川西亚高山岷江冷杉与紫果云杉对气候的响应
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摘要
二十世纪气候变化显著的气温升高现象,深刻影响了高纬度和高海拔地区森林的动态。亚高山森林是全球气候变化极为重要和敏感的指示因子,研究亚高山森林生态系统对气候变化的响应,对于理解和掌握全球变化具有重要意义。作为全球变化中最为敏感的区域之一,川西亚高山在全球气候变化研究中具有突出的地位和作用。王朗自然保护区属于青藏高原东缘川西亚高山的典型区域,其独特的地貌和广泛分布的原始森林为开展森林应对气候变化的相关研究提供了得天独厚的条件。在此进行树木年轮气候学系统研究,有利于深刻认识气候变化对川西亚高山森林生态系统的影响与其所带来的后果以及预测未来分布格局的时空变化。
本文以优势树种岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)和紫果云杉(Picea purpurea)为研究对象,分别布设了5个岷江冷杉样带和1个紫果云杉样带,对样带内和样带附近的冷杉和云杉进行调查和取样,建立了相应的年表和年龄结构,利用山地小气候模型(MTCLIM)模拟各采样点的月气候要素,通过相关与主成分分析、相关与响应函数分析、特征年分析、生长释放分析等方法,揭示了地形(海拔与坡向)、年龄等因素影响下树木的生长格局及气候响应差异、相同生境处不同树种径向生长对气候因子的响应差异、高海拔林线处冷杉幼苗的更新动态及限制因子。本研究填补了川西亚高山湿润半湿润气候敏感区林线动态研究的空白,得出的主要结果如下：
(1)在公共区间内各样带内冷杉的年际生长存在一定的共性：在1937年左右均较低,在1990年之后也基本同步出现了下降趋势；两个坡向不同海拔年表的特征窄年出现在相同的时间段,1935-1937年、1967年、1976年和1982年；年表间的相关和主成分分析也表明不同坡向不同海拔的树木生长受共同因素的控制；不同样带内冷杉的生长受到共同气候因子的影响,上年生长季(上年7、8月份)的高温抑制冷杉当年的径向生长,当年1月份的充足降水会促进其生长；只有在两个低海拔样带冷杉生长受到生长季降水的显著促进作用,上年9月的降水对西北坡低海拔样带径向生长具有显著的促进作用,东南坡低海拔样带冷杉的生长与当年7月份的降水显著正相关。
(2)不同海拔处紫果云杉径向生长与气候因子的关系存在一致性,3个海拔的年轮指数均与上年12月份的降水成负相关关系,与当年6月份的月平均气温及月平均最高气温成正比；随海拔梯度的变化,云杉径向生长的气候敏感性存在一定差异,低海拔与中海拔采样点的树木生长均受到上年生长季(7、8月份)气温的抑制,高海拔采样点的树木生长受生长季前(12月份、当年2月份、当年4月份)和生长季(当年6月份、7月份)气温明显的促进作用。
(3)近30年的升温造成生长季的水分缺失,可能是低海拔生境处冷杉与气温产生“分离”的主要原因；低海拔相同生境处：冷杉主要受上年生长季(上年7、8月份)及当年生长季末(当年9月份)气温的负反馈作用,而云杉仅表现为同生长季前(上年12月份)与当年生长季末(当年9月份)的月平均最低气温显著正相关,冷杉与云杉均表现出同上年生长季末(上年10月份)降水的显著负相关关系；高海拔生境处：冷杉明显受到上年生长季(上年6、8月份)高温的限制,当年生长季(当年7月份)较高的月平均最低气温会促进径向生长,而云杉的径向生长同生长季前(上年12月份、当年2、4月份)及当年生长季(6、7月份)的月平均最低气温显著正相关,当年2、6月份的高温也会明显促进径向生长。
(4)云杉随树龄增大敏感度降低,幼龄组云杉对生长季前及生长季的气温状况响应显著；中龄组云杉年表仅与当年4月份和7月份的月平均最低气温显著正相关；老龄组云杉的年轮宽度指数同上年生长季(上年8月份)的月平均气温和月平均最低温显著负相关,上年生长季高温的“滞后效应”在老龄组云杉体现的史为突出；幼龄组与中龄组云杉对当年6月份降水持续增加显示出明显的负相关关系,上年12月份的降水会对幼龄和老龄云杉径向生长不利。
(5)低频的小规模干扰不是限制冷杉更新的主要因素,在竹子盖度相对较小的西北坡林线,近60年较丰富的幼苗更新得益于生长季前(1、2、3月份)及生长季(5、6、9、10月份)较高的月平均最低气温,生长季前(2、3月份)的充足降水也有利于幼苗存活；东南坡林线处稀疏的幼苗更新主要受到浓密竹子的强烈抑制。
Climate change in the20th century, especially the significant climate warming, has deeply influenced the dynamics of forests in the high latitudes and high altitudes. Subalpine forest is one of the most important and sensitive indicators for global climate change. It is very important for us to understand and grasp global change, to study the response of subalpine forest ecosystem to climate change. As one of the most sensitive areas to global change, subalpine in western Sichuan province owns prominent standing and role in the research about global climate change. Wanglang Nature Reserve belongs to the typical subalpine area of western Sichuan province on the eastern edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The unique landscape and the vast virgin forest supply the advantaged conditions for us to study forestry adapting to climate change. To carry out systematic dendroclimatology study in this area is beneficial for gaining profound knowledge on the influences and consequences of climate change to forest ecosystem. It is also conductive to forecasting the time-space distribution patterns of forest ecosystem in the future.
