海南桉树人工林生态系统生物量和碳储量时空格局
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摘要
随着我国人工林生物量和碳储量不断增加，在全球碳循环中发挥越来越重要的作用。桉树（Eucalypt）是我国华南地点主要人工林树种，我国已成为世界上桉树种植面积第三大国家。因此，开展桉树人工林生物量和碳储量研究可以了解我国桉树人工林在应对全球气候变化中起到的积极作用。已有的关于我国桉树人工林生物量和碳储量的研究往往局限于单一地理区域，缺乏跨区域的联合和对比研究。从生态系统水平对海南桉树人工林生物量、碳储量及其分布格局的研究未见报道。
本文以海南北部湿润区、中部山地区、东南部高湿润区、西部半湿润半干旱区桉树人工林为试验对象，采用“年代序列”的方法，从生态系统层面对连续年龄序列桉树人工林生态系统生物量、碳储量及其分布格局进行研究，为开展人工林生物量、碳储量核算提供理论指导，同时为促进森林固碳提供基础资料。主要研究结果如下：
（1）采用胸径、树高作为独立自变量，模型拟合精度及显著度因组分而不同。胸径与树高联合作为自变量出现了过度拟合现象。但从测量精确性及难易程度来看，多数情况下，胸径测量精度相对较高，而树高受郁闭度、地形的影响较大，在很大程度上降低其精度。因此选用以胸径为自变量的异速生长模型来估算桉树人工林乔木层生物量。
（2）四个地点桉树生物量随林龄而增大。琼中1～6年生桉树生物量分别为2.32～114.18t·hm~(-2)，临高为3.12～93.73t·hm~(-2)，儋州为1.40～86.98t·hm~(-2)，万琼为5.00～87.44t·hm~(-2)。琼中、临高、儋州和万琼各林龄桉树平均生物量分别为57.68、51.81、37.71t·hm~(-2)和49.21t·hm~(-2)。桉树林地上部生物量大于地下部，树干生物量占地上部生物量的比例最大。
（3）林下植被生物量随林龄增大而上升。琼中1～6年生桉树林下植被生物量为1.57～7.48t·hm~(-2)，临高为0.27～7.28t·hm~(-2)，儋州为1.01～6.50t·hm~(-2)，万琼为0.45～4.23t·hm~(-2)。四个地点1～6年生桉树林下草本层生物量大于灌木层，随林龄增大，草本层生物量所占比例逐渐下降，而灌木层逐渐上升。
（4）四个地点1～6年生桉树凋落物现存量随林龄增大呈先升高后下降变化，1年生最小，峰值出现在4或5年生。琼中1～6年生桉树凋落物现存量范围为0.97～8.47t·hm~(-2)，临高为1.13～6.73t·hm~(-2)，儋州为1.31～17.08t·hm~(-2)，万琼0.64～16.47t·hm~(-2)。随林龄增大，未分解凋落物现存量呈降低趋势，半全分解凋落物现存量呈增加趋势。
（5）四个地点0～100cm土层土壤碳储量随林龄增大而增加。琼中1～6年生桉树林0-100cm土层碳储量范围为67.55～233.51t·hm~(-2)，临高为63.58～148.41t·hm~(-2)，儋州为39.75～76.39t·hm~(-2)，万琼为36.91～62.45t·hm~(-2)。土壤碳储量随土层深度增加而降低，琼中从0~(-2)0土层的63.50t·hm~(-2)降到80-100cm土壤的8.96t·hm~(-2)，临高的由34.98t·hm~(-2)减小到9.38t·hm~(-2)，儋州的由17.48t·hm~(-2)减少到7.73t·hm~(-2)，万琼的由13.94t·hm~(-2)下降到6.66t·hm~(-2)。
（6）四个地点桉树人工林生态系统碳储量范围为40.77～294.18t·hm~(-2)。琼中1～6年生桉树人工林生态系统碳储量为69.84～294.18t·hm~(-2)，临高为65.77～200.77t·hm~(-2)，儋州为41.48～128.16t·hm~(-2)，万琼为40.77～113.28t·hm~(-2)。桉树人工林生态系统碳储量集中在土壤层和乔木层。随林龄增加，土壤层碳储量所占的比例下降，植被层的比例上升。
（7）随林龄增大，桉树人工林生态系统碳储量积累速率逐渐减小。四个地点乔木层年净固碳量大小依次是琼中，临高，万琼和儋州。四个地点桉树人工林碳素年净固定量相当，介于10.34～11.80t·hm~(-2)·yr-1之间。琼中、临高、儋州、万琼等4个地点桉树人工林年吸收CO2分别为38.28、38.68、37.96和43.27t·hm~(-2)。
Biomass and carbon storage of tree plantations in China have been increased continuallyin recent decades, and play a more and more significant role in the global atmospheric carboncycle. Eucalypt is the main plantation species in southern China, and total eucalypt plantationarea in China is the third in the world. Therefore, studying biomass and carbon storage ofeucalypt plantations in China will be very helpful to understand its important role in mitigatingglobal climate change. Only isolated studies were reported until now to characterize biomassand carbon pools of the above-ground components of eucalypt plantations in China, and studieswith the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of carbon storage in eucalypt plantations are scarce.Moreover, there is no study to quantify the amount and distribution of biomass and carbonstorage of eucalypt plantation ecosystems in Hainan province.
