琼州海峡超大多主跨公铁两用悬索桥方案设计和抗震研究
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摘要
以琼州海峡超大多主跨公铁两用悬索桥静力特性和地震安全性研究为目的,采用改进虚拟梁法进行静力特性研究并提出静力可行的结构方案,利用自编程序进行结构方案的一致和非一致地震作用时程分析。针对规范要求编写基于虚拟激励法的功率谱法求解程序,并应用在结构方案的地面均匀运动和考虑行波效应的功率谱法分析中；基于首超破坏原理对结构和构件的地震安全性进行初步评估,最终得到结构方案在地震作用下的安全性和动力可靠度初步评价。本文主要有以下工作：
1通过多次方案分析和对比,根据琼州海峡气象、水文、地质条件,提出了4x3000m超大连跨多主跨公铁两用悬索桥的一个结构方案。初步确定了满足铁路悬索桥要求竖向活载挠度小于l/600的主缆面积和主要构件的尺寸以及结构布置形式。验算了方案在恒载、车辆荷载和横向极限风荷载作用下的强度和刚度,并对行车安全性和舒适性进行了评定。
2根据主缆特性和大跨悬索桥主缆计算的基本原理对虚拟梁法进行改进,推导了与虚拟梁法相配合的相容方程。通过引入桥塔纵向刚度的概念,把改进的虚拟梁法应用于连跨多主跨悬索桥的求解中。并以此为基础,探讨了塔顶纵向刚度、中央扣、主缆面积、主缆容重和碳纤维主缆等对多主跨悬索桥竖向刚度的影响。针对公铁两用悬索桥行车安全性和舒适性对竖向刚度要求严格的特点,提出利用图选法确定公铁两用悬索桥合理跨径布置和主缆面积。
3通过利用信号学原理对地震动的传播规律进行模拟,对经典的HOP方法进行了改进。改进后的HOP方法生成地震动时程不但具备局部场地收敛性且与给定的功率谱拟合更好,可以用在频谱密集型结构的抗震分析中。自编程序实现了改进的HOP方法,并合成了琼州海峡多主跨公铁两用悬索桥抗震分析适用的多点地面加速度人工时程。利用简化的位移终值归零法对人工时程进行了校正,校正后的人工时程变化小,可以直接由于考虑静力位移的多点激励拟计算中。
4引述了多点激励的动力平衡方程,以分析拟静力位移和动力位移的由来。根据多点激励逐步积分法的基本步骤,采用完全面向对象的思想,独立编写相应的有限元程序,并通过理论分析和商业有限元软件的计算结果验证了自编程序的准确性。编程中采用了多线程的运算技术并生成了相应的动态链接库；程序中的有限元环境和动力计算类,可以作为功率谱法编程的基础和基类。
5根据基于虚拟激励法的功率谱法的原理,编程实现了一致和非一致地震激励下结构响应功率谱的计算、基于首超破坏原理编程实现对结构动力可靠度评价。针对长周期复杂桥梁非平稳时变功率谱计算效率低的现状,推导单自由度系统在突加虚拟简谐激励作用下响应的全解,并用分段解析法验证,以此提出了琼州海峡超大多主跨公铁两用悬索桥时变功率谱估计的简化计算方法。
6分别计算结构方案在纵向和横向一致和非一致激励下的时程响应,可以认为研究方案在E2地震作用下满足设防目标的要求。根据规范的要求,分别计算研究方案在横向和纵向一致激励下的功率谱和纵向考虑行波效应的结构响应功率谱,根据功率谱的计算结果,基于首超破坏原理,对结构的动力安全性进行评价。不考虑结构的非平稳响应时,研究方案由于主缆设计比较保守,动力可靠度较高；桥塔采用混凝土材料本身的质量较大且抗压强度低,在纵向一致激励时可靠度较低,纵向非一致激励时动力可靠度满足要求。
The static and seismic safety of Qiongzhou Strait ultra-long multi-span suspension bridge was analyzed. The fictitious beam method was improved. By applying the improved fictitious beam method a-feasibility research scheme of Qiongzhou Strait suspension bridge was proposed. The response of the scheme subjected to consistent and multi-support earthquake excitations was analyzed using self-programmed software. The power spectrum method solver in the self-programmed software was programmed according to the specifications based on the pseudo-excitation method. The self-programmed software was also applied to the analysis of the power spectrum of the scheme subject to consistent earthquake and considering the traveling wave. The main research work covers the following aspects:
(1) A4x3000m multi-span highway-railway suspension bridge was proposed according to Qiongzhou Strait meteorological, hydrological, geological conditions. In order to meet the demands of railway suspension bridge, the vertical load deflection 1/600 requirements, the area of the main cable and the main components of the size and layout of the form was initially fixed. The strength and stiffness of the scheme under the dead loads, vehicle loads and lateral ultimate wind loads was calculated using self-programmed software.