Regarding Abies faxoniana and Picea purpurea as the research object, we established five sampling transects for Abies faxoniana and one sampling transect for Picea purpurea. After surveyed and sampled within and around the six transects, we developed the corresponding chronologies and age structures for both the tree species. At the same time, we simulated the month climate factors for each sampling site using the software of MTCLIM. And then, through correlation and component analysis, correlation function and response function analysis, pointer year analysis, and growth release analysis, we revealed tree radial growth patterns and recruitment dynamics influenced by climate, slope, elevation and age. This study filled the research gap of treeline dynamics in the humid and semi-humid climate sensitive areas in subalphine of western Sichuan province. The main conclusions can be drawn as follows:
(1) The annual-growth of Abies faxoniana in all sampling sites had certain common characteristics, such as the lowest value appeared around1937and there was a down trend after1990. The pointer narrow years for all the chronologies of the two different aspect occurred in the same time period, such as1935-1937,1967,1976and1982. The correlation and principal component analysis among all the chronologies showed that tree growth was controlled by common factors at different altitudes and different aspect. Fir growth among different sampling transects was influenced by common climatic factors:the warming temperature in the previous growing season (July and August) restrained fir radial growth; adequate precipitation in the current January promoted growth. Only in the two low-altitudes transects, fir growth was significant affected by growing season precipitation:the previous September precipitation promoted fir radial growth significantly in the low-altitude of northwestern slope; fir growth in the low-altitude of southeast slope was significantly positively correlated with the current July precipitation.
(2) There was some consistency about relationships between radial growth of Picea purpurea and climate factors at different altitudes:the three tree-ring indexes were all negatively correlated with December precipitation, and were all positively correlated with monthly mean temperature and monthly mean maximum temperature in current June. The sensitivity of radial growth to climate factors was also different in some ways with the elevation gradient, spruce growth in the low and mid-elevation were inhibited by the temperatures of previous growing season (July and August); tree growth in the high-altitude sampling site was obviously promoted by the temperatures before the growing season (December, February and April) and the temperatures in the growing season (June and July).
(3) That water loss in the growing season caused by the warming of the past30years might be the main reason for the "abruption" between the fir growth and temperature at the low-elevation. At the same habitat of low altitude:fir radial growth was mainly negatively influenced by the temperatures of previous growing season (July and August) and in the end of current growing season (September); spruce growth only showed significant positive correlations with monthly mean minimum temperatures of previous December and current September; fir and spruce were all showed significant negative correlations with previous October precipitation. At the same habitat of high altitude:fir growth was obviously inhibited by the high temperatures in previous growing season (June and August), and was promoted by the higher monthly mean minimum temperatures of current growing season (July); spruce radial growth showed significant positive correlations with the monthly mean minimum temperatures before growing season (December, February and April) and in the growing season (June and July), and the high temperatures in current February and June also promoted radial growth.
(4) With tree age increasing, the sensitivity of spruce reduced. The responses of young spruce were significant with temperatures before growing season and in growing season. The chronology of the middle-aged spruce showed significant and positive correlation with monthly mean minimum temperatures in current April and July. Ring width index of old spruce was significantly negatively correlated with monthly mean temperature and monthly mean minimum temperature of previous August. The "lag effect" of high temperatures in previous growing season was prominent in the old spruce. Spruce within young group and mid-age group showed a significant negative correlation with current June precipitation. Adequate precipitation in December was not beneficial for the radial growth of young and aged spruce.
