describing the relationship between microstructure and chloride transportation in concrete was established based on the experimental results.
4. After complete carbonation, the amount of free chloride ions in the pore solution increases by a factor ranging between 1 and 11. The amount of chemically bound chloride is lowered by 27% and up to 54%, and the pH value decreases from values in the range between 13.19 and 13.47 to values in the range between 7.6 and 8.1. Results of X-ray diffraction crystallography also show that in the diffraction spectrum of carbonated concrete strong peaks of CaCO_3 can be observed, while the peaks of Ca(OH)_2 and Friedel’s salt nearly disappeared. In addition to lowering the pH value of the pore solution, carbonation will release more chloride from the hydration products into pore solution and the entire chemical environment of concrete is changed considerably. It can be concluded that carbonation facilitates chloride penetration into concrete.
5. Based on the models which have been developed to describe carbonation and chloride penetration of reinforced concrete structures under the influence of mechanical load, the reliability index of concrete structural elements under combined mechanical and environmental action has been determined. Based on probabilistic reliability theory main factors which influence reliability of concrete structures were analyzed. It turns out that mechanical load has a significant influence on reliability and service life of reinforced concrete structures. Finally it is recommended that in the future, more attention is to be paid on the influence of mechanical load on the long term performance and on service life of reinforced concrete structures.
引文
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