汶川大地震区构造特征与均衡效应研究
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摘要
汶川大地震发生以后,有关青藏高原东缘龙门山地区的构造变形表现、深部结构特征、深部地球动力学过程等问题再次引起地学界的广泛关注。龙门山断裂带位于青藏高原与杨子地块挤压拼接的交汇部位,是新生带以来强烈的褶皱隆起区。研究区地势复杂,为数据的采集和处理工作带来了很大困难,先进仪器的使用保证了数据的采集质量,因此高精度的数据处理方法的开发是必要的。
针对滤波、扩边等提高数据质量的方法进行改进,应用walsh滤波器对数据进行滤波和场分离操作,并提出三方向扩边方法实现数据的扩边处理,最大限度地保留边界信息。
推导出基于Hartley变换的重(磁)异常频谱及一阶导数计算公式,Hartley变换比Fourier变换更加对称,且为实数域内计算,因此该方法计算速度更快,精度更高,并采用理论模型进行试验,试验结果表明该方法导数计算精度明显高于Fourier变换,与理论值相差很小。
欧拉反褶积法和归一化总梯度法是现今重力异常反演中较常用的方法,因此本文应用这两种方法对该区震前与震后的断裂形态进行划分,并将Hartley变换的导数计算方法引入到这两种处理方法中来,提高其反演的精度,传统重力归一化总梯度法的圆滑滤波因子—正弦滤波因子下延稳定性差,针对该问题提出了余弦滤波因子来增强下延的稳定性,并在实际应用中使滤波因子具有随深度变化的性质,取得了很好的效果。
从震前与震后断裂形态对比中可以看出,由于地震中应力的释放,从而震后断裂的逆冲、推覆作用减小,并寻找出本次地震所造成的破碎带的位置,本次测量中在都江堰—江油断裂东侧发现一新断裂。
最后,分析了该地区震后均衡异常特征,并利用Parker—Oldenburg进行了莫霍面深度的计算。
Longmen Shan fault in the the intersection site of Qing-Zang Plateau and Yang-Zi splice.It is a strong fold uplift Since cenozoic, length of 500km, width of 30km, NE-SWdistribution,Intersection with the Daba Mountain in the north,Southwest was cut by Xianshuihe fault.The structure with a series of roughly parallel to the imbricate thrust zone structure,a typical structural features of thrust, with the development of pre-expansion mode. In this paper, the Longmen Shan region as the study area,The specific geographic coordinates28.8°N～33°N,101°E～106.5°E.In April and June period measured in the study area south-east towards a cross-section, the contrast of fault and isostatic anomaly before and after the earthquake.The Outset of profile is Longchang,pass Jianyang, Chengdu, Lixian, end at maerkang,The measured data of after eartkquake, in addition to this measured data, found no other information.
Because the complexity of the region,in order to better complete inversion,the paper developed several new methods: walsh filter, expansion of the three direction,based on Hartley's horizontal and vertical first derivative,Euler deconvolution based on Hartley Transform ,improved normalized total gradient method.
Walsh transform proposed byamerican mathematician Walsh in 1923 based on Square-wave function, in the early 70 century, after the release of fast Walsh transform, as in the Walsh domain provided the conditions to solve the problem. Today a lot of data filtering and field separation methods during operation does not recognize the shortcomings of mutation information, walsh transform the nature of a square wave, the boundary can be well highlighted features, this feature has been widely used in segmentation of well logs, paper to walsh transformation applied to the magnetic data processing to achieve separation filtering and field operations, Walsh power spectrum by finding the "break point" or threshold point of the filtering, and field separation, theoretical model results show that this method can better filtering and field separation completed work and for the Walsh transform step effect of the existence of the means used be resolved diplomatically.
In the gravity and magnetic data processing, are often the first to expand the edge of the original data processing. Commonly used methods of expanding edge decay to zero and the cosine expansion fold edge method, these two methods are obvious boundary effect, the present exception for the measuring point measured not only by the impact of geological targets, but also by a certain range from around other geological effects, proposed a three-edge method of the direction of expansion. C direction is the principle method of expanding edge of a measuring point in three different directions at the same time expand the edge, taking the average of boundary expansion as the final result of the expansion side, this can be integrated around the geological impact, reducing the boundary effect, and the geological characteristics of different forms of the method is applicable to all. The results from the theoretical model can be found that the expansion method is not only a good side to complete the expansion of border operations, and maximize the retention of the boundary information. Hartley transform is derived based on the re-magnetic spectrum and the horizontal and vertical first derivative formula, experimental results show that the Hartley transform to calculate the derivative of the results relative to other methods and theory of numerical difference is less derivative, and the error analysis, error 5, % of the shows that this method can the completion of the derivative calculation.