(2) The fictitious beam theory has been improved, is derived for the compatibility equation of the virtual beam method. By introducing the concept of longitudinal stiffness of the bridge tower make the improved virtual beam method used in the analysis of multi-span suspension bridge. On this basis, to explore the vertical stiffness of the tower, the central button, main cable section size, materials density, carbon fiber main cables and so on influence on the main cable vertical stiffness of multi-span suspension bridge. The vertical stiffness of the research Suspension bridge scheme for the highway-railway demanding characteristics is proposed to use map-selection method to determine a reasonable span suspension bridge main cables layout and section size.
(3) An improvement was made for the current HOP method. The improved HOP method generate the artificial ground motion time history fitting better with the given power spectrum. The artificial earthquake can be used in seismic analysis of intensive spectrum structure. By the improved HOP method synthesized the Qiongzhou Strait multi-point ground acceleration history. The calibration method of ETZ (End Time Zero Technique) was simplified and was used in the artificial ground acceleration history. After calibration, only cause a small amount of change, guarantee the end ground acceleration and displacement equal to zero, can be directly used in the quasi-static displacement calculation.
(4) In order to analyze the origin of quasi-static displacement and dynamic displacement, multi-point excitation dynamic equilibrium equation is derived. According to the multi-point excitation dynamic equilibrium equation independently programmed a finite element program, and through theoretical analysis and commercial software corresponding calculation results verified the correctness of self-programmed programs. The finite element program environment and dynamic calculation class can be used as the base class of power spectrum analysis class. All the procedures used to study the multi-point earthquake excitation of the suspension bridge scheme.
(5) Based on the theory of the power spectrum and pseudo-excitation method, programmed to achieve the analysis of structural power spectrum response under a consistent and multi-point excitation. Derivation of the whole solution of single degree of freedom system response in the virtual harmonic excitation, and calibrate use sub-analytical method. Finally, the author programmed to achieve the evaluation of the power spectrum of structural dynamic response.
(6) The time history response of the scheme under excitation of consistent and multi-point respectively was caculated. Through superimposed the stress results of time history analysis and the stress result of dead load and compared with the material strength, the strength of the research scheme under the action of E2 seismic can be considered meet the requirements. According to the specifications, calculated separately in the horizontal and lateral the power spectrum response of the scheme under seismic excitation, the dynamic safety of the Qiongzhou Strait Suspension Bridge was evaluated. Without considering the structure response of non-stationary, the research program was designed to more conservative due to the main cable stress is low and there is surplus. Bridge tower using concrete materials, the quality of their own larger and compressive strength is low, uniform excitation in the vertical when the reliability is low, longitudinally non-uniform excitation power reliability meets the requirements.
1通过多次方案分析和对比,根据琼州海峡气象、水文、地质条件,提出了4x3000m超大连跨多主跨公铁两用悬索桥的一个结构方案。初步确定了满足铁路悬索桥要求竖向活载挠度小于l/600的主缆面积和主要构件的尺寸以及结构布置形式。验算了方案在恒载、车辆荷载和横向极限风荷载作用下的强度和刚度,并对行车安全性和舒适性进行了评定。
2根据主缆特性和大跨悬索桥主缆计算的基本原理对虚拟梁法进行改进,推导了与虚拟梁法相配合的相容方程。通过引入桥塔纵向刚度的概念,把改进的虚拟梁法应用于连跨多主跨悬索桥的求解中。并以此为基础,探讨了塔顶纵向刚度、中央扣、主缆面积、主缆容重和碳纤维主缆等对多主跨悬索桥竖向刚度的影响。针对公铁两用悬索桥行车安全性和舒适性对竖向刚度要求严格的特点,提出利用图选法确定公铁两用悬索桥合理跨径布置和主缆面积。
3通过利用信号学原理对地震动的传播规律进行模拟,对经典的HOP方法进行了改进。改进后的HOP方法生成地震动时程不但具备局部场地收敛性且与给定的功率谱拟合更好,可以用在频谱密集型结构的抗震分析中。自编程序实现了改进的HOP方法,并合成了琼州海峡多主跨公铁两用悬索桥抗震分析适用的多点地面加速度人工时程。利用简化的位移终值归零法对人工时程进行了校正,校正后的人工时程变化小,可以直接由于考虑静力位移的多点激励拟计算中。
4引述了多点激励的动力平衡方程,以分析拟静力位移和动力位移的由来。根据多点激励逐步积分法的基本步骤,采用完全面向对象的思想,独立编写相应的有限元程序,并通过理论分析和商业有限元软件的计算结果验证了自编程序的准确性。编程中采用了多线程的运算技术并生成了相应的动态链接库；程序中的有限元环境和动力计算类,可以作为功率谱法编程的基础和基类。
5根据基于虚拟激励法的功率谱法的原理,编程实现了一致和非一致地震激励下结构响应功率谱的计算、基于首超破坏原理编程实现对结构动力可靠度评价。针对长周期复杂桥梁非平稳时变功率谱计算效率低的现状,推导单自由度系统在突加虚拟简谐激励作用下响应的全解,并用分段解析法验证,以此提出了琼州海峡超大多主跨公铁两用悬索桥时变功率谱估计的简化计算方法。
6分别计算结构方案在纵向和横向一致和非一致激励下的时程响应,可以认为研究方案在E2地震作用下满足设防目标的要求。根据规范的要求,分别计算研究方案在横向和纵向一致激励下的功率谱和纵向考虑行波效应的结构响应功率谱,根据功率谱的计算结果,基于首超破坏原理,对结构的动力安全性进行评价。不考虑结构的非平稳响应时,研究方案由于主缆设计比较保守,动力可靠度较高；桥塔采用混凝土材料本身的质量较大且抗压强度低,在纵向一致激励时可靠度较低,纵向非一致激励时动力可靠度满足要求。
