雨花台烈士陵园植物景观空间结构及美景度评价研究
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摘要
论文以南京市雨花台烈士陵园的植物景观为研究对象,在大量收集资料和深入现场调查的基础上,应用园林学、生态学、美学等多个学科知识,对雨花台烈士陵园的植物景观从植物组成、季相变化、空间结构、美学质量和经营管理措施等方面进行了分析,旨在了解雨花台烈士陵园植物景观在体现纪念氛围的同时如何提高景观质量的问题,从而为以后类似景观的建设提供一定的理论与实践依据。主要研究内容及结果包括:
1.雨花台烈士陵园的植物组成较为丰富,共有维管束植物(包括栽培种)319种,分别隶属于86科183属,其中裸子植物6科19属37种,被子植物77科161属279种,蕨类植物3科3属3种。木本植物276种,藤本植物13种,草本植物30种。不同生活型数量差异大,植物组成特色较为明显,有效地丰富了整个陵园的色彩。
2.雨花台烈士陵园植物景观空间类型在数量上从多到少的顺序排列为:半开放空间>开放空间>垂直空间>覆盖空间>封闭空间。就空间结构而言,雨花台烈士陵园内的植物景观已形成了较为完善的点、线、面相结合的体系和结构清晰、层次分明的环境意象。植物空间序列组织合理,平面布置形式区别不同功能区而特色明显,对陵园不同环境氛围的营造起到了很好的衬托作用,较好地考虑了人们参观、悼念、休闲等的不同需要。
论文还采用“流”的概念来诠释植物空间景观动态的、复杂的体系性。具体包括生态的“流”、心理的“流”、形态与色彩的“流”和意境的“流”等。
3.采用SBE法对雨花台烈士陵园植物景观进行了评价,结果表明,陵园内的植物景观类型美景度值(SBE)从大到小的顺序依次为:园林型>稀疏型>空旷型>郁闭型。而采用多元数量化模型Ⅰ进行的景观要素美学质量评价表明,影响其美学质量的主要因素有植物组成、生活型构成、林木密度和色调变化。同时,植物组成种类相对较少、层次较为简洁、密度较为稀疏、色彩富于变化则有利于提高景观的美景度。
4.根据雨花台烈士陵园植物景观现状及其特点,提出合理的景观建设与管理措施。包括适当增加落叶阔叶树种的比例、加强对现有特色植物景观的保护、加大对野生地被花灌木的利用、丰富水生植物种类、加大对生态密林区的林相改造、加大对古树名木文化和历史价值的挖掘、加强道路两侧植物景观的丰富度及适当调整建筑周围的植物景观等。
The thesis takes the plants landscape of Yuhuatai Martyrs Memorial Park in Nanjing as the object of study. On the basis of massive collection of information and in-depth investigation into the scene, it applies the knowledge of landscape architecture, ecology, aesthetics and other fields by giving detailed analysis on the plants landscape of Yuhuatai Martyrs Memorial Park on the composition of species, seasonal changes, space structure, aesthetic quality and management measures. This thesis aims at a study on the approach to improving the quality of plants landscape as well as the commemorative atmosphere in Yuhuatai Martyrs Memorial Park to provide a theoretical and practical basis for similar projects. The main content and results of research are:
1. The species in Yuhuatai Martyrs Memorial Park is relatively rich, a total of 319 species of vascular plants (including cultivated species), belonging to 86 families 183 genera respectively, in which there are 6 families 19 genera 37 species of gymnosperms, 77 families 161 genera 279 species of angiosperms, 3 families 3 genera 3 species of fern plants, 276 species of woody plants, 13 species of vine plants, 30 species of grasses in total. Various plant species and characteristic plants altogether enrich the color of the whole park effectively.
2. The sequence of plants space types in quantity in Yuhuatai Martyrs Memorial Park is semi-open space> open space> vertical space> covering space> completely closed space. As to spatial structure, the plants landscape in Yuhuatai Martyrs Memorial Park has become a fairly complete system of point, line and surface and form an environmental image with clear structure and levels. Meanwhile, the reasonable sequential organization of plants space and the characteristics layout of plants with different functions create different atmosphere for the park, satisfying people’s various needs of visiting, mourning and rest.
The research also advances a concept of“flow”in order to interpret the continuously changing and complex system of plants space landscape, including the“flow”of ecology, psychology, pattern and color, and the“flow”of poetic imagery.
3. The evaluation of plants landscape in Yuhuatai Martyrs Memorial Park by using the method of SBE shows that the scenic beauty estimation(SBE) sequence of plants landscape types in the Memorial Park is gardens > sparse landscape > opening landscape > closing landscape. The evaluation of landscape elements conducted by the application of multi-volume modelⅠshows that the main factors affecting the quality of aesthetic are plants components, life forms, plants density and color changes. Meanwhile, relatively less species composition, relatively simpler level, relatively sparser density and richly varied color will be conducive to scenic beauty improvement.
