4Cr13Si2钢的开发及其性能研究
|
摘要
本文立足重庆大足龙水小五金刀剪行业的实际,以开发高性价比刀剪材料为出发点。在分析国内外刀剪材料现状后,指出目前国内开发马氏体不锈钢外刀剪用材的特点是:为保证刀剪的硬度及耐磨性,在提高含C量的同时增加钢中的Cr含量,并添加少量强碳化物形成元素如Mo和V等。显然,这是一条消耗稀有资源多且不经济的合金化路线。
课题组根据多年的科研和实践,避免走传统的低性价比的Cr-Mo-V合金化路线,研制出有自主知识产权、高性价比的含适量Si的系列刀剪专用材料。本文研究的4Cr13Si2钢主要特点是:在4Cr13钢的基础上添加约2%的Si,使其在不显著影响钢的热机械加工性能的基础上,能强化铁素体基体,提高基体的强度、硬度和耐磨性能。而且,能显著改善钢的抗高温氧化性能。同时,适量的Cr和适量的Si可以保证钢的耐腐蚀性能。这一设计理念为新型马氏体不锈钢材料的开发提供了新的思路。
在经过中频感应炉熔制、电渣重熔、精锻开坯和热轧退火后,得到40mm×6mm热轧退火扁板材。对材料进行硬度、金相、XRD、EBSD及拉伸力学性能分析。表明,退火板材组织晶粒细小均匀,强度和塑性较好。Si基本固溶于铁素体基体,碳化物含量少,且分布均匀;热处理工艺试验表明,4Cr13Si2钢作为刀具用材时,淬火温度以1050~1100℃为宜,淬火组织为淬火马氏体+少量残余奥氏体+少量碳化物,淬火硬度在HRC60左右。为保持高硬度,回火温度160～200℃,油中回火120min。1070℃淬火+180℃回火后弯曲力学性能试验表明,4Cr13Si2钢具有很好的强韧性能。其抗弯强度大于3200MPa,断裂挠度大于9mm,弯曲断口为具有塑性断裂和脆性断裂特征的混合型断口。
在对0Cr13、5Cr15MoV、4Cr10Si2和4Cr13Si2钢在900~1150℃范围加热15min的抗高温氧化试验表明,抗高温氧化能力4Cr13Si2>4Cr10Si2>5Cr15MoV>0Cr13。电化学腐蚀试验表明,在1070℃淬火+180℃回火相同热处理条件下,4Cr13Si2钢抗电化学腐蚀性能与5Cr15MoV钢相当,并优于4Cr13钢和4Cr10Si2钢。
用4Cr13Si2钢制作厨用切片刀,进行切削对比试验表明,4Cr13Si2钢锋利度持久性优于5Cr15MoV钢切刀,显著优于4Cr13钢切刀。
对几种试验材料综合性能和价格方面进行了比较,4Cr13Si2钢价格略高于4Cr13、4Cr10Si2钢,但远低于5Cr15MoV钢,而其综合性能最好。以上研究和试验证明,4Cr13Si2钢是一种新型的高性价比的马氏体不锈钢刀剪材料。
最后,成功地对4Cr13Si2钢进行了工业化生产,热轧出11.2吨δ=2.5mm的4Cr13Si2钢板材。
This paper based on the current conditions of the used materials for knives in Dazu Longshui town, Chongqing. In order to develop new materials with high cost performance, Analysis the status of marensitic stainless steel for knives at home and abroad, and points the developmental tendency of materials for knives which is increasing carbon and chromium, adding little molybdenum, vanadium and so on. Obviously, this will consume rare resources and is expensive.
To avoid traditional Cr-Mo-V alloying mode. Series of Si contained steels are designed. 4Cr13Si2 steel is investigated in this paper, the main characteristics of 4Cr13Si2 steel is about 2% Si added in 4Cr13 steel. Silicon can strengthen the ferrite matrix to increase strength, hardness and wear resistance of material, and improve the performance of high-temperature oxidation resistance. At the same time, certain amount of Cr ensures the performance of corrosion resistance. This designing concept provides a new way of alloying of martensitic stainless steel.
