航空安全文化对机组安全飞行行为的影响研究
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摘要
民航业一直被认为是一个“高科技、高风险、高投入”的行业,同时通过延长安全飞行时间努力保持“高可靠性”行业的特征。已有的研究表明,航空安全文化已经成为一种有效管理人为过失以及预防航空事故和事故征候的重要方式,而且良好的安全文化在提高安全绩效方面有积极的作用。本研究在已有研究成果的基础上,运用安全科学、航空心理学、人因工程研究等相关理论,界定了中国文化背景下航空安全文化和航空安全氛围的内容结构,并试图揭示航空安全文化对机组安全飞行行为影响的内在机制,为以后航空安全文化的理论研究和实践效用提供理论基础。
本研究首先编制了中国文化背景下的航空安全文化和航空安全氛围问卷,在已有研究的基础上,通过对16名飞行员进行个体深度访谈和参考以往研究结论等方法确定了问卷的基本构成,编制了预测验问卷,预测验获得了106个有效样本,通过对预测验问卷进行项目分析,确立了本研究的正式问卷。通过正式测验一共获得了378个有效样本,在对正式测验收集的数据进行探索性因素分析、验证性因素分析以及信度检验之后,各项分析结果指标都表明本研究所使用的正式问卷具有较好的结构效度和信度。其次,利用修订好的国际版航线飞行行为检测表对150名飞行员进行安全审计,对收集的数据进行验证性分析和信度检验,发现航线安全检测表具有很好的结构效度和信度。以上两步研究为之后探索航空安全文化对机组安全行为影响的研究提供了前提支持。第三,在各变量涉及的问卷内容确定的情况下通过结构方程建模揭示航空安全文化对机组安全飞行行为影响的具体途径。最后,进行了不同职务、飞行时数、航空公司和年龄因素分别在航空安全文化各内容和在航空安全氛围各维度上的差异比较。
经过以上理论和实证研究,本研究得出以下结论:
(1)界定了中国文化背景下航空安全文化的内容构成,确定了航空安全文化的研究模型。中国文化背景下的航空安全文化由三个相对独立的部分组成,即航线飞行员职业文化、航空组织安全文化和驾驶舱文化,每个部分有其独立的内容构成。其中航线飞行员职业文化由职业自豪感、安全责任感和工作压力感三个具体维度组成。航空组织安全文化有五个具体维度,分别是组织承诺、组织安全态度、飞行员授权、报告系统和组织支持。驾驶舱文化包括权利梯度、交流协作、应激水平和自动化认知四个维度。
(2)从实证的角度辨析了航空安全文化和安全氛围的区别,航空安全氛围是独立于航空安全文化的一个术语,其内容构成包括五个维度,分别是感知障碍、感知安全源、感知运行环境、感知风险和同事影响。
(3)通过结构方程建模揭示了航空安全文化对安全飞行行为影响的内在机制,确定了具体的影响途径。
①从航空安全文化总体的角度分析,航空安全文化通过航空安全氛围影响安全飞行行为。
②从航空安全文化三个具体组成部分的角度分析,飞行员职业文化和航空组织安全文化通过驾驶舱文化影响安全飞行行为,而航空安全氛围在驾驶舱文化对机组安全飞行行为的影响中起部分中介作用。
(4)揭示了不同职务、飞行时数、航空公司和年龄因素分别在航空安全文化各内容和在航空安全氛围各维度上的差异。
①不同职务的飞行员在航空安全文化各内容和航空安全氛围各维度上不存在显著性差异。
②具有不同飞行时数的飞行员在航空安全文化各内容和航空安全氛围各维度上不存在显著性差异。
③不同航空公司的飞行员在五个维度存在显著性差异,分别是航空安全文化的安全责任感、飞行员授权、组织支持和权利梯度四个维度,以及航空安全氛围的感知运行环境维度。
④不同年龄段飞行员的差异仅表现在航空组织安全文化的飞行员授权维度,而在航空安全氛围各维度上不存在显著性差异。
In many aspects, Civil Aviation Industry is thought to be characterized with "high-tech, high risk and high cost". Although accidents are inevitable in the industry, great efforts have been made to postpone safety flight hours while keeping the characteristic of "high reliability organization". Several fields are showing increasing interest in safety culture as a means of reducing accidents in the workplace. The existing research achievements indicate that aviation safety culture has already become a kind of valid measure to manage human errors and prevent aviation incidents and accidents. Furthermore, good safety culture has positive effect on raising safe performance. Therefore, this paper applies relative theories based on the previous research findings, such as safety science, aviation psychology, human factor engineering, to define the content structures of aviation safety culture and aviation safety climate under Chinese cultural background, and to go further to attempt to explore creatively the influence of aviation safety culture on safe flight behaviors of the aircrew and how aviation safety culture affects safe flight behaviors of the aircrew, which will provide theoretical basis for the theoretical study and practice effectiveness of aviation safety culture in the future.