4. According to the current situation and characteristics of the landscape plants in Yuhuatai Martyrs Memorial Park, the following suggestions of landscape construction and management are made: increase the proportion of deciduous broad-leaved trees appropriately, strengthen the protection of existing characteristic plants landscape, increase the using of wild flowering shrubs, enrich the variety of aquatic plants, strengthen the transformation of vegetation in forestry area, increase the excavation of cultural and historical value of old trees, strengthen the richness of plants landscape on both sides of roads and make proper adjustment on the plants landscape around buildings.
1.雨花台烈士陵园的植物组成较为丰富,共有维管束植物(包括栽培种)319种,分别隶属于86科183属,其中裸子植物6科19属37种,被子植物77科161属279种,蕨类植物3科3属3种。木本植物276种,藤本植物13种,草本植物30种。不同生活型数量差异大,植物组成特色较为明显,有效地丰富了整个陵园的色彩。
2.雨花台烈士陵园植物景观空间类型在数量上从多到少的顺序排列为:半开放空间>开放空间>垂直空间>覆盖空间>封闭空间。就空间结构而言,雨花台烈士陵园内的植物景观已形成了较为完善的点、线、面相结合的体系和结构清晰、层次分明的环境意象。植物空间序列组织合理,平面布置形式区别不同功能区而特色明显,对陵园不同环境氛围的营造起到了很好的衬托作用,较好地考虑了人们参观、悼念、休闲等的不同需要。
论文还采用“流”的概念来诠释植物空间景观动态的、复杂的体系性。具体包括生态的“流”、心理的“流”、形态与色彩的“流”和意境的“流”等。
3.采用SBE法对雨花台烈士陵园植物景观进行了评价,结果表明,陵园内的植物景观类型美景度值(SBE)从大到小的顺序依次为:园林型>稀疏型>空旷型>郁闭型。而采用多元数量化模型Ⅰ进行的景观要素美学质量评价表明,影响其美学质量的主要因素有植物组成、生活型构成、林木密度和色调变化。同时,植物组成种类相对较少、层次较为简洁、密度较为稀疏、色彩富于变化则有利于提高景观的美景度。
4.根据雨花台烈士陵园植物景观现状及其特点,提出合理的景观建设与管理措施。包括适当增加落叶阔叶树种的比例、加强对现有特色植物景观的保护、加大对野生地被花灌木的利用、丰富水生植物种类、加大对生态密林区的林相改造、加大对古树名木文化和历史价值的挖掘、加强道路两侧植物景观的丰富度及适当调整建筑周围的植物景观等。
The thesis takes the plants landscape of Yuhuatai Martyrs Memorial Park in Nanjing as the object of study. On the basis of massive collection of information and in-depth investigation into the scene, it applies the knowledge of landscape architecture, ecology, aesthetics and other fields by giving detailed analysis on the plants landscape of Yuhuatai Martyrs Memorial Park on the composition of species, seasonal changes, space structure, aesthetic quality and management measures. This thesis aims at a study on the approach to improving the quality of plants landscape as well as the commemorative atmosphere in Yuhuatai Martyrs Memorial Park to provide a theoretical and practical basis for similar projects. The main content and results of research are:
1. The species in Yuhuatai Martyrs Memorial Park is relatively rich, a total of 319 species of vascular plants (including cultivated species), belonging to 86 families 183 genera respectively, in which there are 6 families 19 genera 37 species of gymnosperms, 77 families 161 genera 279 species of angiosperms, 3 families 3 genera 3 species of fern plants, 276 species of woody plants, 13 species of vine plants, 30 species of grasses in total. Various plant species and characteristic plants altogether enrich the color of the whole park effectively.
2. The sequence of plants space types in quantity in Yuhuatai Martyrs Memorial Park is semi-open space> open space> vertical space> covering space> completely closed space. As to spatial structure, the plants landscape in Yuhuatai Martyrs Memorial Park has become a fairly complete system of point, line and surface and form an environmental image with clear structure and levels. Meanwhile, the reasonable sequential organization of plants space and the characteristics layout of plants with different functions create different atmosphere for the park, satisfying people’s various needs of visiting, mourning and rest.
The research also advances a concept of“flow”in order to interpret the continuously changing and complex system of plants space landscape, including the“flow”of ecology, psychology, pattern and color, and the“flow”of poetic imagery.
3. The evaluation of plants landscape in Yuhuatai Martyrs Memorial Park by using the method of SBE shows that the scenic beauty estimation(SBE) sequence of plants landscape types in the Memorial Park is gardens > sparse landscape > opening landscape > closing landscape. The evaluation of landscape elements conducted by the application of multi-volume modelⅠshows that the main factors affecting the quality of aesthetic are plants components, life forms, plants density and color changes. Meanwhile, relatively less species composition, relatively simpler level, relatively sparser density and richly varied color will be conducive to scenic beauty improvement.
4. According to the current situation and characteristics of the landscape plants in Yuhuatai Martyrs Memorial Park, the following suggestions of landscape construction and management are made: increase the proportion of deciduous broad-leaved trees appropriately, strengthen the protection of existing characteristic plants landscape, increase the using of wild flowering shrubs, enrich the variety of aquatic plants, strengthen the transformation of vegetation in forestry area, increase the excavation of cultural and historical value of old trees, strengthen the richness of plants landscape on both sides of roads and make proper adjustment on the plants landscape around buildings.
引文
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