After smelting, electroslag remelting, finish forging, cogging down, hot rolling and annealing, 40mm×6mm flat steel is obtained. Then testing and analyzing hardness, metallographic, XRD, EBSD and tensile mechanical properties. The results show that the microstructure is highly unanimous with close grain, material own high strength and good plastic property. Si completely solid solution in ferrite sosoloid, carbon content is low and evenly distribution in matrix. The investigations on the heat treatment show that the appropriate quenching temperature for 4Cr13Si2 steel, which is used for making slicing knives was 1050~1100℃. The quench microstructures are queched martensite and little retained austensite, with a degree of hardness about HRC 60. In order to maintain a high degree of hardness which is essential to slicing knives, the tempering range had better be between 160~200℃, oil tempering 120min. The bending test samples, quenched under 1070℃, tempered under 180℃with 120min, are prepared. The results show 4Cr13Si2 steel own high strength and ductility which bending strength surpassing 3200MPa and break deflection beyond 9mm, the bend fracture show a mixed fractured, with a characteristic of plastic fracture and brittle fracture.
Among the 0Cr13, 5Cr15MoV, 4Cr10Si2 and 4Cr13Si2 Steel the testing of resistance to high temperature oxidation test from 800℃to 1150℃shows that high-temperature oxidation resistance capacity 4Cr13Si2> 4Cr10Si2> 5Cr15MoV> 0Cr13. Electrochemical corrosion test shows that under the same condition, 1070℃quench + 180℃temper, the electrochemical corrosion resistance of 4Cr13Si2 steel is on the same level with 5Cr15MoV steel and better than 4Cr13 and 4Cr10Si2 steel.
Produce slicing knives with 4Cr13Si2 flat steel. In the same shapness situation, cutting test of slicing knives made of 4Cr13Si2 steel, 5Cr15MoV steel and 4Cr13 steel shows that persistent sharpness of 4Cr13Si2 steel is better than 5Cr15MoV steel and significantly better than 4Cr13 steel.
Comparing to the properties and the cost of the 4Cr13Si2 steel, 5Cr15MoV steel, 4Cr10Si2 steel and 4Cr13 steel. The cost of 4Cr13Si2 steel is slightly higher than the price of 4Cr13 steel and 4Cr10Si2 steel, much lower than 5Cr15MoV steel, but its own the best overall performance, all this show that 4Cr13Si2 steel is a high cost performance material.
Finally, hot-rolled out 11.2 tons ofδ= 2.5mm 4Cr13Si2 steel plate. Industrialization of the 4Cr13Si2 steel is successful.
课题组根据多年的科研和实践,避免走传统的低性价比的Cr-Mo-V合金化路线,研制出有自主知识产权、高性价比的含适量Si的系列刀剪专用材料。本文研究的4Cr13Si2钢主要特点是:在4Cr13钢的基础上添加约2%的Si,使其在不显著影响钢的热机械加工性能的基础上,能强化铁素体基体,提高基体的强度、硬度和耐磨性能。而且,能显著改善钢的抗高温氧化性能。同时,适量的Cr和适量的Si可以保证钢的耐腐蚀性能。这一设计理念为新型马氏体不锈钢材料的开发提供了新的思路。
在经过中频感应炉熔制、电渣重熔、精锻开坯和热轧退火后,得到40mm×6mm热轧退火扁板材。对材料进行硬度、金相、XRD、EBSD及拉伸力学性能分析。表明,退火板材组织晶粒细小均匀,强度和塑性较好。Si基本固溶于铁素体基体,碳化物含量少,且分布均匀;热处理工艺试验表明,4Cr13Si2钢作为刀具用材时,淬火温度以1050~1100℃为宜,淬火组织为淬火马氏体+少量残余奥氏体+少量碳化物,淬火硬度在HRC60左右。为保持高硬度,回火温度160～200℃,油中回火120min。1070℃淬火+180℃回火后弯曲力学性能试验表明,4Cr13Si2钢具有很好的强韧性能。其抗弯强度大于3200MPa,断裂挠度大于9mm,弯曲断口为具有塑性断裂和脆性断裂特征的混合型断口。
在对0Cr13、5Cr15MoV、4Cr10Si2和4Cr13Si2钢在900~1150℃范围加热15min的抗高温氧化试验表明,抗高温氧化能力4Cr13Si2>4Cr10Si2>5Cr15MoV>0Cr13。电化学腐蚀试验表明,在1070℃淬火+180℃回火相同热处理条件下,4Cr13Si2钢抗电化学腐蚀性能与5Cr15MoV钢相当,并优于4Cr13钢和4Cr10Si2钢。
用4Cr13Si2钢制作厨用切片刀,进行切削对比试验表明,4Cr13Si2钢锋利度持久性优于5Cr15MoV钢切刀,显著优于4Cr13钢切刀。
对几种试验材料综合性能和价格方面进行了比较,4Cr13Si2钢价格略高于4Cr13、4Cr10Si2钢,但远低于5Cr15MoV钢,而其综合性能最好。以上研究和试验证明,4Cr13Si2钢是一种新型的高性价比的马氏体不锈钢刀剪材料。
最后,成功地对4Cr13Si2钢进行了工业化生产,热轧出11.2吨δ=2.5mm的4Cr13Si2钢板材。
This paper based on the current conditions of the used materials for knives in Dazu Longshui town, Chongqing. In order to develop new materials with high cost performance, Analysis the status of marensitic stainless steel for knives at home and abroad, and points the developmental tendency of materials for knives which is increasing carbon and chromium, adding little molybdenum, vanadium and so on. Obviously, this will consume rare resources and is expensive.