Firstly, based on the existing literatures, the current study develops the "aviation safety culture scale" and "aviation safety climate scale" under Chinese cultural background. The detailed process is as follows: the scale's structure is identified through carrying on in-depth interview with 16 pilots and mentioning other methods based on the previous researches etc. Then adopting 106 valid subjects, the pre-test was carried out. Through item analysis, the study develops the formal scales. A total of 378 valid subjects are tested through the Exploration Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmation Factor Analysis (CFA).The results show that the formal scales are of good credibility and validity. The two scales are suitable for this research. Secondly, the study makes use of the revised line/los Checklist 4.0 Version to perform safety audit to 150 pilots. Then CFA and reliability test are performed on the data collected from the audit. The results show that the checklist has the good construct validity and credibility, too. The two former findings can provide premise supports for the latter research that examines how aviation safety culture can influence safe flight behaviors of the aircrew. Thirdly, under the condition of ensuring the dimensions of the scales, structural equation modeling (SEM) was estimated so as to test how aviation safety culture affects safe flight behaviors of the aircrew via the detailed path. At last, the study takes a comparison investigation on how different factors can be respectively represented on the dimensions of aviation safety culture and aviation safety climate, including different titles, flight hours, airlines and ages.
The following results are achieved through theoretical and empirical research:
(1) The contents and structures of aviation safety culture under Chinese cultural background are defined, and the theoretical model of aviation safety culture is established. Aviation safety culture under Chinese culture background consists of three relatively independent parts, each with an independent content composing, namely occupational culture of airline pilots, aviation organizational safety culture, cockpit culture. The profession culture of airline pilots is constituted by the following three particular dimensions: sense of occupational pride, sense of occupational pressure and sense of safety responsibility. The organizational safety culture contains five concrete dimensions, which are organizational commitment, organizational safety attitude, pilot empowerment, reporting system and organizational support. The cockpit culture includes four dimensions, which are power distance, communication cooperation, level of stress and cognition of automatic.
(2) The study distinguishes the difference between aviation safety culture and safe climate using the empirical analysis. The results show that aviation safe climate is a term that is different from aviation safety culture. Five dimensions are included as follows: perceived barrier, perceived safety cause , perceived work environment, perceived risk and colleague influence.
(3) The study estimates about how aviation safety culture can influence safe flight behaviors of the aircrew through SEM, and confirms the detailed path.
①From the point of view of integrative aviation safety culture, the result of SEM shows that the effect of aviation safety culture on safe flight behaviors of the aircrew was mediated by aviation safety climate.
②From the point of view of aviation safety culture consisted of three parts, the results of SEM show that the effect of occupational culture of airline pilots and aviation organizational safety culture on safe flight behaviors of the aircrew was mediated by cockpit culture, while the effect of cockpit culture on safe flight behaviors of the aircrew was partially mediated by aviation safety climate.
(4) The study takes a comparison investigation on how different factors, i.e. different titles, flight hours, airlines and ages, are respectively represented on the dimensions of aviation safety culture and aviation safety climate.
①Pilots with different titles have no significant difference on dimensions of aviation safety culture and aviation safety climate.
②Pilots who fulfill different flight hours have no significant difference on dimensions of aviation safety culture and aviation safety climate.
