山椒栽培机理及关键技术研究
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摘要
本项目对我国首次引进的4个山椒品系,研究了栽培机理和关键技术。
采用低温种子萌发率、芽苗鲜物质量及可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸、游离脯氨酸代谢、1a生枝条的细胞膜透性和SOD、POD、MDA变化、自然越冬的枝条电导率与冻害三种途径进行抗寒评价。各品系的半致死温度(LT_(50))为,花山椒-16.2℃,葡萄山椒-14.5℃,朝仓山椒-16.9℃,琉锦山椒-15.0℃。
4个品系的光补偿点24.0～47.1μmol/(m~2.s),光饱和点851.3～1047.3μmol/(m~2.s),表观量子效率0.026～0.035。
山椒芽萌发过程,ABA呈现“先升后降”,IAA/ABA和(IAA+GA_3+ZR)/ABA为上升趋势,从总量看,ABA含量最高,其次为IAA,ZR含量最少。可溶性蛋白表现为“先升后降”,可溶性糖、游离氨基酸和游离脯氨酸为持续下降。冷温小时法测定的萌发需冷量为685h,有效积温400℃。
花山椒单个花药的花粉粒18万个,花粉萌发率10%,山椒自然授粉座果率极低,种子繁殖退化严重。
采用嫁接繁殖的关键是嫁接期,成活率与嫁接前1～5d和嫁接后6～10d的气象因子关联度最高。组培繁殖,增殖初期培养基为MS+6-BA1.0+IBA0.2+3.0%蔗糖,多次继代后的增殖培养基为MS+6-BA0.5+IBA0.1+3.0%蔗糖,牛根培养基为1/4MS+NAA0.3+2.5%蔗糖。以蛭石为基质,环境温度22～28℃,覆膜保湿45d,试管苗瓶外生根和成活率达90.7%和88.2%。
人工授粉的花朵座果率达到52.46%～78.25%,果实精油含量为花椒的1.18～1.82倍。山椒芽粗蛋白含量27.6%～35.3%,氨基酸比值系数分(SRC)为74.20～76.39。1a生朝仓山椒定植的合理株行距为5cm×15cm,产芽量363.43～605.30g/m~2。
The mechanism and key technology of cultivation of 4 introduced Zanthoxylum piperitum DC varieties(Putao shanjiao,Zhaocang shanjiao,Liujin shanjiao and Hua shanjiao) were studied.
Cold resistance of Z.piperitum DC and comparison samples of Qinan and Shanxi Dahongpao were assessed by seed germination,and sulable sugar,sulable protein,free amino acids,free proline and fresh weight of young seedlings,and relative electrical conductivity and SOD,POD,MDA of 1-yr-old branches under low temperature,and freezing injury of young plants in winter.The semilethal temperature(LT_(50)) based on Logistic regression equations of electrical conductivity and temperature of Hua shanjiao,Putao shanjiao,Zhaocang shanjiao,Liujin shanjiao,Shannxi Dahongpao and Qinan were-16.2℃,-14.5℃,-16.9℃,-15.0℃, -13.6℃,and-17.8℃,respectively.
The light compensation point,light saturation point and apparent quantum yield of 4 measured varieties were 24.0～47.1μmol.m~(-2).s~(-1),851.3～1047.3μmol.m~(-2).s~(-1) and 0.026～0.035,respectively.
The content of ABA,soluble protein in sticks took on "up-down" trends.The content of IAA/ABA and(IAA+GA_3+ZR) /ABA increased with soluble sugar,free amino acids,and free proline decreasing on the course of buds developed from deep dormancy to breeking.The rank of four endogenous hormones in the branches was ABA＞IAA＞GA_3＞ZR.Chilling requirement for leaf bud breaking was 685h according to 0-7.2℃model.And effective accumulated temperature=5℃was 400℃.
There was about 180,000 pollens per anther of Hua shanjiao.The germination rate of pollen was about 10%.Under natural condition,fruit setting rate of flowers was 1.44%～5.91%.The offspring reproduced by seeds degraded seriously compared to their parients.
The key factor influencing grafting survival rate of Z.piperitum DC was grafting period.Grafting survival rate was closly related to air humidity,ground surface and soil temperature during grafting period.And had higher correlation degree with meteorological factors of 1～5d before Grafting and 6～10d after Grafting.The system of tissue culture was established for this study.Young shoots and semi-lignified branches were effective to be explants in April and May.The best media of liferation were MS+6-BA1.0mg.L~(-1)+IBA0.2mg.L~(-1)+3.0%Sucrose+0.6% Beilining and MS+6-BA0.5mg.L~(-1)+IBA0.1 mg.L~(-1) +3.0%Sucrose+0.6%Beilining at first cultural stage,and second cultural stage after several times subcultures.The best rooting medium was 1/4MS+NAA0.3 mg.L~(-1)+2.5%Sucrose+0.6%Beilining.The ex-vitro rooting and survival rates of tube seedlings were 90.7%and 88.2% respectively while cultivated 45 days in vermiculite under 22～28℃and 95%～100%RHs conditions.
The fruit setting rate of artificial pollinated flowers increased to 52.46%～78.25%.The essential oil content of Putao shanjiao and Zhaocang shanjiao was about 1.18～1.82 times of that of Z.bungeanum Maxim.There were 6.80%～13.55% non-volatility ether extraction and 9.37%～12.17%alcohol extraction in pericarps.The content of crude protein of Z.piperitum DC buds ranged from 27.6% to 35.3%.Score of amino acid ratio coefficient(SRC) was 74.20～76.39.Bud yield was extremely related to basal diameter,height,and crown of the trees.The suggested spacing of 1-yr-old Zhaocang shanjiao were 5cm×15cm to yield buds.The yield achieved by the culture model was 363.43～605.30g.m~(-2).