To avoid traditional Cr-Mo-V alloying mode. Series of Si contained steels are designed. 4Cr13Si2 steel is investigated in this paper, the main characteristics of 4Cr13Si2 steel is about 2% Si added in 4Cr13 steel. Silicon can strengthen the ferrite matrix to increase strength, hardness and wear resistance of material, and improve the performance of high-temperature oxidation resistance. At the same time, certain amount of Cr ensures the performance of corrosion resistance. This designing concept provides a new way of alloying of martensitic stainless steel.
After smelting, electroslag remelting, finish forging, cogging down, hot rolling and annealing, 40mm×6mm flat steel is obtained. Then testing and analyzing hardness, metallographic, XRD, EBSD and tensile mechanical properties. The results show that the microstructure is highly unanimous with close grain, material own high strength and good plastic property. Si completely solid solution in ferrite sosoloid, carbon content is low and evenly distribution in matrix. The investigations on the heat treatment show that the appropriate quenching temperature for 4Cr13Si2 steel, which is used for making slicing knives was 1050~1100℃. The quench microstructures are queched martensite and little retained austensite, with a degree of hardness about HRC 60. In order to maintain a high degree of hardness which is essential to slicing knives, the tempering range had better be between 160~200℃, oil tempering 120min. The bending test samples, quenched under 1070℃, tempered under 180℃with 120min, are prepared. The results show 4Cr13Si2 steel own high strength and ductility which bending strength surpassing 3200MPa and break deflection beyond 9mm, the bend fracture show a mixed fractured, with a characteristic of plastic fracture and brittle fracture.
Among the 0Cr13, 5Cr15MoV, 4Cr10Si2 and 4Cr13Si2 Steel the testing of resistance to high temperature oxidation test from 800℃to 1150℃shows that high-temperature oxidation resistance capacity 4Cr13Si2> 4Cr10Si2> 5Cr15MoV> 0Cr13. Electrochemical corrosion test shows that under the same condition, 1070℃quench + 180℃temper, the electrochemical corrosion resistance of 4Cr13Si2 steel is on the same level with 5Cr15MoV steel and better than 4Cr13 and 4Cr10Si2 steel.
Produce slicing knives with 4Cr13Si2 flat steel. In the same shapness situation, cutting test of slicing knives made of 4Cr13Si2 steel, 5Cr15MoV steel and 4Cr13 steel shows that persistent sharpness of 4Cr13Si2 steel is better than 5Cr15MoV steel and significantly better than 4Cr13 steel.
Comparing to the properties and the cost of the 4Cr13Si2 steel, 5Cr15MoV steel, 4Cr10Si2 steel and 4Cr13 steel. The cost of 4Cr13Si2 steel is slightly higher than the price of 4Cr13 steel and 4Cr10Si2 steel, much lower than 5Cr15MoV steel, but its own the best overall performance, all this show that 4Cr13Si2 steel is a high cost performance material.
Finally, hot-rolled out 11.2 tons ofδ= 2.5mm 4Cr13Si2 steel plate. Industrialization of the 4Cr13Si2 steel is successful.
引文
[1]黄克成.龙水千年五金之乡铸辉煌[J].农家科技,2008,9:51-52.
[2]肖纪美.《不锈钢的金属学问题》[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2006.
[3]李云凯主编.金属材料学[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社,2006,111—112.
[4]熊云龙,娄延春,刘新峰.不锈钢材料研究的新进展[J].热加工工艺,2005,5:51-53.
[5]王正樵,吴幼林编著.不锈钢[M].北京:化学工业出版社,1991.
[6]杨建川.不锈钢的历史、现状和未来[J].南方钢铁,1998,103:17-24.
[7]杨智勇,李文辉.抗菌不锈钢材料的开发[J].金属功能材料,2000,7(4) :1-7.
[8]罗永赞.近代超级不锈钢的发展[J].钢铁,2000,21(4):5-8.