(5) Small-scale interferences occurred in low frequency were not the main factors to restrict fir recruitment. In the northwestern treeline with sparse bamboo, the relatively rich seedling recruitment in recent60years was beneficial for higher monthly mean minimum temperatures before growing season (January, February and March) and in the growing season (May, June, September and October). Adequate precipitation before the growing season (January and February) was also beneficial for seedlings' survival. Recruitment was greatly restricted by competition with dense bamboos in the southeast treeline.
本文以优势树种岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)和紫果云杉(Picea purpurea)为研究对象,分别布设了5个岷江冷杉样带和1个紫果云杉样带,对样带内和样带附近的冷杉和云杉进行调查和取样,建立了相应的年表和年龄结构,利用山地小气候模型(MTCLIM)模拟各采样点的月气候要素,通过相关与主成分分析、相关与响应函数分析、特征年分析、生长释放分析等方法,揭示了地形(海拔与坡向)、年龄等因素影响下树木的生长格局及气候响应差异、相同生境处不同树种径向生长对气候因子的响应差异、高海拔林线处冷杉幼苗的更新动态及限制因子。本研究填补了川西亚高山湿润半湿润气候敏感区林线动态研究的空白,得出的主要结果如下：
(1)在公共区间内各样带内冷杉的年际生长存在一定的共性：在1937年左右均较低,在1990年之后也基本同步出现了下降趋势；两个坡向不同海拔年表的特征窄年出现在相同的时间段,1935-1937年、1967年、1976年和1982年；年表间的相关和主成分分析也表明不同坡向不同海拔的树木生长受共同因素的控制；不同样带内冷杉的生长受到共同气候因子的影响,上年生长季(上年7、8月份)的高温抑制冷杉当年的径向生长,当年1月份的充足降水会促进其生长；只有在两个低海拔样带冷杉生长受到生长季降水的显著促进作用,上年9月的降水对西北坡低海拔样带径向生长具有显著的促进作用,东南坡低海拔样带冷杉的生长与当年7月份的降水显著正相关。
(2)不同海拔处紫果云杉径向生长与气候因子的关系存在一致性,3个海拔的年轮指数均与上年12月份的降水成负相关关系,与当年6月份的月平均气温及月平均最高气温成正比；随海拔梯度的变化,云杉径向生长的气候敏感性存在一定差异,低海拔与中海拔采样点的树木生长均受到上年生长季(7、8月份)气温的抑制,高海拔采样点的树木生长受生长季前(12月份、当年2月份、当年4月份)和生长季(当年6月份、7月份)气温明显的促进作用。
(3)近30年的升温造成生长季的水分缺失,可能是低海拔生境处冷杉与气温产生“分离”的主要原因；低海拔相同生境处：冷杉主要受上年生长季(上年7、8月份)及当年生长季末(当年9月份)气温的负反馈作用,而云杉仅表现为同生长季前(上年12月份)与当年生长季末(当年9月份)的月平均最低气温显著正相关,冷杉与云杉均表现出同上年生长季末(上年10月份)降水的显著负相关关系；高海拔生境处：冷杉明显受到上年生长季(上年6、8月份)高温的限制,当年生长季(当年7月份)较高的月平均最低气温会促进径向生长,而云杉的径向生长同生长季前(上年12月份、当年2、4月份)及当年生长季(6、7月份)的月平均最低气温显著正相关,当年2、6月份的高温也会明显促进径向生长。
(4)云杉随树龄增大敏感度降低,幼龄组云杉对生长季前及生长季的气温状况响应显著；中龄组云杉年表仅与当年4月份和7月份的月平均最低气温显著正相关；老龄组云杉的年轮宽度指数同上年生长季(上年8月份)的月平均气温和月平均最低温显著负相关,上年生长季高温的“滞后效应”在老龄组云杉体现的史为突出；幼龄组与中龄组云杉对当年6月份降水持续增加显示出明显的负相关关系,上年12月份的降水会对幼龄和老龄云杉径向生长不利。
(5)低频的小规模干扰不是限制冷杉更新的主要因素,在竹子盖度相对较小的西北坡林线,近60年较丰富的幼苗更新得益于生长季前(1、2、3月份)及生长季(5、6、9、10月份)较高的月平均最低气温,生长季前(2、3月份)的充足降水也有利于幼苗存活；东南坡林线处稀疏的幼苗更新主要受到浓密竹子的强烈抑制。
Climate change in the20th century, especially the significant climate warming, has deeply influenced the dynamics of forests in the high latitudes and high altitudes. Subalpine forest is one of the most important and sensitive indicators for global climate change. It is very important for us to understand and grasp global change, to study the response of subalpine forest ecosystem to climate change. As one of the most sensitive areas to global change, subalpine in western Sichuan province owns prominent standing and role in the research about global climate change. Wanglang Nature Reserve belongs to the typical subalpine area of western Sichuan province on the eastern edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The unique landscape and the vast virgin forest supply the advantaged conditions for us to study forestry adapting to climate change. To carry out systematic dendroclimatology study in this area is beneficial for gaining profound knowledge on the influences and consequences of climate change to forest ecosystem. It is also conductive to forecasting the time-space distribution patterns of forest ecosystem in the future.