Field experiments were conducted at northern wet area, middle mountainous area,southeastern high wet area, west Semi-humid semiarid area in Hainan, China. Chronosequenceapproach was employed to select a series of different age stands which represented the variousdevelopment stages of an individual stand. An age series of6stands (aged1,2,3,4,5and6years) were selected to study temporal and spatial biomass and carbon storage patterns ineucalypt plantation ecosystems at the four sites. The results can provide an academic referencefor budget of biomass and carbon storage of plantations, and valuable information for decisionmakers in forestry carbon sequestration programs. The main results of this thesis study asfollows：
(1) Dry weights of tree components (stemwood, stembark, branches, foliage, stump androots) and above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass and total biomass of eucalypt trees inHainan were estimated as a function of diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height (H)，standage and a combination of these three factors. The regression models were found to be bettermodels when DBH or H was used as the single predictor, based on R2, p-values, AIC, andresiduals. However, the advantage of such models based solely on DBH as an independent variable was that they were practically easy to construct and did not require time-consumingheight measurements in the field so that the inventory of total and component biomass wereeffective, while still being sufficiently accurate. Therefore, a complete set of equations usedDBH as the only one explanatory variable were employed to predict the individual biomass ofeach tree and the results of these equations were then pooled to obtain the total and componentbiomass per area.
(2) Total biomass of eucalypt plantations increased along the age series at four sites. Totalbiomass increased from2.32t·hm~(-2) at a stand age of1year to114.18t·hm~(-2)at6years atQiongzhong, varied from3.12to93.73t·hm~(-2)at Lingao, ranged from1.40to86.98t·hm~(-2)atDanzhou and rose from5.00to87.4486.98t·hm~(-2)at Wanqiong. Above-ground biomass wassignificantly higher than the below-ground biomass in all plantations. Regarding componentcontribution to stand biomass, clearly, the most important component of biomass yield in anage-sequence of eucalypt plantations was the stemwood.
(3) This study revealed an increasing trend in undergrowth biomass with stand age series.Undergrowth biomass at Qiongzhong ranged from1.57t·hm~(-2)at1-year-old to7.48t·hm~(-2)at6-year-old. Similar trends were found from0.27to7.28t·hm~(-2)for Lingao, from1.01to6.50t·hm~(-2)for Danzhou and from0.45to4.23t·hm~(-2)for Wanqiong. In this study, herb biomass washigher than the shrub biomass along a chronosequence. While the proportions of herb biomassin the undergrowth biomass decreased progressively with stand age, but those of shrub biomassincreased.