[9]孙永庆,杨志勇,梁剑雄,宋为顺.中国商用飞机高强度不锈钢的现状及发展趋势[J].钢铁研究学报,2009,6:1-5.
[10]李松瑞,周善初编写.金属热处理[M].长沙:中南大学出版社,2003.
[11]崔仲圻主编.金属学与热处理[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2000.
[12]解挺,尹延国,朱元吉编译.马氏体不锈钢的热处理和性能[C].国外金属热处理,1996,17(6):38—40.
[13]黄建中,左禹主编.材料的耐蚀性和腐蚀数据[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2003.
[14] K. H. Lo, F. T. Cheng and H. C. Man. Laser transformation hardening of AISI 440C martensitic stainless steel for higher cavitation erosion resistance[J]. Surface and Coatings Technology,2003,173(1):96-104.
[15] Calliari, M. Zanesco, M. Dabalà, K. Brunelli and E. Ramous. Investigation of microstructure and properties of a Ni–Mo martensitic stainless steel[J].Materials & Design,2007,1(16):1-5.
[16]中华人民共和国国家标准,GB 1220-92,不锈钢棒.
[17] D.H.Mesa, A.Toro, A.Sinatora, A.P.Tschiptschin.The effect of testing temperature on corrosion–erosion resistance of martensitic stainless steels[J].Wear, 2003,255:139—145.
[18] R.M. Davison ASM Handbook[J]. Corrosion,1992, 13:547.
[19] H.Berns, J.Lueg.Corrosion behavior and mechanical properties of martensitic stainless steels containing nitrogen[C]. in: J. Foct, A.Hendry (Eds.), Proceedings of the First International Conference on High Nitrogen Steels—HNS 88, Lille, France, 1988, p.288.
[20] M.O. Speidel.Properties and applications of high nitrogen steels[C]. in: J. Foct, A. Hendry (Eds.).Proceedings of the First International Conference on High Nitrogen Steels HNS—88. Lille, France, 1988, p.92.
[21]夏书敏,刘超英,张贞明.淬火与回火间的时效对1Cr17Ni2钢组织及屈服强度的影响[J].金属热处理,2002,27(7).
[22] K.H. Lo, F.T. Cheng, H.C. Man. Laser transformation hardening of AISI 440C martensitic stainless steel for higher cavitation erosion resistance[J]. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2003,173:96—104.
[23]徐增华.金属耐蚀材料第五讲—马氏体不锈钢[J].腐蚀与防护,2001,22(5):229—231.
[24]李炯辉主编.金属材料金相图普上册[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2006,6:931.
[25]任颂赞,张静江,陈质如,施友方等.钢铁金相图谱[M].上海:上海科学技术文献出版社,2003,6:257—270.
[26] Shao Tianmin, Hua Meng, Tam Hon Yuen. Impact wear behavior of laser hardened hypoeutectoid 2Cr13 martensite stainless steel[J]. Wear,2003,255:444—455.
[27]藤田辉夫.不锈钢的热处理[M].机械工业出版社,1983.
[28]沈晓钧.现代常用不锈钢的热处理[J].热处理,1999,11:31—35.
[29]李威,李红丹,刘巍.1Cr17Ni2不锈钢热处理工艺试验研究[N].大电机技术,2005(6):31—33.
[30]胡建文,杨永强,苏德达.阀片钢3Cr13的热处理工艺研究[J].金属热处理,1998(11):16—20.
[31]林玉珍,杨德钧.腐蚀和腐蚀控制原理[M].中国石化出版社,2006.
[32] A.S.)美塞S.不锈钢的腐蚀[M].机械工业出版社,1986.
[33]张德康.不锈钢局部腐蚀[M].化学工业出版社,1978.
[34]贺彩虹,王世宏.不锈钢的腐蚀种类及影响因素[J].当代化工,2006,35(1):40—43.
[35]金永华,邹赵风.刀剪材料的创新[R].五金科技研究与探讨,2001,29(2):6—10.
[36]常万祯.2006年全国刀剪行业情况调查及工作报告[R].五金科技研究与探讨.2007,3:4—8.
[37]钟声宏,张秀洁,冯太欧.区域经济发展与特色产业塑造——以阳江五金刀剪业为例[N].经济问题探索,2007(1):58—62.
[38]邹振戊,常万祯.中国刀剪如何走向世界的探讨[R].五金科技研究与探讨,2005,11—13.
[39]陆世英等.不锈钢[M].原子能出版社,1995.
[40] V. Kuzucu, M. Ceylan, M. Aksoy, Aksoy and M. KaplanInvestigation of the microstructures of iron based wrought Cr-Ni-Mo duplex alloy[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,1997,69(2):247—256.
