时间序列InSAR数据分析技术及其在三峡地区的应用
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摘要
合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar, SAR)作为一种工作在微波波段的相干成像系统,不仅能够提供丰富的地物回波信息,而且具备全天时、全天候的数据获取能力。随着星载SAR影像的不断积累,如何利用InSAR技术充分挖掘时间序列数据中蕴含的丰富信息已经成为相关领域的热点问题,近期的研究主要集中在利用城区稳定人工地物获取长时间序列地表形变上,即永久散射体技术(PS-InSAR)。但是,更多时候我们感兴趣的区域并不存在分布密度足够高的稳定点目标,这一问题严重限制了时间序列InSAR数据的进一步应用。据此,本论文在深入理解SAR影像干涉机理的基础上,重点研究复杂地形条件下时间序列InSAR数据分析技术的误差模型和相干性模型,解决限制该技术在困难地区应用的瓶颈问题,从而将其适用范围扩展至地形崎岖且点目标分布稀疏的非城市地区。通过在三峡地区巴东及大坝周边区域进行的地形量测和地表形变监测等示范应用,本文的研究成果充分显示了时间序列InSAR数据特有的优势,能够为我国地质灾害防治部门提供及时、有效及可靠的基础地理数据,并为移民建镇等重大国家规划提供决策辅助。具体研究内容包括：
1,通过对InSAR技术误差来源的深入研究,提出了一种新的技术手段,在外部低分辨率地形数据的辅助下,利用短基线干涉图在地形复杂区域生成数字高程模型(DEM),显著提高了InSAR技术地形测绘的精度。
2,在干涉相干机理的研究基础上提出了一种简单但十分有效的方法,对获取的地物相干性进行建模,将时间相干性与几何相干性分解开。该算法能够十分快速的获取时间相干性的估计值,此外,通过对地面目标散射特性的分析,该方法能够仅从两景InSAR数据中探测稳定点目标。
3,在上述InSAR技术基本理论及模型研究的基础上,论文总结了当前主流时间序列InSAR处理算法在理论模型和技术路线上的特点,通过最大化目标的时间相干性因子,提出了在利用部分相干目标提取地物高程和形变速率信息的技术,即准永久散射体技术(QPS-InSAR)。该技术将时间序列InSAR数据的应用扩展到滑坡监测、断层形变研究等地质科学应用领域,
4,在巴东新城区,利用近40景InSAR影像,分别通过两种相对独立的时间序列数据分析技术获取了该地区五年来的形变监测数据,并进行了交叉验证。实验区内两个形变较大的潜在滑坡体均得到了监测,利用我们提出的QPS-InSAR技术,能够探测到更多的量测点,从而检测出发生滑坡的具体范围。
5,本文提出了结合PS和QPS技术的时间序列SAR影像几何信息提取方案,首次利用2003-2008年获取的40景InSAR影像量测并分析了三峡大坝运行时的稳定性问题及其周边区域的形变规律。我们发现在数据获取期间,三峡大坝左段的时效沉降基本停止,大坝形变受水位的影响较大,季节性变化也有一定体现。该成果为时间序列InSAR数据分析技术在大型工程形变监测中的首次系统尝试,拓宽了该技术的应用范围。
As a coherent imaging sensor, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) actively transmits microwave signals to the earth, and receive, record the echo in a synthetic way. The image of SAR is not affect by ground sun illustration or clouds. Along with the accumulation of the space-borne SAR images, how to fully exploit the information implicated in the time series SAR images is well concerned. Recently, the research has been focused on the deformation measuring dependent on the artificial ground objects in urban areas, namely, Permanent Scaterer SAR Interferometry (PS-InSAR) technique. Nevertheless, for more cases, the stable point-like targets in the area of our interest are very few. This drawback has limited the applications of time series InSAR data in many geologic applications. Thus, in this dissertation, based on the deeply understanding of SAR interferometry principles, the error and coherence model of time series InSAR analysis over the complicated topographic region is studied. The work presented solves the bottleneck problem of time series InSAR analysis in difficult areas and expands its application to the extra-urban regions. More than one hundred InSAR images have been processed to measure and analyze the topography, land use, and deformation over the Three Gorges Region. The results show the unique advantages of time series InSAR data and allow us offering the basic geology information and decision aids in geologic hazards monitoring. The work that has been studied includes:
1. By modeling the errors in the InSAR technique, a method is proposed to generalize a reliable Digital Elevation Model (DEM) from short normal baseline interferograms with the facilitations from external topography data. The accuracy of the resultant DEM is improved without any ground control points.
2. The principle of InSAR coherence is studied to decompose the observed coherence into temporal and spatial ones. An approximate temporal coherence map can be extracted and be seen as an important data source for land use mapping. In the meanwhile, the point-like targets can be detected from only two InSAR images.
3. Based on the theory and model research, the characteristics of the current time series InSAR analysis techniques are overviewed. By maximizing the target temporal coherence factor, a method to extract topography and deformation from partially coherent targets is proposed, namely, Quasi PS-InSAR (QPS-InSAR). The work allows us expanding the time series InSAR data applications in the fields of landslide monitoring, fault deformation measurement etc., and gives possibilities of deformation monitoring over the Three Gorges Region.