③Pilots who work in different airlines have significant difference on five dimensions , including sense of safety responsibility, pilot empowerment, organizational support and power distance of aviation safety culture ,perceived work environment of aviation safety climate.
④Pilots with different ages have significant difference only on pilot empowerment of aviation safety culture ,and there is no significant difference on dimensions of aviation safety climate.
本研究首先编制了中国文化背景下的航空安全文化和航空安全氛围问卷,在已有研究的基础上,通过对16名飞行员进行个体深度访谈和参考以往研究结论等方法确定了问卷的基本构成,编制了预测验问卷,预测验获得了106个有效样本,通过对预测验问卷进行项目分析,确立了本研究的正式问卷。通过正式测验一共获得了378个有效样本,在对正式测验收集的数据进行探索性因素分析、验证性因素分析以及信度检验之后,各项分析结果指标都表明本研究所使用的正式问卷具有较好的结构效度和信度。其次,利用修订好的国际版航线飞行行为检测表对150名飞行员进行安全审计,对收集的数据进行验证性分析和信度检验,发现航线安全检测表具有很好的结构效度和信度。以上两步研究为之后探索航空安全文化对机组安全行为影响的研究提供了前提支持。第三,在各变量涉及的问卷内容确定的情况下通过结构方程建模揭示航空安全文化对机组安全飞行行为影响的具体途径。最后,进行了不同职务、飞行时数、航空公司和年龄因素分别在航空安全文化各内容和在航空安全氛围各维度上的差异比较。
经过以上理论和实证研究,本研究得出以下结论:
(1)界定了中国文化背景下航空安全文化的内容构成,确定了航空安全文化的研究模型。中国文化背景下的航空安全文化由三个相对独立的部分组成,即航线飞行员职业文化、航空组织安全文化和驾驶舱文化,每个部分有其独立的内容构成。其中航线飞行员职业文化由职业自豪感、安全责任感和工作压力感三个具体维度组成。航空组织安全文化有五个具体维度,分别是组织承诺、组织安全态度、飞行员授权、报告系统和组织支持。驾驶舱文化包括权利梯度、交流协作、应激水平和自动化认知四个维度。
(2)从实证的角度辨析了航空安全文化和安全氛围的区别,航空安全氛围是独立于航空安全文化的一个术语,其内容构成包括五个维度,分别是感知障碍、感知安全源、感知运行环境、感知风险和同事影响。
(3)通过结构方程建模揭示了航空安全文化对安全飞行行为影响的内在机制,确定了具体的影响途径。
①从航空安全文化总体的角度分析,航空安全文化通过航空安全氛围影响安全飞行行为。
②从航空安全文化三个具体组成部分的角度分析,飞行员职业文化和航空组织安全文化通过驾驶舱文化影响安全飞行行为,而航空安全氛围在驾驶舱文化对机组安全飞行行为的影响中起部分中介作用。
(4)揭示了不同职务、飞行时数、航空公司和年龄因素分别在航空安全文化各内容和在航空安全氛围各维度上的差异。
①不同职务的飞行员在航空安全文化各内容和航空安全氛围各维度上不存在显著性差异。
②具有不同飞行时数的飞行员在航空安全文化各内容和航空安全氛围各维度上不存在显著性差异。
③不同航空公司的飞行员在五个维度存在显著性差异,分别是航空安全文化的安全责任感、飞行员授权、组织支持和权利梯度四个维度,以及航空安全氛围的感知运行环境维度。
④不同年龄段飞行员的差异仅表现在航空组织安全文化的飞行员授权维度,而在航空安全氛围各维度上不存在显著性差异。
In many aspects, Civil Aviation Industry is thought to be characterized with "high-tech, high risk and high cost". Although accidents are inevitable in the industry, great efforts have been made to postpone safety flight hours while keeping the characteristic of "high reliability organization". Several fields are showing increasing interest in safety culture as a means of reducing accidents in the workplace. The existing research achievements indicate that aviation safety culture has already become a kind of valid measure to manage human errors and prevent aviation incidents and accidents. Furthermore, good safety culture has positive effect on raising safe performance. Therefore, this paper applies relative theories based on the previous research findings, such as safety science, aviation psychology, human factor engineering, to define the content structures of aviation safety culture and aviation safety climate under Chinese cultural background, and to go further to attempt to explore creatively the influence of aviation safety culture on safe flight behaviors of the aircrew and how aviation safety culture affects safe flight behaviors of the aircrew, which will provide theoretical basis for the theoretical study and practice effectiveness of aviation safety culture in the future.