[41]王晓敏.工程材料学[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2002.
[42] Floreen. S.Hardening Behavior of Ternary Alloys Based on Iron-18 %Nickel [J].Trans ASM,1964,57(1):38.
[43] C.H. Craig, C.M. Friend, M.R. Edwards.Mechanical properties and microstructure of platinum enhanced radiopaque stainless steel (PERSS) alloys[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2003,361:187—199.
[44]吴承建,陈国良,强文江编著.金属材料学[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2000,10:78.
[45] F.布赖恩皮克林.钢的组织与性能[C].北京:科学出版社,1999:486.
[46]干勇,田志凌,董翰,王新林等主编.中国材料工程大典-钢铁材料工程(下)[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2006.
[47]陈德和.不锈钢的性能与组织[M].机械工业出版社,1977.
[48]崔崐.钢铁材料及有色金属材料[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1981:219—220.
[49]王凯,丁厚福,杜晓东等.以Mn代Ni对低碳高合金钢组织性能的影响[J].兵器材料科学与工程,2006,29(3):25—29.
[50] P.D. Bilmes, M. Solari, C.L. Llorente.Characteristics and effects of austenite resulting from tempering of 13Cr–NiMo martensitic steel weld metals[J].Materials Characterization,2001,46:285—296.
[51]赵朴.钼在不锈钢中的应用[J].中国钼业,2004,28(5):3—10.
[52]徐金璋译.合金元素和组织对马氏体不锈钢的耐蚀性和硬度的影响[J].上海钢研,2001(2):40—45.
[53] P.D. Bilmes, C.L. Llorente, L. Saire Huama′n ,L.M. Gassa,C.A. Gervasi. Microstructure and pitting corrosion of 13CrNiMo weld metals[J]. Corrosion Science 2006,48:3261—3270.
[54]梁成浩,冯斌.复合添加Cu、P、Si对高纯18Cr-14Ni不锈钢孔蚀性能的影响[J].钢铁研究学报,1995,(7):89—92.
[55] Ricky K.Y. Fu ,D.L. Tang ,G.J. Wan ,Paul K. Chu. Enhancement of corrosion resistance of AISI 420 stainless steels by nitrogen and silicon plasma immersion ion implantation[J]. Surface & Coatings Technology 2007,201(9):4879—4883.
[56] Huntz, AM; Bague, V; Beauple, G, et al. Effect of silicon on the oxidation resistance of 9% Cr steels[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2003, 207(1-4): 255-275.
[57] Yu-Ling Yang, Cheng-Hsien Yang, Szu-Ning Lin. Effects of Si and its content on the scale formation on hot-rolled steel strips[J]. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2008,112(2):566-571.
[58]马艳红,黄元伟.硅含量对不锈钢耐蚀性能的影响[J].上海金属,1999,5:52—57.
[59] Je-Sik Shin, Zin-Hyoung Lee, Taek-Dong Lee, E. J. Lavernia. The effect of casting method and heat treating condition on cold workability of high-Si electrical steel[J]. Scripta Materialia, 2001,45(6):725-731.
[60] B. Eghbali . Microstructural characterization of a warm-deformed microalloyedsteel[J].Materials Characterization,2008,59(4):473—478.
[61]宋维锡主编.金属学[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1980.
[62]董允,林晓娉,姜晓霞.铬、钼对不锈钢腐蚀与腐蚀磨损性能的影响[J].机械工程材料,1997,21(6):29—31.
[63]李远睿,王书珍,史兴华等.81031钢合金化原理及热处理工艺[J].重庆大学学报(自然科学版).2007(30)6:65—68.
[64]董加坤.一种显示马氏体不锈钢组织的金相侵蚀剂[J].理化检验-物理分册,2006,42:48.
[65]杨平.电子背散射衍射技术及其应用[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2007.
[66]刘庆.电子背散射衍射技术及其在材料科学中的应用[J].中国体视学与图像分析,2005,10(4):205—210.
[67]李华清,谢水生,阎允杰等.取向成像电子显微术试样的制备.理化检测[J],2004,40(12):612—616.
[68]李平和,邓照军,陈士华.超细晶碳素钢Q235热连轧板显微组织的电子背散射衍射研究[J].中国体视学与图像分析,2007,12(2):79—83.
[69] B. Eghbali . Microstructural characterization of a warm-deformed microalloyed steel[J].Materials Characterization,2008,59(4):473—478.
[70] GB/ T 2975– 1998 [S]《钢及钢产品力学性能试验取样位置和试样制备》.
