大规模电力系统预期电压稳定分析与控制
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摘要
互联电网的建立和发展使得对大规模电力系统电压稳定分析和控制的研究越来越重要,本文首先分析了大规模电力系统计算的发展趋势,提出了一种针对大规模电力系统潮流计算的新方法和电压稳定稳态安全边界的计算方法;其次分析了传统故障后PV曲线计算的不足,提出了一种更为精确的计算方法;最后本文着重于电力系统负荷随时间变化的特性,并考虑了电力系统中的电压控制元件,提出了一种预期电压稳定分析和控制的方法。论文的主要工作如下:
(1)本文将Flexible General Minimal Residual(FGMRES)方法应用在牛顿潮流计算的线性修正方程求解中,提出了求解潮流计算的Newton-FGMRES方法;其次发展了包括复合方法、部分预处理子修正方法和自适应精度控制方法在内的三种加速方案,并引入到Newton-FGMRES中,以此来进一步地提高Newton-FGMRES方法的求解效率,最终提出了求解潮流计算的快速Newton-FGMRES方法。相对于传统的Newton-GMRES方法以及Newton-LU方法,数值测试结果在计算时间和收敛特性两方面均显示了快速Newton-FGMRES方法的优越性。为了验证所提方法的收敛性,我们还比较了快速Newton-FGMRES方法和Newton-LU方法在不同负荷水平下的计算性能。
(2)构造了电力系统在一个特定潮流解之下2-参数的局部分岔边界和稳态安全边界的模型,并提出了一个适合大规模电力系统的数值计算方法。本文在用连续潮流方程来描述的含有参数变化的电力系统模型的基础上,分析了系统在某一个潮流解之下的局部分岔边界和稳态安全边界,并给出了其局部分岔边界和稳态安全边界的计算流程。在测试系统中可以看到,在绝大多数情况下操作上的和工程上的约束在局部分岔达到之前就已经被破坏,这说明稳态安全边界被包含在相应的局部分岔边界之内;同时我们还研究了故障对于局部分岔边界和稳态安全边界的影响。最后我们观察了局部分岔边界和稳态安全边界的凸属性:当我们把发电机无功功率出力极限考虑为capability-Q-limit时,局部分岔边界和稳态安全边界会具有非凸的属性。
(3)本文分析了传统的故障后PV曲线在预期电压稳定分析中的不足,并详细讨论了产生这种不足的原因;其次本文针对预期电压稳定的特点,提出了一种精确计算故障后PV曲线的方法。数值测试的结果表明在预期电压稳定分析中,传统的故障后PV曲线的计算方法无法正确反映预期的故障后PV曲线,并且相对于由本文提出的精确的故障后PV曲线,其结果往往偏于保守的。
(4)本文考虑了有载调压变压器和并联电容器组等电压控制元件的作用,提出了预期电压稳定的分析方法;其次考察了单纯的灵敏度方法在预期电压稳定故障分析中的不足,以及产生这种不足的原因;再次我们分析了采用多阶段的方法可以提高故障分析的准确性并用一个两阶段的故障分析方法提高了单纯灵敏度法对于不安全故障的捕捉率;最后改进了现有的多阶段故障筛选和排序方法。
(5)本文分析了电压预防控制和电压校正控制问题,结合预期电压稳定中负荷随时间变化的特性,在多个时间段上无功优化问题的基础上,提出了一种计及多个时间段负荷变化的预期电压稳定控制计算的模型,考虑到当负荷随时间不断增大时,负荷裕度有可能会减少,本文在该模型中增加了对负荷裕度的约束,使其在每个时间段上都要满足系统给定的最小负荷裕度;其次本文将目前流行的预测—校正内点法应用在该模型上,给出了详细的计算过程和计算公式。数值测试的结果表明在采用了预期电压稳定控制策略之后,每个时间段上负荷裕度均满足了系统最小负荷裕度的要求,并且在每个时间段上的负荷裕度都比不采用预期电压稳定控制策略时有不同程度的提高。
(6)本文初步分析了可再生能源之下预期电压稳定的分析方法,随着可再生能源的提倡和发展,它们在系统中所占的比例会逐渐增加,也给系统带来了更多的不确定性。而对于负荷来说,尽管目前的短期负荷预测算法已经比较准确,但是我们也不可能保证其结果完全负荷未来的情况。因此在本文中,我们同时考察了可再生能源和负荷增长模式的不确定性,提出了在这些条件下负荷裕度的计算方法。
The fast development of interconnected power grids makes the voltage stability analy-sis and control of large-scale power systems more and more important. This dissertationinvestigates the development of the numerical analysis in power system studies and pre-sents a fast method for power flow calculations. Considering the varying load and the con-trol device, a new look-ahead voltage stability analysis and control method is proposed inthis dissertation. The main works and contributions are summarized as follows:
(1) A Newton-FGMRES method is proposed for solving the power flow equations andthree accelerating schemes, including a hybrid scheme, a partial preconditioner updatescheme, and an adaptive tolerance control scheme, is developed to further improve the per-formance of the Newton-FGMRES method. Numerical results show the advantages of theproposed fast Newton-FGMRES method as opposed to the traditional Newton-GMRESmethod in terms of the convergence characteristics and computation time. For the robust-ness of the proposed fast Newton-FGMRES method, numerical results also show the supe-riority of the proposed method under different loading conditions.
