建筑企业安全文化与安全绩效关系的实证分析及比较研究
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摘要
工程项目建筑施工行业具有施工流动、环境复杂、劳动密集、工艺繁琐等特点,其安全事故率一直居高不下,成为典型的高危行业。安全文化作为矫正不安全行为、提高高危行业整体可靠性的方法,具有作用持久、稳定、全面的特点,因而成为学术界研究焦点和实践界推行安全管理的重点。然而,有关不同国家建筑企业安全文化与安全绩效之间的作用机理研究较为鲜见。本研究从国际化的视角出发,紧紧围绕安全文化与安全绩效,综合运用前人研究成果,在构建建筑企业安全文化和安全绩效关系的一般模型的基础上,应用结构方程模型分别探讨了中国、巴基斯坦和非洲三个国家(安哥拉、肯尼亚、乌干达)建筑企业的安全文化内涵以及安全文化对安全绩效的影响,并进行了对比研究。在此基础上,就进一步提高中国建筑施工企业安全管理水平,增强海外市场竞争力提出了建议。
首先,对安全文化与安全绩效测量量表的中国数据进行了实证分析。运用SPSS统计软件进行探索性因子分析得出中国工程项目安全文化包含情境文化、观念文化、制度文化和物质文化四个因子,安全绩效包含安全行为和安全结果两个因子。运用结构方程模型分析软件AMOS验证了六个因子之间的关系,得出情境文化对安全行为产生负向影响、制度文化对安全行为的影响最大的结论。
其次,运用同样的统计软件和结构方程模型分析软件就安全文化与安全绩效调查问卷的巴基斯坦数据进行了实证分析。通过探索性因子分析得出巴基斯坦工程项目安全文化包含管理层观念文化、作业层观念文化、制度文化和物质文化四个因子,安全绩效包含安全行为和安全结果两个因子。运用结构方程模型验证了六因子之间的关系,验证结果显示制度文化对安全结果影响最大；作业层观念文化对安全行为产生较大的直接影响；管理层观念文化对作业层观念文化影响很大,对安全结果的影响仅次于制度文化；物质文化对安全行为产生较小直接影响,对安全结果产生微弱的影响。
再者,运用同样的统计软件和结构方程模型分析软件就安全文化与安全绩效调查问卷的非洲三国的数据进行了实证分析。在此基础上,将中巴非工程项目的安全文化对安全绩效的影响进行了对比研究。探索性因子分析得出非洲工程项目安全文化包含观念文化、制度文化和物质文化三个因子,安全绩效包含安全遵守、安全参与和安全结果三个因子。运用结构方程模型验证了六因子之间的关系,验证结果显示制度文化对安全结果影响最大；物质文化对安全遵守的影响较小,且对安全参与不产生直接影响；观念文化对安全结果的影响仅次于制度文化。
本文分别构建了中国、巴基斯坦以及非洲的安全文化-安全绩效影响关系模型,并进行了案例分析和比较研究,得出了一些有意义的研究结论。
Building and construction industry for engineering projects, featured by its construction mobility, environmental complexity, labor intensity and cumbersome process, hasa considerablehigh safety incident rate, and it has becomea typical high-risk industry. As a method to correct unsafe behaviors and improve the reliability of the entire industry, instilling Safety Culture is producing durable, stable and comprehensive effect. That is why it has become a research focus in academic circle as well as an emphasis of the safety management implementation in practical field. However, researches focusing on function mechanism between safety culture and safety performance at construction industry in different countries have been rarely seen. Therefore, research in the article, focusing on safety culture and safety performance, argues separately the safety culture connotation of the construction projects in China, Pakistan and Africa and their influences on safety performance through empirical research method from an international point of viewand conducts a comparative study. Besides, on the above theoretical basis, the research advises China based engineering&construction corporations on how to further improve their safety management and enforce competitiveness in overseas market.
First, the research conducts empirical study on the safety culture and safety performance statistics data sheet. By conducting exploratory factor analysis via SPSS statistical software, it has found out that the safety culture of construction projects of China contains four factors: circumstantial culture, conceptual culture, institutional culture and substantial culture. And the safety performance contains two factors:safety behavior and safety outcome. By applying structural equation analysis software AMOS to verify the relationship of these six factors, the research has concluded that circumstantial culture puts negative effects on safety behavior and institutional culture gives the most impacts on safety behavior.
Second, empirical study on the Pakistani data of safety culture and safety performance questionnaire has been conducted by utilizing the same statistical software and structural equation analysis software. From the exploratory factor analysis, the research reached a conclusion that the construction projects of Pakistan contain four factors:management level concept culture, working class concept culture, institutional culture and substantial culture.
And the safety performance contains two factors:safety behavior and safety outcome. By applying structural equation analysis software to verify the relationship of these six factors, the research came to a conclusion:indicated institutional culture concept culture impacts most on safety outcome; working class concept culture puts direct effect on safety behavior; management level gives considerable influence on working class concept culture and its influence is second only to the institutional culture on the safety outcome; substantial culture directly affects the safety behavior and it has small impact on the safety outcome.
Furthermore, empirical study on the African data of safety culture and safety performance questionnaire has been conducted by utilizing the same statistical software and structural equation analysis software. On this basis, the research has comparatively analyzed the impacts on safety performances given by safety culture of the construction projects in China, Pakistan and Africa. After exploratory factor analysis, the research has proven that the construction projects of Africa contain three factors:concept culture, institutional culture and substantial culture. While safety performance contains three factors:safety compliance, safety participation and safety outcome. The research verified the relationship among these six factors via structural equation analysis software, and the result shows institutional culture has influenced the safety outcome most; substantial culture puts little effect on safety compliance and has no direct impact on safety participation; concept culture's impact on safety outcome is less than institutional culture.