(4) Litterfall observed in eucalypt plantations from four sites ascended firstly and thendeclined later from1-year-old to6-year-old, and the lowest at an age of1year, the highest atan age of4or5years. The corresponding trend for eucalypt plantations at Qiongzhong variedfrom0.97to8.47t·hm~(-2), from1.13to6.73t·hm~(-2)at Lingao, from1.31to17.08t·hm~(-2)atDanzhou and from0.64to16.47t·hm~(-2)at Wanqiong. Litterfall allocated a higher proportion ofbiomass in the undecomposed litterfall compared to that in semi-decomposed and decomposedlitterfall in the early growing period, but was opposite in the last the proportion.
(5) There was an increasing in soil carbon storage of eucalypt plantations at0～100cmsoil layer with stand age. Soil carbon storage at Qionzhong varied from67.55to233.51t·hm~(-2)according to the age gradient,63.58to148.41t·hm~(-2)at Lingao,39.75to76.39t·hm~(-2)atDanzhou and36.91to62.45t·hm~(-2)at Wanqiong. In all eucalypt plantations there was a declinein soil carbon storage from0～20cm soil layer to80～100cm soil layer, and the ranges offour sites were63.50to8.96t·hm~(-2),34.98to9.38t·hm~(-2),17.48to7.73t·hm~(-2)and13.94to6.66t·hm~(-2), respectively.
(6) Carbon storage of eucalypt plantations at four sites in Hainan varied from40.77to294.18t·hm~(-2), and it increased from69.84t·hm~(-2)at1year of age to294.18t·hm~(-2)at6years ofage for Qiongzhong, from65.77to200.77t·hm~(-2)for Lingao, from41.48to128.16t·hm~(-2)forDanzhou and from40.77to113.28t·hm~(-2)for Wanqiong. At all eucalypt plantation ecosystems,carbon storage was more concentrated in soil and trees. When tree age increased, theproportion of carbon storage allocated to the soil decreased, whereas the proportion allocated totrees increased.
(7) Carbon accumulation rate of eucalypt plantation ecosystems was decreased with age.Annual net carbon sequestration of arbor layer generally graded in the fallowing order:Qiongzhong>Lingao>Wanqiong>Danzhou. Annual net carbon sequestration of eucalyptplantations at four sites was similar, ranging from10.34t·hm~(-2)·yr-1to11.80t·hm~(-2)·yr-1.Eucalypt plantations sequencing carbon dioxide from atmosphere reached38.28t·hm~(-2)·yr-1forQiongzhong,38.68t·hm~(-2)·yr-1for Lingao,37.96t·hm~(-2)·yr-1for Danzhou and43.27t·hm~(-2)·yr-1for Wanqiong.
本文以海南北部湿润区、中部山地区、东南部高湿润区、西部半湿润半干旱区桉树人工林为试验对象，采用“年代序列”的方法，从生态系统层面对连续年龄序列桉树人工林生态系统生物量、碳储量及其分布格局进行研究，为开展人工林生物量、碳储量核算提供理论指导，同时为促进森林固碳提供基础资料。主要研究结果如下：
（1）采用胸径、树高作为独立自变量，模型拟合精度及显著度因组分而不同。胸径与树高联合作为自变量出现了过度拟合现象。但从测量精确性及难易程度来看，多数情况下，胸径测量精度相对较高，而树高受郁闭度、地形的影响较大，在很大程度上降低其精度。因此选用以胸径为自变量的异速生长模型来估算桉树人工林乔木层生物量。
（2）四个地点桉树生物量随林龄而增大。琼中1～6年生桉树生物量分别为2.32～114.18t·hm~(-2)，临高为3.12～93.73t·hm~(-2)，儋州为1.40～86.98t·hm~(-2)，万琼为5.00～87.44t·hm~(-2)。琼中、临高、儋州和万琼各林龄桉树平均生物量分别为57.68、51.81、37.71t·hm~(-2)和49.21t·hm~(-2)。桉树林地上部生物量大于地下部，树干生物量占地上部生物量的比例最大。
（3）林下植被生物量随林龄增大而上升。琼中1～6年生桉树林下植被生物量为1.57～7.48t·hm~(-2)，临高为0.27～7.28t·hm~(-2)，儋州为1.01～6.50t·hm~(-2)，万琼为0.45～4.23t·hm~(-2)。四个地点1～6年生桉树林下草本层生物量大于灌木层，随林龄增大，草本层生物量所占比例逐渐下降，而灌木层逐渐上升。
（4）四个地点1～6年生桉树凋落物现存量随林龄增大呈先升高后下降变化，1年生最小，峰值出现在4或5年生。琼中1～6年生桉树凋落物现存量范围为0.97～8.47t·hm~(-2)，临高为1.13～6.73t·hm~(-2)，儋州为1.31～17.08t·hm~(-2)，万琼0.64～16.47t·hm~(-2)。随林龄增大，未分解凋落物现存量呈降低趋势，半全分解凋落物现存量呈增加趋势。