(2) A computational procedure to numerically construct local bifurcation boundaryand steady-state security boundary of large electric power system models. The local bifur-cation boundary and steady-state security boundary play important roles in power systemoperations and planning. Local bifurcation boundary defines the physical limitations ofpower systems while steady-state security boundary defines the operational limitations ofpower systems. Numerical results show that operational and engineering constraints areviolated before bifurcations occur, i.e. steady-state security boundary is inside its corre-sponding local bifurcation boundary. The impact of contingencies on the local bifurcationboundary and on the steady-state security boundary are presented. The convexity propertyof these boundaries is also observed. The convex property of these two boundaries is pro- nounced if the traditional treatment of Q limit; i.e. non-Q-limit or hard-Q-limit is made.However the effect of generator capability curve, capability-Q-limit, leads to the non-con-vexity of local bifurcation boundary and steady-state security boundary.
(3) The validity of the traditional post-contingency PV curve is investigated. Based onthe look-ahead voltage stability analysis, a new method to evaluate the exact post-contin-gency PV curve is presented. Two strategies is applied to the proposed method to evaluatemore points on the curves. Numerical results show that the traditional post-contingency PVcurve can not reflect the change in look-ahead voltage stability analysis and its results isalways conservative.
(4) Considering the local logical action of voltage control devices, a look-ahead volt-age stability analysis method is presented. The reason why the contingency ranking methodbased on sensitivities can not captures the most severe contingencies is studies and a newmulti-level contingencies ranking method is proposed. Numerical results show that the pro-posed method can be more effective in look-ahead voltage stability contingency analysis.
(5) The voltage preventive control problem and voltage corrective control problem arestudied. Based on the varying load and the reactive power optimization problem, a newmodel of the optimization problem for the look-ahead voltage control is introduced. In thismodel, the constrains that ensure minimal load margin in each time interval is considered.The corrective-preventive interior point method is used to solve the proposed optimizationproblem. Numerical results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
(6)The look-ahead voltage stability with uncertainties is studied. With the develop-ment of renewable energy resources, there will be more renewable energy resources in thefuture and more uncertainties will be brought to power systems. Although the short-termload forecast can be very accurate, we still can not guarantee that loads would follow theresults of forecast. This paper considers uncertainties of both renewable energy resourcesand loads and present a method to evaluate load margins under these conditions.
(1)本文将Flexible General Minimal Residual(FGMRES)方法应用在牛顿潮流计算的线性修正方程求解中,提出了求解潮流计算的Newton-FGMRES方法;其次发展了包括复合方法、部分预处理子修正方法和自适应精度控制方法在内的三种加速方案,并引入到Newton-FGMRES中,以此来进一步地提高Newton-FGMRES方法的求解效率,最终提出了求解潮流计算的快速Newton-FGMRES方法。相对于传统的Newton-GMRES方法以及Newton-LU方法,数值测试结果在计算时间和收敛特性两方面均显示了快速Newton-FGMRES方法的优越性。为了验证所提方法的收敛性,我们还比较了快速Newton-FGMRES方法和Newton-LU方法在不同负荷水平下的计算性能。
(2)构造了电力系统在一个特定潮流解之下2-参数的局部分岔边界和稳态安全边界的模型,并提出了一个适合大规模电力系统的数值计算方法。本文在用连续潮流方程来描述的含有参数变化的电力系统模型的基础上,分析了系统在某一个潮流解之下的局部分岔边界和稳态安全边界,并给出了其局部分岔边界和稳态安全边界的计算流程。在测试系统中可以看到,在绝大多数情况下操作上的和工程上的约束在局部分岔达到之前就已经被破坏,这说明稳态安全边界被包含在相应的局部分岔边界之内;同时我们还研究了故障对于局部分岔边界和稳态安全边界的影响。最后我们观察了局部分岔边界和稳态安全边界的凸属性:当我们把发电机无功功率出力极限考虑为capability-Q-limit时,局部分岔边界和稳态安全边界会具有非凸的属性。
(3)本文分析了传统的故障后PV曲线在预期电压稳定分析中的不足,并详细讨论了产生这种不足的原因;其次本文针对预期电压稳定的特点,提出了一种精确计算故障后PV曲线的方法。数值测试的结果表明在预期电压稳定分析中,传统的故障后PV曲线的计算方法无法正确反映预期的故障后PV曲线,并且相对于由本文提出的精确的故障后PV曲线,其结果往往偏于保守的。
(4)本文考虑了有载调压变压器和并联电容器组等电压控制元件的作用,提出了预期电压稳定的分析方法;其次考察了单纯的灵敏度方法在预期电压稳定故障分析中的不足,以及产生这种不足的原因;再次我们分析了采用多阶段的方法可以提高故障分析的准确性并用一个两阶段的故障分析方法提高了单纯灵敏度法对于不安全故障的捕捉率;最后改进了现有的多阶段故障筛选和排序方法。
(5)本文分析了电压预防控制和电压校正控制问题,结合预期电压稳定中负荷随时间变化的特性,在多个时间段上无功优化问题的基础上,提出了一种计及多个时间段负荷变化的预期电压稳定控制计算的模型,考虑到当负荷随时间不断增大时,负荷裕度有可能会减少,本文在该模型中增加了对负荷裕度的约束,使其在每个时间段上都要满足系统给定的最小负荷裕度;其次本文将目前流行的预测—校正内点法应用在该模型上,给出了详细的计算过程和计算公式。数值测试的结果表明在采用了预期电压稳定控制策略之后,每个时间段上负荷裕度均满足了系统最小负荷裕度的要求,并且在每个时间段上的负荷裕度都比不采用预期电压稳定控制策略时有不同程度的提高。