4. With two different time series InSAR analysis methods, we are able to monitor the slow landslides in Badong. We found two subsidence areas around the new built Badong town by both techniques. The results from the two independent techniques are cross validated. However, since the QPS technique takes advantage of also partially coherent targets, much higher spatial density measurements can be obtained. The results can be seen as the support for city emigration decision
5. We carried out the QPS and PS analysis over the Three Gorges Dam site. From the QPS results, we found that there exists no visible temporal subsidence of the Dam from 2003 to 2008. By analyzing the measured deformation trends, we presumed that the dam declined slightly on account of the upriver water pressure over the riverbed crust. Then from the PS results, we found that the time series deformation of the dam strongly related to different water levels. A seasonal deformation pattern can be observed as well. The results fit well with the published Three Gorges Dam deformation measured with conventional survey methods.
1,通过对InSAR技术误差来源的深入研究,提出了一种新的技术手段,在外部低分辨率地形数据的辅助下,利用短基线干涉图在地形复杂区域生成数字高程模型(DEM),显著提高了InSAR技术地形测绘的精度。
2,在干涉相干机理的研究基础上提出了一种简单但十分有效的方法,对获取的地物相干性进行建模,将时间相干性与几何相干性分解开。该算法能够十分快速的获取时间相干性的估计值,此外,通过对地面目标散射特性的分析,该方法能够仅从两景InSAR数据中探测稳定点目标。
3,在上述InSAR技术基本理论及模型研究的基础上,论文总结了当前主流时间序列InSAR处理算法在理论模型和技术路线上的特点,通过最大化目标的时间相干性因子,提出了在利用部分相干目标提取地物高程和形变速率信息的技术,即准永久散射体技术(QPS-InSAR)。该技术将时间序列InSAR数据的应用扩展到滑坡监测、断层形变研究等地质科学应用领域,
4,在巴东新城区,利用近40景InSAR影像,分别通过两种相对独立的时间序列数据分析技术获取了该地区五年来的形变监测数据,并进行了交叉验证。实验区内两个形变较大的潜在滑坡体均得到了监测,利用我们提出的QPS-InSAR技术,能够探测到更多的量测点,从而检测出发生滑坡的具体范围。
5,本文提出了结合PS和QPS技术的时间序列SAR影像几何信息提取方案,首次利用2003-2008年获取的40景InSAR影像量测并分析了三峡大坝运行时的稳定性问题及其周边区域的形变规律。我们发现在数据获取期间,三峡大坝左段的时效沉降基本停止,大坝形变受水位的影响较大,季节性变化也有一定体现。该成果为时间序列InSAR数据分析技术在大型工程形变监测中的首次系统尝试,拓宽了该技术的应用范围。
As a coherent imaging sensor, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) actively transmits microwave signals to the earth, and receive, record the echo in a synthetic way. The image of SAR is not affect by ground sun illustration or clouds. Along with the accumulation of the space-borne SAR images, how to fully exploit the information implicated in the time series SAR images is well concerned. Recently, the research has been focused on the deformation measuring dependent on the artificial ground objects in urban areas, namely, Permanent Scaterer SAR Interferometry (PS-InSAR) technique. Nevertheless, for more cases, the stable point-like targets in the area of our interest are very few. This drawback has limited the applications of time series InSAR data in many geologic applications. Thus, in this dissertation, based on the deeply understanding of SAR interferometry principles, the error and coherence model of time series InSAR analysis over the complicated topographic region is studied. The work presented solves the bottleneck problem of time series InSAR analysis in difficult areas and expands its application to the extra-urban regions. More than one hundred InSAR images have been processed to measure and analyze the topography, land use, and deformation over the Three Gorges Region. The results show the unique advantages of time series InSAR data and allow us offering the basic geology information and decision aids in geologic hazards monitoring. The work that has been studied includes:
1. By modeling the errors in the InSAR technique, a method is proposed to generalize a reliable Digital Elevation Model (DEM) from short normal baseline interferograms with the facilitations from external topography data. The accuracy of the resultant DEM is improved without any ground control points.
2. The principle of InSAR coherence is studied to decompose the observed coherence into temporal and spatial ones. An approximate temporal coherence map can be extracted and be seen as an important data source for land use mapping. In the meanwhile, the point-like targets can be detected from only two InSAR images.
3. Based on the theory and model research, the characteristics of the current time series InSAR analysis techniques are overviewed. By maximizing the target temporal coherence factor, a method to extract topography and deformation from partially coherent targets is proposed, namely, Quasi PS-InSAR (QPS-InSAR). The work allows us expanding the time series InSAR data applications in the fields of landslide monitoring, fault deformation measurement etc., and gives possibilities of deformation monitoring over the Three Gorges Region.
4. With two different time series InSAR analysis methods, we are able to monitor the slow landslides in Badong. We found two subsidence areas around the new built Badong town by both techniques. The results from the two independent techniques are cross validated. However, since the QPS technique takes advantage of also partially coherent targets, much higher spatial density measurements can be obtained. The results can be seen as the support for city emigration decision
5. We carried out the QPS and PS analysis over the Three Gorges Dam site. From the QPS results, we found that there exists no visible temporal subsidence of the Dam from 2003 to 2008. By analyzing the measured deformation trends, we presumed that the dam declined slightly on account of the upriver water pressure over the riverbed crust. Then from the PS results, we found that the time series deformation of the dam strongly related to different water levels. A seasonal deformation pattern can be observed as well. The results fit well with the published Three Gorges Dam deformation measured with conventional survey methods.
引文
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