Firstly, based on the existing literatures, the current study develops the "aviation safety culture scale" and "aviation safety climate scale" under Chinese cultural background. The detailed process is as follows: the scale's structure is identified through carrying on in-depth interview with 16 pilots and mentioning other methods based on the previous researches etc. Then adopting 106 valid subjects, the pre-test was carried out. Through item analysis, the study develops the formal scales. A total of 378 valid subjects are tested through the Exploration Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmation Factor Analysis (CFA).The results show that the formal scales are of good credibility and validity. The two scales are suitable for this research. Secondly, the study makes use of the revised line/los Checklist 4.0 Version to perform safety audit to 150 pilots. Then CFA and reliability test are performed on the data collected from the audit. The results show that the checklist has the good construct validity and credibility, too. The two former findings can provide premise supports for the latter research that examines how aviation safety culture can influence safe flight behaviors of the aircrew. Thirdly, under the condition of ensuring the dimensions of the scales, structural equation modeling (SEM) was estimated so as to test how aviation safety culture affects safe flight behaviors of the aircrew via the detailed path. At last, the study takes a comparison investigation on how different factors can be respectively represented on the dimensions of aviation safety culture and aviation safety climate, including different titles, flight hours, airlines and ages.
The following results are achieved through theoretical and empirical research:
(1) The contents and structures of aviation safety culture under Chinese cultural background are defined, and the theoretical model of aviation safety culture is established. Aviation safety culture under Chinese culture background consists of three relatively independent parts, each with an independent content composing, namely occupational culture of airline pilots, aviation organizational safety culture, cockpit culture. The profession culture of airline pilots is constituted by the following three particular dimensions: sense of occupational pride, sense of occupational pressure and sense of safety responsibility. The organizational safety culture contains five concrete dimensions, which are organizational commitment, organizational safety attitude, pilot empowerment, reporting system and organizational support. The cockpit culture includes four dimensions, which are power distance, communication cooperation, level of stress and cognition of automatic.
(2) The study distinguishes the difference between aviation safety culture and safe climate using the empirical analysis. The results show that aviation safe climate is a term that is different from aviation safety culture. Five dimensions are included as follows: perceived barrier, perceived safety cause , perceived work environment, perceived risk and colleague influence.
(3) The study estimates about how aviation safety culture can influence safe flight behaviors of the aircrew through SEM, and confirms the detailed path.
①From the point of view of integrative aviation safety culture, the result of SEM shows that the effect of aviation safety culture on safe flight behaviors of the aircrew was mediated by aviation safety climate.
②From the point of view of aviation safety culture consisted of three parts, the results of SEM show that the effect of occupational culture of airline pilots and aviation organizational safety culture on safe flight behaviors of the aircrew was mediated by cockpit culture, while the effect of cockpit culture on safe flight behaviors of the aircrew was partially mediated by aviation safety climate.
(4) The study takes a comparison investigation on how different factors, i.e. different titles, flight hours, airlines and ages, are respectively represented on the dimensions of aviation safety culture and aviation safety climate.
①Pilots with different titles have no significant difference on dimensions of aviation safety culture and aviation safety climate.
②Pilots who fulfill different flight hours have no significant difference on dimensions of aviation safety culture and aviation safety climate.
③Pilots who work in different airlines have significant difference on five dimensions , including sense of safety responsibility, pilot empowerment, organizational support and power distance of aviation safety culture ,perceived work environment of aviation safety climate.
④Pilots with different ages have significant difference only on pilot empowerment of aviation safety culture ,and there is no significant difference on dimensions of aviation safety climate.
引文
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