Euler deconvolution method (Euler inversion method) is an automated source location estimated market potential field inversion method. Gradient data measured in the absence of the case, the derivation of potential field anomalies during the high-frequency noise is amplified, so that divergence of the Euler inversion results. This article will be based on Hartley's horizontal and vertical first derivative applied to the Euler deconvolution method to achieve inversion, effectively improve the retrieval accuracy, and Hartley transform-based Euler deconvolution of the fault model Retrieval, experimental fracture in the inversion result in the performance of the Euler form.
Gravity gradient of law by the Soviet scientists BM Beryozkin in the 20th century, put forward 60 to 70 years, and it is a heavy use of high-precision anomaly and magnetic anomaly data to determine the source distribution method. Normalized total gradient method because no additional conditions, calculation is simple, and can semi-quantitatively determine the location of geological bodies are widely used to study the detection of oil and gas or oil and gas structures. Be noted that the method is also applied to magnetic anomaly. Now calculate the total gradient of gravity normalized common method is to use sine series derivative, exponential function to the next extension, the stability of poor results obtained, in order to suppress oscillations under the effect of delay in the process of carrying out by the introduction of a smooth factor . However, this method is not very good to complete normalized gradient of gravity calculation, because one of its derivative methods have low accuracy; second smoothing filter can better enhance the extension process stability. To solve the above problems, this article will use Hartley transform method to obtain the first derivative of, and the development of new smoothing filter, multi-bit derivative by contrast can be seen that the accuracy of this method over traditional methods of high precision through model tests show that the method of calculation accuracy and stability are significantly improved, the final gravity normalized gradient and phase diagram of the characteristics of the study area were identified faults.
Euler deconvolution method in the area of regional gravity data inversion, the redrawing of the fracture patterns in the region. Euler deconvolution method and the normalized total gradient method on the profile after the earthquake, gravity and magnetic anomaly data in the inversion, obtained after the earthquake faults in the area of basic distribution, and regional gravity data on the use of kriging interpolation of seismic survey lines acquired before the Bouguer gravity anomaly, and the inversion of the profile. Before and after the earthquake by earthquake rupture patterns of the contrast can be found two changes: one Dujiangyan - Jiangyou fault changes: before the earthquake the fault is a north west orientation basement fault, the upper part of the fault after the earthquake occurred four different directions of small fracture (or fracture zone), resulting in such changes may be due to the earthquake rupture process of a small production. Second, the emergence of new fault: seismic data show that in Dujiangyan - Jiangyou (F5) had a fracture of the east southeast orientation of deep faults, both in gravity and magnetic field in the display. The fault shall be buried fault, because smaller fracture width may be smaller scale before measuring, no fault was found that the existence of this need in future research attention.
Analysis of the earthquake before and after isostatic anomaly changes,preliminary analysis of the cause。Utilizing bouguer gravity anomaly inversion to get the change of Mohuo surface.
Finally,According to different fault patterns,changes in Moho depth and isostatic anomaly, Formation of the earthquake and the impact was described.
针对滤波、扩边等提高数据质量的方法进行改进,应用walsh滤波器对数据进行滤波和场分离操作,并提出三方向扩边方法实现数据的扩边处理,最大限度地保留边界信息。
推导出基于Hartley变换的重(磁)异常频谱及一阶导数计算公式,Hartley变换比Fourier变换更加对称,且为实数域内计算,因此该方法计算速度更快,精度更高,并采用理论模型进行试验,试验结果表明该方法导数计算精度明显高于Fourier变换,与理论值相差很小。
欧拉反褶积法和归一化总梯度法是现今重力异常反演中较常用的方法,因此本文应用这两种方法对该区震前与震后的断裂形态进行划分,并将Hartley变换的导数计算方法引入到这两种处理方法中来,提高其反演的精度,传统重力归一化总梯度法的圆滑滤波因子—正弦滤波因子下延稳定性差,针对该问题提出了余弦滤波因子来增强下延的稳定性,并在实际应用中使滤波因子具有随深度变化的性质,取得了很好的效果。
从震前与震后断裂形态对比中可以看出,由于地震中应力的释放,从而震后断裂的逆冲、推覆作用减小,并寻找出本次地震所造成的破碎带的位置,本次测量中在都江堰—江油断裂东侧发现一新断裂。
最后,分析了该地区震后均衡异常特征,并利用Parker—Oldenburg进行了莫霍面深度的计算。
Longmen Shan fault in the the intersection site of Qing-Zang Plateau and Yang-Zi splice.It is a strong fold uplift Since cenozoic, length of 500km, width of 30km, NE-SWdistribution,Intersection with the Daba Mountain in the north,Southwest was cut by Xianshuihe fault.The structure with a series of roughly parallel to the imbricate thrust zone structure,a typical structural features of thrust, with the development of pre-expansion mode. In this paper, the Longmen Shan region as the study area,The specific geographic coordinates28.8°N～33°N,101°E～106.5°E.In April and June period measured in the study area south-east towards a cross-section, the contrast of fault and isostatic anomaly before and after the earthquake.The Outset of profile is Longchang,pass Jianyang, Chengdu, Lixian, end at maerkang,The measured data of after eartkquake, in addition to this measured data, found no other information.