The static and seismic safety of Qiongzhou Strait ultra-long multi-span suspension bridge was analyzed. The fictitious beam method was improved. By applying the improved fictitious beam method a-feasibility research scheme of Qiongzhou Strait suspension bridge was proposed. The response of the scheme subjected to consistent and multi-support earthquake excitations was analyzed using self-programmed software. The power spectrum method solver in the self-programmed software was programmed according to the specifications based on the pseudo-excitation method. The self-programmed software was also applied to the analysis of the power spectrum of the scheme subject to consistent earthquake and considering the traveling wave. The main research work covers the following aspects:
(1) A4x3000m multi-span highway-railway suspension bridge was proposed according to Qiongzhou Strait meteorological, hydrological, geological conditions. In order to meet the demands of railway suspension bridge, the vertical load deflection 1/600 requirements, the area of the main cable and the main components of the size and layout of the form was initially fixed. The strength and stiffness of the scheme under the dead loads, vehicle loads and lateral ultimate wind loads was calculated using self-programmed software.
(2) The fictitious beam theory has been improved, is derived for the compatibility equation of the virtual beam method. By introducing the concept of longitudinal stiffness of the bridge tower make the improved virtual beam method used in the analysis of multi-span suspension bridge. On this basis, to explore the vertical stiffness of the tower, the central button, main cable section size, materials density, carbon fiber main cables and so on influence on the main cable vertical stiffness of multi-span suspension bridge. The vertical stiffness of the research Suspension bridge scheme for the highway-railway demanding characteristics is proposed to use map-selection method to determine a reasonable span suspension bridge main cables layout and section size.
(3) An improvement was made for the current HOP method. The improved HOP method generate the artificial ground motion time history fitting better with the given power spectrum. The artificial earthquake can be used in seismic analysis of intensive spectrum structure. By the improved HOP method synthesized the Qiongzhou Strait multi-point ground acceleration history. The calibration method of ETZ (End Time Zero Technique) was simplified and was used in the artificial ground acceleration history. After calibration, only cause a small amount of change, guarantee the end ground acceleration and displacement equal to zero, can be directly used in the quasi-static displacement calculation.
(4) In order to analyze the origin of quasi-static displacement and dynamic displacement, multi-point excitation dynamic equilibrium equation is derived. According to the multi-point excitation dynamic equilibrium equation independently programmed a finite element program, and through theoretical analysis and commercial software corresponding calculation results verified the correctness of self-programmed programs. The finite element program environment and dynamic calculation class can be used as the base class of power spectrum analysis class. All the procedures used to study the multi-point earthquake excitation of the suspension bridge scheme.
(5) Based on the theory of the power spectrum and pseudo-excitation method, programmed to achieve the analysis of structural power spectrum response under a consistent and multi-point excitation. Derivation of the whole solution of single degree of freedom system response in the virtual harmonic excitation, and calibrate use sub-analytical method. Finally, the author programmed to achieve the evaluation of the power spectrum of structural dynamic response.
(6) The time history response of the scheme under excitation of consistent and multi-point respectively was caculated. Through superimposed the stress results of time history analysis and the stress result of dead load and compared with the material strength, the strength of the research scheme under the action of E2 seismic can be considered meet the requirements. According to the specifications, calculated separately in the horizontal and lateral the power spectrum response of the scheme under seismic excitation, the dynamic safety of the Qiongzhou Strait Suspension Bridge was evaluated. Without considering the structure response of non-stationary, the research program was designed to more conservative due to the main cable stress is low and there is surplus. Bridge tower using concrete materials, the quality of their own larger and compressive strength is low, uniform excitation in the vertical when the reliability is low, longitudinally non-uniform excitation power reliability meets the requirements.
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