（5）四个地点0～100cm土层土壤碳储量随林龄增大而增加。琼中1～6年生桉树林0-100cm土层碳储量范围为67.55～233.51t·hm~(-2)，临高为63.58～148.41t·hm~(-2)，儋州为39.75～76.39t·hm~(-2)，万琼为36.91～62.45t·hm~(-2)。土壤碳储量随土层深度增加而降低，琼中从0~(-2)0土层的63.50t·hm~(-2)降到80-100cm土壤的8.96t·hm~(-2)，临高的由34.98t·hm~(-2)减小到9.38t·hm~(-2)，儋州的由17.48t·hm~(-2)减少到7.73t·hm~(-2)，万琼的由13.94t·hm~(-2)下降到6.66t·hm~(-2)。
（6）四个地点桉树人工林生态系统碳储量范围为40.77～294.18t·hm~(-2)。琼中1～6年生桉树人工林生态系统碳储量为69.84～294.18t·hm~(-2)，临高为65.77～200.77t·hm~(-2)，儋州为41.48～128.16t·hm~(-2)，万琼为40.77～113.28t·hm~(-2)。桉树人工林生态系统碳储量集中在土壤层和乔木层。随林龄增加，土壤层碳储量所占的比例下降，植被层的比例上升。
（7）随林龄增大，桉树人工林生态系统碳储量积累速率逐渐减小。四个地点乔木层年净固碳量大小依次是琼中，临高，万琼和儋州。四个地点桉树人工林碳素年净固定量相当，介于10.34～11.80t·hm~(-2)·yr-1之间。琼中、临高、儋州、万琼等4个地点桉树人工林年吸收CO2分别为38.28、38.68、37.96和43.27t·hm~(-2)。
Biomass and carbon storage of tree plantations in China have been increased continuallyin recent decades, and play a more and more significant role in the global atmospheric carboncycle. Eucalypt is the main plantation species in southern China, and total eucalypt plantationarea in China is the third in the world. Therefore, studying biomass and carbon storage ofeucalypt plantations in China will be very helpful to understand its important role in mitigatingglobal climate change. Only isolated studies were reported until now to characterize biomassand carbon pools of the above-ground components of eucalypt plantations in China, and studieswith the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of carbon storage in eucalypt plantations are scarce.Moreover, there is no study to quantify the amount and distribution of biomass and carbonstorage of eucalypt plantation ecosystems in Hainan province.
Field experiments were conducted at northern wet area, middle mountainous area,southeastern high wet area, west Semi-humid semiarid area in Hainan, China. Chronosequenceapproach was employed to select a series of different age stands which represented the variousdevelopment stages of an individual stand. An age series of6stands (aged1,2,3,4,5and6years) were selected to study temporal and spatial biomass and carbon storage patterns ineucalypt plantation ecosystems at the four sites. The results can provide an academic referencefor budget of biomass and carbon storage of plantations, and valuable information for decisionmakers in forestry carbon sequestration programs. The main results of this thesis study asfollows：
(1) Dry weights of tree components (stemwood, stembark, branches, foliage, stump androots) and above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass and total biomass of eucalypt trees inHainan were estimated as a function of diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height (H)，standage and a combination of these three factors. The regression models were found to be bettermodels when DBH or H was used as the single predictor, based on R2, p-values, AIC, andresiduals. However, the advantage of such models based solely on DBH as an independent variable was that they were practically easy to construct and did not require time-consumingheight measurements in the field so that the inventory of total and component biomass wereeffective, while still being sufficiently accurate. Therefore, a complete set of equations usedDBH as the only one explanatory variable were employed to predict the individual biomass ofeach tree and the results of these equations were then pooled to obtain the total and componentbiomass per area.