Because the complexity of the region,in order to better complete inversion,the paper developed several new methods: walsh filter, expansion of the three direction,based on Hartley's horizontal and vertical first derivative,Euler deconvolution based on Hartley Transform ,improved normalized total gradient method.
Walsh transform proposed byamerican mathematician Walsh in 1923 based on Square-wave function, in the early 70 century, after the release of fast Walsh transform, as in the Walsh domain provided the conditions to solve the problem. Today a lot of data filtering and field separation methods during operation does not recognize the shortcomings of mutation information, walsh transform the nature of a square wave, the boundary can be well highlighted features, this feature has been widely used in segmentation of well logs, paper to walsh transformation applied to the magnetic data processing to achieve separation filtering and field operations, Walsh power spectrum by finding the "break point" or threshold point of the filtering, and field separation, theoretical model results show that this method can better filtering and field separation completed work and for the Walsh transform step effect of the existence of the means used be resolved diplomatically.
In the gravity and magnetic data processing, are often the first to expand the edge of the original data processing. Commonly used methods of expanding edge decay to zero and the cosine expansion fold edge method, these two methods are obvious boundary effect, the present exception for the measuring point measured not only by the impact of geological targets, but also by a certain range from around other geological effects, proposed a three-edge method of the direction of expansion. C direction is the principle method of expanding edge of a measuring point in three different directions at the same time expand the edge, taking the average of boundary expansion as the final result of the expansion side, this can be integrated around the geological impact, reducing the boundary effect, and the geological characteristics of different forms of the method is applicable to all. The results from the theoretical model can be found that the expansion method is not only a good side to complete the expansion of border operations, and maximize the retention of the boundary information. Hartley transform is derived based on the re-magnetic spectrum and the horizontal and vertical first derivative formula, experimental results show that the Hartley transform to calculate the derivative of the results relative to other methods and theory of numerical difference is less derivative, and the error analysis, error 5, % of the shows that this method can the completion of the derivative calculation.
Euler deconvolution method (Euler inversion method) is an automated source location estimated market potential field inversion method. Gradient data measured in the absence of the case, the derivation of potential field anomalies during the high-frequency noise is amplified, so that divergence of the Euler inversion results. This article will be based on Hartley's horizontal and vertical first derivative applied to the Euler deconvolution method to achieve inversion, effectively improve the retrieval accuracy, and Hartley transform-based Euler deconvolution of the fault model Retrieval, experimental fracture in the inversion result in the performance of the Euler form.
Gravity gradient of law by the Soviet scientists BM Beryozkin in the 20th century, put forward 60 to 70 years, and it is a heavy use of high-precision anomaly and magnetic anomaly data to determine the source distribution method. Normalized total gradient method because no additional conditions, calculation is simple, and can semi-quantitatively determine the location of geological bodies are widely used to study the detection of oil and gas or oil and gas structures. Be noted that the method is also applied to magnetic anomaly. Now calculate the total gradient of gravity normalized common method is to use sine series derivative, exponential function to the next extension, the stability of poor results obtained, in order to suppress oscillations under the effect of delay in the process of carrying out by the introduction of a smooth factor . However, this method is not very good to complete normalized gradient of gravity calculation, because one of its derivative methods have low accuracy; second smoothing filter can better enhance the extension process stability. To solve the above problems, this article will use Hartley transform method to obtain the first derivative of, and the development of new smoothing filter, multi-bit derivative by contrast can be seen that the accuracy of this method over traditional methods of high precision through model tests show that the method of calculation accuracy and stability are significantly improved, the final gravity normalized gradient and phase diagram of the characteristics of the study area were identified faults.
Euler deconvolution method in the area of regional gravity data inversion, the redrawing of the fracture patterns in the region. Euler deconvolution method and the normalized total gradient method on the profile after the earthquake, gravity and magnetic anomaly data in the inversion, obtained after the earthquake faults in the area of basic distribution, and regional gravity data on the use of kriging interpolation of seismic survey lines acquired before the Bouguer gravity anomaly, and the inversion of the profile. Before and after the earthquake by earthquake rupture patterns of the contrast can be found two changes: one Dujiangyan - Jiangyou fault changes: before the earthquake the fault is a north west orientation basement fault, the upper part of the fault after the earthquake occurred four different directions of small fracture (or fracture zone), resulting in such changes may be due to the earthquake rupture process of a small production. Second, the emergence of new fault: seismic data show that in Dujiangyan - Jiangyou (F5) had a fracture of the east southeast orientation of deep faults, both in gravity and magnetic field in the display. The fault shall be buried fault, because smaller fracture width may be smaller scale before measuring, no fault was found that the existence of this need in future research attention.
Analysis of the earthquake before and after isostatic anomaly changes,preliminary analysis of the cause。Utilizing bouguer gravity anomaly inversion to get the change of Mohuo surface.
Finally,According to different fault patterns,changes in Moho depth and isostatic anomaly, Formation of the earthquake and the impact was described.
引文
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