Regarding Abies faxoniana and Picea purpurea as the research object, we established five sampling transects for Abies faxoniana and one sampling transect for Picea purpurea. After surveyed and sampled within and around the six transects, we developed the corresponding chronologies and age structures for both the tree species. At the same time, we simulated the month climate factors for each sampling site using the software of MTCLIM. And then, through correlation and component analysis, correlation function and response function analysis, pointer year analysis, and growth release analysis, we revealed tree radial growth patterns and recruitment dynamics influenced by climate, slope, elevation and age. This study filled the research gap of treeline dynamics in the humid and semi-humid climate sensitive areas in subalphine of western Sichuan province. The main conclusions can be drawn as follows:
(1) The annual-growth of Abies faxoniana in all sampling sites had certain common characteristics, such as the lowest value appeared around1937and there was a down trend after1990. The pointer narrow years for all the chronologies of the two different aspect occurred in the same time period, such as1935-1937,1967,1976and1982. The correlation and principal component analysis among all the chronologies showed that tree growth was controlled by common factors at different altitudes and different aspect. Fir growth among different sampling transects was influenced by common climatic factors:the warming temperature in the previous growing season (July and August) restrained fir radial growth; adequate precipitation in the current January promoted growth. Only in the two low-altitudes transects, fir growth was significant affected by growing season precipitation:the previous September precipitation promoted fir radial growth significantly in the low-altitude of northwestern slope; fir growth in the low-altitude of southeast slope was significantly positively correlated with the current July precipitation.
(2) There was some consistency about relationships between radial growth of Picea purpurea and climate factors at different altitudes:the three tree-ring indexes were all negatively correlated with December precipitation, and were all positively correlated with monthly mean temperature and monthly mean maximum temperature in current June. The sensitivity of radial growth to climate factors was also different in some ways with the elevation gradient, spruce growth in the low and mid-elevation were inhibited by the temperatures of previous growing season (July and August); tree growth in the high-altitude sampling site was obviously promoted by the temperatures before the growing season (December, February and April) and the temperatures in the growing season (June and July).
(3) That water loss in the growing season caused by the warming of the past30years might be the main reason for the "abruption" between the fir growth and temperature at the low-elevation. At the same habitat of low altitude:fir radial growth was mainly negatively influenced by the temperatures of previous growing season (July and August) and in the end of current growing season (September); spruce growth only showed significant positive correlations with monthly mean minimum temperatures of previous December and current September; fir and spruce were all showed significant negative correlations with previous October precipitation. At the same habitat of high altitude:fir growth was obviously inhibited by the high temperatures in previous growing season (June and August), and was promoted by the higher monthly mean minimum temperatures of current growing season (July); spruce radial growth showed significant positive correlations with the monthly mean minimum temperatures before growing season (December, February and April) and in the growing season (June and July), and the high temperatures in current February and June also promoted radial growth.
(4) With tree age increasing, the sensitivity of spruce reduced. The responses of young spruce were significant with temperatures before growing season and in growing season. The chronology of the middle-aged spruce showed significant and positive correlation with monthly mean minimum temperatures in current April and July. Ring width index of old spruce was significantly negatively correlated with monthly mean temperature and monthly mean minimum temperature of previous August. The "lag effect" of high temperatures in previous growing season was prominent in the old spruce. Spruce within young group and mid-age group showed a significant negative correlation with current June precipitation. Adequate precipitation in December was not beneficial for the radial growth of young and aged spruce.
(5) Small-scale interferences occurred in low frequency were not the main factors to restrict fir recruitment. In the northwestern treeline with sparse bamboo, the relatively rich seedling recruitment in recent60years was beneficial for higher monthly mean minimum temperatures before growing season (January, February and March) and in the growing season (May, June, September and October). Adequate precipitation before the growing season (January and February) was also beneficial for seedlings' survival. Recruitment was greatly restricted by competition with dense bamboos in the southeast treeline.
引文
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