(6)本文初步分析了可再生能源之下预期电压稳定的分析方法,随着可再生能源的提倡和发展,它们在系统中所占的比例会逐渐增加,也给系统带来了更多的不确定性。而对于负荷来说,尽管目前的短期负荷预测算法已经比较准确,但是我们也不可能保证其结果完全负荷未来的情况。因此在本文中,我们同时考察了可再生能源和负荷增长模式的不确定性,提出了在这些条件下负荷裕度的计算方法。
The fast development of interconnected power grids makes the voltage stability analy-sis and control of large-scale power systems more and more important. This dissertationinvestigates the development of the numerical analysis in power system studies and pre-sents a fast method for power flow calculations. Considering the varying load and the con-trol device, a new look-ahead voltage stability analysis and control method is proposed inthis dissertation. The main works and contributions are summarized as follows:
(1) A Newton-FGMRES method is proposed for solving the power flow equations andthree accelerating schemes, including a hybrid scheme, a partial preconditioner updatescheme, and an adaptive tolerance control scheme, is developed to further improve the per-formance of the Newton-FGMRES method. Numerical results show the advantages of theproposed fast Newton-FGMRES method as opposed to the traditional Newton-GMRESmethod in terms of the convergence characteristics and computation time. For the robust-ness of the proposed fast Newton-FGMRES method, numerical results also show the supe-riority of the proposed method under different loading conditions.
(2) A computational procedure to numerically construct local bifurcation boundaryand steady-state security boundary of large electric power system models. The local bifur-cation boundary and steady-state security boundary play important roles in power systemoperations and planning. Local bifurcation boundary defines the physical limitations ofpower systems while steady-state security boundary defines the operational limitations ofpower systems. Numerical results show that operational and engineering constraints areviolated before bifurcations occur, i.e. steady-state security boundary is inside its corre-sponding local bifurcation boundary. The impact of contingencies on the local bifurcationboundary and on the steady-state security boundary are presented. The convexity propertyof these boundaries is also observed. The convex property of these two boundaries is pro- nounced if the traditional treatment of Q limit; i.e. non-Q-limit or hard-Q-limit is made.However the effect of generator capability curve, capability-Q-limit, leads to the non-con-vexity of local bifurcation boundary and steady-state security boundary.
(3) The validity of the traditional post-contingency PV curve is investigated. Based onthe look-ahead voltage stability analysis, a new method to evaluate the exact post-contin-gency PV curve is presented. Two strategies is applied to the proposed method to evaluatemore points on the curves. Numerical results show that the traditional post-contingency PVcurve can not reflect the change in look-ahead voltage stability analysis and its results isalways conservative.
(4) Considering the local logical action of voltage control devices, a look-ahead volt-age stability analysis method is presented. The reason why the contingency ranking methodbased on sensitivities can not captures the most severe contingencies is studies and a newmulti-level contingencies ranking method is proposed. Numerical results show that the pro-posed method can be more effective in look-ahead voltage stability contingency analysis.
(5) The voltage preventive control problem and voltage corrective control problem arestudied. Based on the varying load and the reactive power optimization problem, a newmodel of the optimization problem for the look-ahead voltage control is introduced. In thismodel, the constrains that ensure minimal load margin in each time interval is considered.The corrective-preventive interior point method is used to solve the proposed optimizationproblem. Numerical results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
(6)The look-ahead voltage stability with uncertainties is studied. With the develop-ment of renewable energy resources, there will be more renewable energy resources in thefuture and more uncertainties will be brought to power systems. Although the short-termload forecast can be very accurate, we still can not guarantee that loads would follow theresults of forecast. This paper considers uncertainties of both renewable energy resourcesand loads and present a method to evaluate load margins under these conditions.
引文
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