(2) Total biomass of eucalypt plantations increased along the age series at four sites. Totalbiomass increased from2.32t·hm~(-2) at a stand age of1year to114.18t·hm~(-2)at6years atQiongzhong, varied from3.12to93.73t·hm~(-2)at Lingao, ranged from1.40to86.98t·hm~(-2)atDanzhou and rose from5.00to87.4486.98t·hm~(-2)at Wanqiong. Above-ground biomass wassignificantly higher than the below-ground biomass in all plantations. Regarding componentcontribution to stand biomass, clearly, the most important component of biomass yield in anage-sequence of eucalypt plantations was the stemwood.
(3) This study revealed an increasing trend in undergrowth biomass with stand age series.Undergrowth biomass at Qiongzhong ranged from1.57t·hm~(-2)at1-year-old to7.48t·hm~(-2)at6-year-old. Similar trends were found from0.27to7.28t·hm~(-2)for Lingao, from1.01to6.50t·hm~(-2)for Danzhou and from0.45to4.23t·hm~(-2)for Wanqiong. In this study, herb biomass washigher than the shrub biomass along a chronosequence. While the proportions of herb biomassin the undergrowth biomass decreased progressively with stand age, but those of shrub biomassincreased.
(4) Litterfall observed in eucalypt plantations from four sites ascended firstly and thendeclined later from1-year-old to6-year-old, and the lowest at an age of1year, the highest atan age of4or5years. The corresponding trend for eucalypt plantations at Qiongzhong variedfrom0.97to8.47t·hm~(-2), from1.13to6.73t·hm~(-2)at Lingao, from1.31to17.08t·hm~(-2)atDanzhou and from0.64to16.47t·hm~(-2)at Wanqiong. Litterfall allocated a higher proportion ofbiomass in the undecomposed litterfall compared to that in semi-decomposed and decomposedlitterfall in the early growing period, but was opposite in the last the proportion.
(5) There was an increasing in soil carbon storage of eucalypt plantations at0～100cmsoil layer with stand age. Soil carbon storage at Qionzhong varied from67.55to233.51t·hm~(-2)according to the age gradient,63.58to148.41t·hm~(-2)at Lingao,39.75to76.39t·hm~(-2)atDanzhou and36.91to62.45t·hm~(-2)at Wanqiong. In all eucalypt plantations there was a declinein soil carbon storage from0～20cm soil layer to80～100cm soil layer, and the ranges offour sites were63.50to8.96t·hm~(-2),34.98to9.38t·hm~(-2),17.48to7.73t·hm~(-2)and13.94to6.66t·hm~(-2), respectively.
(6) Carbon storage of eucalypt plantations at four sites in Hainan varied from40.77to294.18t·hm~(-2), and it increased from69.84t·hm~(-2)at1year of age to294.18t·hm~(-2)at6years ofage for Qiongzhong, from65.77to200.77t·hm~(-2)for Lingao, from41.48to128.16t·hm~(-2)forDanzhou and from40.77to113.28t·hm~(-2)for Wanqiong. At all eucalypt plantation ecosystems,carbon storage was more concentrated in soil and trees. When tree age increased, theproportion of carbon storage allocated to the soil decreased, whereas the proportion allocated totrees increased.
(7) Carbon accumulation rate of eucalypt plantation ecosystems was decreased with age.Annual net carbon sequestration of arbor layer generally graded in the fallowing order:Qiongzhong>Lingao>Wanqiong>Danzhou. Annual net carbon sequestration of eucalyptplantations at four sites was similar, ranging from10.34t·hm~(-2)·yr-1to11.80t·hm~(-2)·yr-1.Eucalypt plantations sequencing carbon dioxide from atmosphere reached38.28t·hm~(-2)·yr-1forQiongzhong,38.68t·hm~(-2)·yr-1for Lingao,37.96t·hm~(-2)·yr-1for Danzhou and43.27t·hm~(-2)·yr-1for Wanqiong.
引文
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