[71] GB/ T 228– 2002 [S]《金属材料室温拉伸试验方法》.
[72]屠海令,干勇主编金属材料理化测试全书[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2007.
[73]钟群鹏,赵子华编著.断口学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.
[74]胡光立,谢希文编著.钢的热处理[M].西安:西北工业大学出版社,1996,190—195.
[75]樊东黎主编.热处理技术数据手册[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2000.
[76] C. Gesnouin, A. Hazarabedian, P. Bruzzoni.Effect of post-weld heat treatment on the microstructure and hydrogen permeation of 13CrNiMo steels[J].Corrosion Science,2004(46):1633—1647.
[77] D.H. Mesa, A. Toro, A. Sinatora, A.P. Tschiptschin.The effect of testing temperature on corrosion–erosion resistance of martensitic stainless steels[J].Wear,2003(255):139—145.
[78]周芳,高甲生.回火工艺对7Cr14V2铸钢组织与性能的影响[J].机械工程材料,2005,29(10):41—43.
[79] M.A. Neri, R. Cola′s.Analysis of a martensitic stainless steel that failed due to the presence of coarse carbides[J].Materials Characterization,2001,47:283—289.
[80] GB/T 14452-93 [S]《金属弯曲力学性能方法》.
[81]石德珂.材料科学基础[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2003.
[82]李远士.几种金属材料的高温氧化、氯化腐蚀[D].中国科学院金属研究所博士论文,2001.
[83]中国腐蚀与防护学会主编,李铁藩编著.金属高温氧化和热腐蚀[M],北京:化学工业出版社,2003.
[84]戴起勋主编,程晓农主审.金属材料学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005.
[85]黄腾飞.埋地管道阴极保护电位参数及电位测试技术的研究[D].西南石油大学博士论文,2004.
[86]李久青,杜翠薇.腐蚀试验方法及监测技术[M].中国石化出版社,2007.
[2]肖纪美.《不锈钢的金属学问题》[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2006.
[3]李云凯主编.金属材料学[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社,2006,111—112.
[4]熊云龙,娄延春,刘新峰.不锈钢材料研究的新进展[J].热加工工艺,2005,5:51-53.
[5]王正樵,吴幼林编著.不锈钢[M].北京:化学工业出版社,1991.
[6]杨建川.不锈钢的历史、现状和未来[J].南方钢铁,1998,103:17-24.
[7]杨智勇,李文辉.抗菌不锈钢材料的开发[J].金属功能材料,2000,7(4) :1-7.
[8]罗永赞.近代超级不锈钢的发展[J].钢铁,2000,21(4):5-8.
[9]孙永庆,杨志勇,梁剑雄,宋为顺.中国商用飞机高强度不锈钢的现状及发展趋势[J].钢铁研究学报,2009,6:1-5.
[10]李松瑞,周善初编写.金属热处理[M].长沙:中南大学出版社,2003.
[11]崔仲圻主编.金属学与热处理[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2000.
[12]解挺,尹延国,朱元吉编译.马氏体不锈钢的热处理和性能[C].国外金属热处理,1996,17(6):38—40.
[13]黄建中,左禹主编.材料的耐蚀性和腐蚀数据[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2003.
[14] K. H. Lo, F. T. Cheng and H. C. Man. Laser transformation hardening of AISI 440C martensitic stainless steel for higher cavitation erosion resistance[J]. Surface and Coatings Technology,2003,173(1):96-104.
[15] Calliari, M. Zanesco, M. Dabalà, K. Brunelli and E. Ramous. Investigation of microstructure and properties of a Ni–Mo martensitic stainless steel[J].Materials & Design,2007,1(16):1-5.
[16]中华人民共和国国家标准,GB 1220-92,不锈钢棒.
[17] D.H.Mesa, A.Toro, A.Sinatora, A.P.Tschiptschin.The effect of testing temperature on corrosion–erosion resistance of martensitic stainless steels[J].Wear, 2003,255:139—145.
[18] R.M. Davison ASM Handbook[J]. Corrosion,1992, 13:547.
[19] H.Berns, J.Lueg.Corrosion behavior and mechanical properties of martensitic stainless steels containing nitrogen[C]. in: J. Foct, A.Hendry (Eds.), Proceedings of the First International Conference on High Nitrogen Steels—HNS 88, Lille, France, 1988, p.288.
[20] M.O. Speidel.Properties and applications of high nitrogen steels[C]. in: J. Foct, A. Hendry (Eds.).Proceedings of the First International Conference on High Nitrogen Steels HNS—88. Lille, France, 1988, p.92.
