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草浆黑液超滤—动态磁吸附处理技术的研究
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摘要
论文采用先进的超滤-动态磁吸附分离技术对草浆黑液进行了处理。首先,从设备和运行工艺角度,探讨了隔板设计、运行时间、进料浓度和温度、使用压力、流量各因素对黑液超滤性能的影响,并选择了最佳工艺条件;传质特性和机理的研究,为针对性地解决草浆黑液超滤问题提供理论指导;其次,通过研究黑液超滤浓缩的节能、除硅和提高燃烧值效果,论证了以超滤浓缩部分取代多效蒸发的可行性;最后,研究了应用动态磁吸附分离技术处理黑液超滤透过液时,各因素对处理效果的影响,以及吸附平衡方程;通过被吸附物质的鉴定和分析,确定发展综合利用的方向和前景。研究表明:
     (1)制约膜技术应用于制浆废液处理的主要矛盾,是膜技术应用于水处理优势的不断增大与由于制浆废液特性而引起的低水通量之间的矛盾;提高进料温度,降低进料浓度,在适当范围内提高使用压力和进料流量,都有利于黑液超滤水通量的改善,但是过高压力和流量,会使能耗迅速增加,进料浓度2.0%,使用压力0.23MPa,流量1.22m~3/h和温度50℃的操作条件,可使黑液超滤获得节能与环境效益的统一,其中,进料浓度是影响COD_(cr)、BOD_5去除率的主要因素,而影响电耗的主要因素是进料压力和流量;采用清洗剂配方:0.1%EDTA+10%透过液,是一种运行成本低和膜系数恢复率高的超滤后处理方式。
     (2)黑液超滤传质数学模型显示,膜面平衡浓度C_g和传质系数k_m可表征超滤传质特性;黑液SPES-100膜超滤时,C_g和k_m分别为300.10g/l和17.27×10~(-3)m/h,而SPK-100膜超滤时,C_g和k_m分别为317.48g/l和24.96×10~(-3)m/h,SPK膜更适宜于黑液超滤浓缩;黑液超滤过程的传质存在着分阶段现象,据此对黑液超滤传质理论进行了新的阐述,有利于针对性地解决黑液超滤问题。
     (3)与多效蒸发相比较,黑液超滤浓缩可节约大量能耗,可除去的SiO_2占总的SiO_281.15%;将黑液从83.54g/l超滤浓缩至152.50g/l,其燃烧值提高33.73%;在超滤浓缩可正常操作范围内,恒容 燃烧值与浓缩浓度的关系为:q=2.41C~(0.45);黑液超滤浓缩过程较为复杂,随浓度的不断增加,约在运行200分钟后,彻底形成膜面凝胶层,过大提高使用压力反而造成水通量的恶化。
     (4)自制磁性固体吸附剂可再生利用,使用次数对再生吸附剂废水处理效果
The black liquor was treated by ultraflltration and dynamic magnetic absorption separation. Firstly, from the point of view of equipment and process, the influence of factors — design of plate, time, feed concentration, feed temperature and membrane pressure — on the process of ultrafiltration has been investigated. Studies on ultraflltration mass transfer characteristics and mechanism of black liquor are helpful in treatment of nonwood kraft black liquor. Secondly, the thesis was focused to explore the practicability of concentration by the use of ultrafiltration instead of multieffect evaporation, by the studies on desilicification, power consumption and combustion value of black liquor. Finally, the influence of factors on effectiveness of treatment of permeate liquor and absorption equilibrium has been investigated by using the technique of dynamic magnetic absorption separation. Study on the way of comprehensive utilization has also been done.
    The results show that:
    (1) The main inconsistent on black liquor treatment by using membrane technique is the inconsistent between the goodness of ultrafiltration and complexity of black liquor. It is of value in improvement of average flux rate to increase feed temperature, pressure and flow of feed bulk in some degree, or reduce the feed concentration. Incidentally, higher pressure and velocity may increase power consumption. The optimum operation conditions are 2% concentration of feed bulk, 0.23MPa membrane pressure , 1.22m~3/h flow of feed bulk, and 50℃. The main factors affecting on COD_(cr) and BOD_5 removal is concentration of bulk, while membrane pressure and flow of feed bulk are the main factors affecting the power consumption. It has lower consumption operation adopting the formulation of cleaning agent, 0.1%EDTA+10%permeate.
    (2) Solute concentration on membrane surface (C_g) and mass transfer coefficient (k_m) can be used for characterization of mass transfer of ultraflltration. A pilot-scale plate-and-frame ultrafilter and two kinds of membrane were employed to treat the kraft black liquor. SPES-100 ( C_g=300.10g/l and K_m=17.27 × 10~(-3)m/h ) and SPK-100 (C_g=317.48g/l and K_m=24.96 × 10~(-3)m/h) differs each other. The SPK-100
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