采用低温种子萌发率、芽苗鲜物质量及可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸、游离脯氨酸代谢、1a生枝条的细胞膜透性和SOD、POD、MDA变化、自然越冬的枝条电导率与冻害三种途径进行抗寒评价。各品系的半致死温度(LT_(50))为,花山椒-16.2℃,葡萄山椒-14.5℃,朝仓山椒-16.9℃,琉锦山椒-15.0℃。
4个品系的光补偿点24.0～47.1μmol/(m~2.s),光饱和点851.3～1047.3μmol/(m~2.s),表观量子效率0.026～0.035。
山椒芽萌发过程,ABA呈现“先升后降”,IAA/ABA和(IAA+GA_3+ZR)/ABA为上升趋势,从总量看,ABA含量最高,其次为IAA,ZR含量最少。可溶性蛋白表现为“先升后降”,可溶性糖、游离氨基酸和游离脯氨酸为持续下降。冷温小时法测定的萌发需冷量为685h,有效积温400℃。
花山椒单个花药的花粉粒18万个,花粉萌发率10%,山椒自然授粉座果率极低,种子繁殖退化严重。
采用嫁接繁殖的关键是嫁接期,成活率与嫁接前1～5d和嫁接后6～10d的气象因子关联度最高。组培繁殖,增殖初期培养基为MS+6-BA1.0+IBA0.2+3.0%蔗糖,多次继代后的增殖培养基为MS+6-BA0.5+IBA0.1+3.0%蔗糖,牛根培养基为1/4MS+NAA0.3+2.5%蔗糖。以蛭石为基质,环境温度22～28℃,覆膜保湿45d,试管苗瓶外生根和成活率达90.7%和88.2%。
人工授粉的花朵座果率达到52.46%～78.25%,果实精油含量为花椒的1.18～1.82倍。山椒芽粗蛋白含量27.6%～35.3%,氨基酸比值系数分(SRC)为74.20～76.39。1a生朝仓山椒定植的合理株行距为5cm×15cm,产芽量363.43～605.30g/m~2。
The mechanism and key technology of cultivation of 4 introduced Zanthoxylum piperitum DC varieties(Putao shanjiao,Zhaocang shanjiao,Liujin shanjiao and Hua shanjiao) were studied.
Cold resistance of Z.piperitum DC and comparison samples of Qinan and Shanxi Dahongpao were assessed by seed germination,and sulable sugar,sulable protein,free amino acids,free proline and fresh weight of young seedlings,and relative electrical conductivity and SOD,POD,MDA of 1-yr-old branches under low temperature,and freezing injury of young plants in winter.The semilethal temperature(LT_(50)) based on Logistic regression equations of electrical conductivity and temperature of Hua shanjiao,Putao shanjiao,Zhaocang shanjiao,Liujin shanjiao,Shannxi Dahongpao and Qinan were-16.2℃,-14.5℃,-16.9℃,-15.0℃, -13.6℃,and-17.8℃,respectively.
The light compensation point,light saturation point and apparent quantum yield of 4 measured varieties were 24.0～47.1μmol.m~(-2).s~(-1),851.3～1047.3μmol.m~(-2).s~(-1) and 0.026～0.035,respectively.
The content of ABA,soluble protein in sticks took on "up-down" trends.The content of IAA/ABA and(IAA+GA_3+ZR) /ABA increased with soluble sugar,free amino acids,and free proline decreasing on the course of buds developed from deep dormancy to breeking.The rank of four endogenous hormones in the branches was ABA＞IAA＞GA_3＞ZR.Chilling requirement for leaf bud breaking was 685h according to 0-7.2℃model.And effective accumulated temperature=5℃was 400℃.
There was about 180,000 pollens per anther of Hua shanjiao.The germination rate of pollen was about 10%.Under natural condition,fruit setting rate of flowers was 1.44%～5.91%.The offspring reproduced by seeds degraded seriously compared to their parients.
The key factor influencing grafting survival rate of Z.piperitum DC was grafting period.Grafting survival rate was closly related to air humidity,ground surface and soil temperature during grafting period.And had higher correlation degree with meteorological factors of 1～5d before Grafting and 6～10d after Grafting.The system of tissue culture was established for this study.Young shoots and semi-lignified branches were effective to be explants in April and May.The best media of liferation were MS+6-BA1.0mg.L~(-1)+IBA0.2mg.L~(-1)+3.0%Sucrose+0.6% Beilining and MS+6-BA0.5mg.L~(-1)+IBA0.1 mg.L~(-1) +3.0%Sucrose+0.6%Beilining at first cultural stage,and second cultural stage after several times subcultures.The best rooting medium was 1/4MS+NAA0.3 mg.L~(-1)+2.5%Sucrose+0.6%Beilining.The ex-vitro rooting and survival rates of tube seedlings were 90.7%and 88.2% respectively while cultivated 45 days in vermiculite under 22～28℃and 95%～100%RHs conditions.
The fruit setting rate of artificial pollinated flowers increased to 52.46%～78.25%.The essential oil content of Putao shanjiao and Zhaocang shanjiao was about 1.18～1.82 times of that of Z.bungeanum Maxim.There were 6.80%～13.55% non-volatility ether extraction and 9.37%～12.17%alcohol extraction in pericarps.The content of crude protein of Z.piperitum DC buds ranged from 27.6% to 35.3%.Score of amino acid ratio coefficient(SRC) was 74.20～76.39.Bud yield was extremely related to basal diameter,height,and crown of the trees.The suggested spacing of 1-yr-old Zhaocang shanjiao were 5cm×15cm to yield buds.The yield achieved by the culture model was 363.43～605.30g.m~(-2).
引文
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