[21]夏书敏,刘超英,张贞明.淬火与回火间的时效对1Cr17Ni2钢组织及屈服强度的影响[J].金属热处理,2002,27(7).
[22] K.H. Lo, F.T. Cheng, H.C. Man. Laser transformation hardening of AISI 440C martensitic stainless steel for higher cavitation erosion resistance[J]. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2003,173:96—104.
[23]徐增华.金属耐蚀材料第五讲—马氏体不锈钢[J].腐蚀与防护,2001,22(5):229—231.
[24]李炯辉主编.金属材料金相图普上册[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2006,6:931.
[25]任颂赞,张静江,陈质如,施友方等.钢铁金相图谱[M].上海:上海科学技术文献出版社,2003,6:257—270.
[26] Shao Tianmin, Hua Meng, Tam Hon Yuen. Impact wear behavior of laser hardened hypoeutectoid 2Cr13 martensite stainless steel[J]. Wear,2003,255:444—455.
[27]藤田辉夫.不锈钢的热处理[M].机械工业出版社,1983.
[28]沈晓钧.现代常用不锈钢的热处理[J].热处理,1999,11:31—35.
[29]李威,李红丹,刘巍.1Cr17Ni2不锈钢热处理工艺试验研究[N].大电机技术,2005(6):31—33.
[30]胡建文,杨永强,苏德达.阀片钢3Cr13的热处理工艺研究[J].金属热处理,1998(11):16—20.
[31]林玉珍,杨德钧.腐蚀和腐蚀控制原理[M].中国石化出版社,2006.
[32] A.S.)美塞S.不锈钢的腐蚀[M].机械工业出版社,1986.
[33]张德康.不锈钢局部腐蚀[M].化学工业出版社,1978.
[34]贺彩虹,王世宏.不锈钢的腐蚀种类及影响因素[J].当代化工,2006,35(1):40—43.
[35]金永华,邹赵风.刀剪材料的创新[R].五金科技研究与探讨,2001,29(2):6—10.
[36]常万祯.2006年全国刀剪行业情况调查及工作报告[R].五金科技研究与探讨.2007,3:4—8.
[37]钟声宏,张秀洁,冯太欧.区域经济发展与特色产业塑造——以阳江五金刀剪业为例[N].经济问题探索,2007(1):58—62.
[38]邹振戊,常万祯.中国刀剪如何走向世界的探讨[R].五金科技研究与探讨,2005,11—13.
[39]陆世英等.不锈钢[M].原子能出版社,1995.
[40] V. Kuzucu, M. Ceylan, M. Aksoy, Aksoy and M. KaplanInvestigation of the microstructures of iron based wrought Cr-Ni-Mo duplex alloy[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,1997,69(2):247—256.
[41]王晓敏.工程材料学[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2002.
[42] Floreen. S.Hardening Behavior of Ternary Alloys Based on Iron-18 %Nickel [J].Trans ASM,1964,57(1):38.
[43] C.H. Craig, C.M. Friend, M.R. Edwards.Mechanical properties and microstructure of platinum enhanced radiopaque stainless steel (PERSS) alloys[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2003,361:187—199.
[44]吴承建,陈国良,强文江编著.金属材料学[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2000,10:78.
[45] F.布赖恩皮克林.钢的组织与性能[C].北京:科学出版社,1999:486.
[46]干勇,田志凌,董翰,王新林等主编.中国材料工程大典-钢铁材料工程(下)[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2006.
[47]陈德和.不锈钢的性能与组织[M].机械工业出版社,1977.
[48]崔崐.钢铁材料及有色金属材料[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1981:219—220.
[49]王凯,丁厚福,杜晓东等.以Mn代Ni对低碳高合金钢组织性能的影响[J].兵器材料科学与工程,2006,29(3):25—29.
[50] P.D. Bilmes, M. Solari, C.L. Llorente.Characteristics and effects of austenite resulting from tempering of 13Cr–NiMo martensitic steel weld metals[J].Materials Characterization,2001,46:285—296.
[51]赵朴.钼在不锈钢中的应用[J].中国钼业,2004,28(5):3—10.
[52]徐金璋译.合金元素和组织对马氏体不锈钢的耐蚀性和硬度的影响[J].上海钢研,2001(2):40—45.
[53] P.D. Bilmes, C.L. Llorente, L. Saire Huama′n ,L.M. Gassa,C.A. Gervasi. Microstructure and pitting corrosion of 13CrNiMo weld metals[J]. Corrosion Science 2006,48:3261—3270.