To sum up, this paper separately built up Culture-Safety Performance Effect Relationship Models for the projects in China, Pakistan and Africa, conducted case study and comparative study, and came to some significant research conclusions.
首先,对安全文化与安全绩效测量量表的中国数据进行了实证分析。运用SPSS统计软件进行探索性因子分析得出中国工程项目安全文化包含情境文化、观念文化、制度文化和物质文化四个因子,安全绩效包含安全行为和安全结果两个因子。运用结构方程模型分析软件AMOS验证了六个因子之间的关系,得出情境文化对安全行为产生负向影响、制度文化对安全行为的影响最大的结论。
其次,运用同样的统计软件和结构方程模型分析软件就安全文化与安全绩效调查问卷的巴基斯坦数据进行了实证分析。通过探索性因子分析得出巴基斯坦工程项目安全文化包含管理层观念文化、作业层观念文化、制度文化和物质文化四个因子,安全绩效包含安全行为和安全结果两个因子。运用结构方程模型验证了六因子之间的关系,验证结果显示制度文化对安全结果影响最大；作业层观念文化对安全行为产生较大的直接影响；管理层观念文化对作业层观念文化影响很大,对安全结果的影响仅次于制度文化；物质文化对安全行为产生较小直接影响,对安全结果产生微弱的影响。
再者,运用同样的统计软件和结构方程模型分析软件就安全文化与安全绩效调查问卷的非洲三国的数据进行了实证分析。在此基础上,将中巴非工程项目的安全文化对安全绩效的影响进行了对比研究。探索性因子分析得出非洲工程项目安全文化包含观念文化、制度文化和物质文化三个因子,安全绩效包含安全遵守、安全参与和安全结果三个因子。运用结构方程模型验证了六因子之间的关系,验证结果显示制度文化对安全结果影响最大；物质文化对安全遵守的影响较小,且对安全参与不产生直接影响；观念文化对安全结果的影响仅次于制度文化。
本文分别构建了中国、巴基斯坦以及非洲的安全文化-安全绩效影响关系模型,并进行了案例分析和比较研究,得出了一些有意义的研究结论。
Building and construction industry for engineering projects, featured by its construction mobility, environmental complexity, labor intensity and cumbersome process, hasa considerablehigh safety incident rate, and it has becomea typical high-risk industry. As a method to correct unsafe behaviors and improve the reliability of the entire industry, instilling Safety Culture is producing durable, stable and comprehensive effect. That is why it has become a research focus in academic circle as well as an emphasis of the safety management implementation in practical field. However, researches focusing on function mechanism between safety culture and safety performance at construction industry in different countries have been rarely seen. Therefore, research in the article, focusing on safety culture and safety performance, argues separately the safety culture connotation of the construction projects in China, Pakistan and Africa and their influences on safety performance through empirical research method from an international point of viewand conducts a comparative study. Besides, on the above theoretical basis, the research advises China based engineering&construction corporations on how to further improve their safety management and enforce competitiveness in overseas market.
First, the research conducts empirical study on the safety culture and safety performance statistics data sheet. By conducting exploratory factor analysis via SPSS statistical software, it has found out that the safety culture of construction projects of China contains four factors: circumstantial culture, conceptual culture, institutional culture and substantial culture. And the safety performance contains two factors:safety behavior and safety outcome. By applying structural equation analysis software AMOS to verify the relationship of these six factors, the research has concluded that circumstantial culture puts negative effects on safety behavior and institutional culture gives the most impacts on safety behavior.
Second, empirical study on the Pakistani data of safety culture and safety performance questionnaire has been conducted by utilizing the same statistical software and structural equation analysis software. From the exploratory factor analysis, the research reached a conclusion that the construction projects of Pakistan contain four factors:management level concept culture, working class concept culture, institutional culture and substantial culture.
And the safety performance contains two factors:safety behavior and safety outcome. By applying structural equation analysis software to verify the relationship of these six factors, the research came to a conclusion:indicated institutional culture concept culture impacts most on safety outcome; working class concept culture puts direct effect on safety behavior; management level gives considerable influence on working class concept culture and its influence is second only to the institutional culture on the safety outcome; substantial culture directly affects the safety behavior and it has small impact on the safety outcome.
Furthermore, empirical study on the African data of safety culture and safety performance questionnaire has been conducted by utilizing the same statistical software and structural equation analysis software. On this basis, the research has comparatively analyzed the impacts on safety performances given by safety culture of the construction projects in China, Pakistan and Africa. After exploratory factor analysis, the research has proven that the construction projects of Africa contain three factors:concept culture, institutional culture and substantial culture. While safety performance contains three factors:safety compliance, safety participation and safety outcome. The research verified the relationship among these six factors via structural equation analysis software, and the result shows institutional culture has influenced the safety outcome most; substantial culture puts little effect on safety compliance and has no direct impact on safety participation; concept culture's impact on safety outcome is less than institutional culture.
To sum up, this paper separately built up Culture-Safety Performance Effect Relationship Models for the projects in China, Pakistan and Africa, conducted case study and comparative study, and came to some significant research conclusions.
引文
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