[54]梁成浩,冯斌.复合添加Cu、P、Si对高纯18Cr-14Ni不锈钢孔蚀性能的影响[J].钢铁研究学报,1995,(7):89—92.
[55] Ricky K.Y. Fu ,D.L. Tang ,G.J. Wan ,Paul K. Chu. Enhancement of corrosion resistance of AISI 420 stainless steels by nitrogen and silicon plasma immersion ion implantation[J]. Surface & Coatings Technology 2007,201(9):4879—4883.
[56] Huntz, AM; Bague, V; Beauple, G, et al. Effect of silicon on the oxidation resistance of 9% Cr steels[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2003, 207(1-4): 255-275.
[57] Yu-Ling Yang, Cheng-Hsien Yang, Szu-Ning Lin. Effects of Si and its content on the scale formation on hot-rolled steel strips[J]. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2008,112(2):566-571.
[58]马艳红,黄元伟.硅含量对不锈钢耐蚀性能的影响[J].上海金属,1999,5:52—57.
[59] Je-Sik Shin, Zin-Hyoung Lee, Taek-Dong Lee, E. J. Lavernia. The effect of casting method and heat treating condition on cold workability of high-Si electrical steel[J]. Scripta Materialia, 2001,45(6):725-731.
[60] B. Eghbali . Microstructural characterization of a warm-deformed microalloyedsteel[J].Materials Characterization,2008,59(4):473—478.
[61]宋维锡主编.金属学[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1980.
[62]董允,林晓娉,姜晓霞.铬、钼对不锈钢腐蚀与腐蚀磨损性能的影响[J].机械工程材料,1997,21(6):29—31.
[63]李远睿,王书珍,史兴华等.81031钢合金化原理及热处理工艺[J].重庆大学学报(自然科学版).2007(30)6:65—68.
[64]董加坤.一种显示马氏体不锈钢组织的金相侵蚀剂[J].理化检验-物理分册,2006,42:48.
[65]杨平.电子背散射衍射技术及其应用[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2007.
[66]刘庆.电子背散射衍射技术及其在材料科学中的应用[J].中国体视学与图像分析,2005,10(4):205—210.
[67]李华清,谢水生,阎允杰等.取向成像电子显微术试样的制备.理化检测[J],2004,40(12):612—616.
[68]李平和,邓照军,陈士华.超细晶碳素钢Q235热连轧板显微组织的电子背散射衍射研究[J].中国体视学与图像分析,2007,12(2):79—83.
[69] B. Eghbali . Microstructural characterization of a warm-deformed microalloyed steel[J].Materials Characterization,2008,59(4):473—478.
[70] GB/ T 2975– 1998 [S]《钢及钢产品力学性能试验取样位置和试样制备》.
[71] GB/ T 228– 2002 [S]《金属材料室温拉伸试验方法》.
[72]屠海令,干勇主编金属材料理化测试全书[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2007.
[73]钟群鹏,赵子华编著.断口学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.
[74]胡光立,谢希文编著.钢的热处理[M].西安:西北工业大学出版社,1996,190—195.
[75]樊东黎主编.热处理技术数据手册[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2000.
[76] C. Gesnouin, A. Hazarabedian, P. Bruzzoni.Effect of post-weld heat treatment on the microstructure and hydrogen permeation of 13CrNiMo steels[J].Corrosion Science,2004(46):1633—1647.
[77] D.H. Mesa, A. Toro, A. Sinatora, A.P. Tschiptschin.The effect of testing temperature on corrosion–erosion resistance of martensitic stainless steels[J].Wear,2003(255):139—145.
[78]周芳,高甲生.回火工艺对7Cr14V2铸钢组织与性能的影响[J].机械工程材料,2005,29(10):41—43.
[79] M.A. Neri, R. Cola′s.Analysis of a martensitic stainless steel that failed due to the presence of coarse carbides[J].Materials Characterization,2001,47:283—289.
[80] GB/T 14452-93 [S]《金属弯曲力学性能方法》.
[81]石德珂.材料科学基础[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2003.
[82]李远士.几种金属材料的高温氧化、氯化腐蚀[D].中国科学院金属研究所博士论文,2001.
[83]中国腐蚀与防护学会主编,李铁藩编著.金属高温氧化和热腐蚀[M],北京:化学工业出版社,2003.
[84]戴起勋主编,程晓农主审.金属材料学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005.
[85]黄腾飞.埋地管道阴极保护电位参数及电位测试技术的研究[D].西南石油大学博士论文,2004.
[86]李久青,杜翠薇.腐蚀试验方法及监测技术[M].中国石化出版社,2007.