信息技术对企业组织结构的影响分析
摘要
企业信息化是为了提高企业整体经营水平而将信息技术与先进的管理思想和方法综合运用的过程，是企业在信息经济时代下提高竞争力的重要手段。企业信息化不仅仅是一种技术工具的应用，而且是一场激进的组织变革。信息技术的应用从根本上改变了组织的目标、结构、形态和习惯，可以说，信息技术已经成为影响企业组织结构的一个重要因素。
本论文以企业信息化过程中组织结构的适应性问题为研究对象，从信息技术对组织结构的影响和组织结构设计如何适应企业信息化需要两个方面探讨了二者之间相互影响、相互适应的关系；在对企业信息化发展状况进行全面评估的基础上，提出了基于信息化发展阶段的组织设计策略。
在针对信息技术对组织结构影响的研究中，论文首先分析了影响组织结构形态的各种内在特征和影响因素，并将其描述为组织的结构性维度和关联性维度。结构性维度包括复杂性、规范性和集权／分权程度，它们描述了一个组织的内部特征，为衡量和比较组织提供了基础。关联性维度包括环境、战略、规模、技术和文化等，它们描述了影响和改变组织结构的关键要素；然后，分析了信息技术对环境、战略、规模、技术、文化等关联性要素的影响；本文认为，随着信息技术在企业的广泛应用，从总体上将有助于组织规范性的提高和复杂性与集权程度的降低。
企业信息化是一个由低到高的发展过程，各发展阶段应该具有能相互区分的显著特征。在不同的发展阶段，信息技术对组织结构影响的内容与程度有所不同，因此，在对组织结构进行调整和组织变革时必须将其信息化发展阶段作为一个重要的参考依据。
Enterprise informatization is a process of comprehensive employment of information technology (IT) and advanced management concepts and approaches for enhancing the enterprise performances. It is also an important means for enterprise to improve the competitiveness in the age of information economy. Enterprise informatization is not only the application of technological tools, but also a radical organizational change. The application of information technqlogy has fundamentally changed the goals, structure, forms and habits of the organization. In other words, IT has already become an important factor to influence organizational structure of enterprise.
This dissertation deals with adaptability issues of organizational structure in enterprise informatization. It probes into the relationship of mutual influence and mutual adaptability of the influence of IT on organizational structure and, the way for organizational design to meet the needs of enterprise informatization. Based on an assessment of the development of enterprise informatization, this paper puts forward an organizational designing strategy on the basis of informatization development stages.
In the research into the influence of IT on organizational structure, this paper first gives an analysis of all kinds of factors influencing organizational structural forms. They are divided into features of structure and influencing factors, and are described as organization structural dimensions and contextual dimensions. Structural dimensions include complexity, formalization, centralization and decentralization. They describe the internal characteristics of an organization and provide the foundation for analyzing and comparing organizations. Contextual dimensions include organizational environment, strategy, scale, technology and
culture, etc. They describe key factors to influence and change organizational structure. Then analysis is made on the influence of IT on contextual factors like environment, strategy, scale, technology and culture. Finally, analysis is made on IT's influence on the three structural dimensions concretely, This paper holds the opinion that with the extensive applications of IT in enterprises, it will help improve the organizational formal ization and reduce the degrees of complexity and centralization.
Enterprise informatization is a process of development from the lower level to a higher one. Each development stage should therefore enjoy a striking feature distinguishable from each other. At different development stages, there are difference of contents and degrees in IT's influence on organizational structure. Consequently, the informatization stages should be taken as a key reference in the readjustment of organizational structure and organizational reform.
本论文以企业信息化过程中组织结构的适应性问题为研究对象，从信息技术对组织结构的影响和组织结构设计如何适应企业信息化需要两个方面探讨了二者之间相互影响、相互适应的关系；在对企业信息化发展状况进行全面评估的基础上，提出了基于信息化发展阶段的组织设计策略。
在针对信息技术对组织结构影响的研究中，论文首先分析了影响组织结构形态的各种内在特征和影响因素，并将其描述为组织的结构性维度和关联性维度。结构性维度包括复杂性、规范性和集权／分权程度，它们描述了一个组织的内部特征，为衡量和比较组织提供了基础。关联性维度包括环境、战略、规模、技术和文化等，它们描述了影响和改变组织结构的关键要素；然后，分析了信息技术对环境、战略、规模、技术、文化等关联性要素的影响；本文认为，随着信息技术在企业的广泛应用，从总体上将有助于组织规范性的提高和复杂性与集权程度的降低。
企业信息化是一个由低到高的发展过程，各发展阶段应该具有能相互区分的显著特征。在不同的发展阶段，信息技术对组织结构影响的内容与程度有所不同，因此，在对组织结构进行调整和组织变革时必须将其信息化发展阶段作为一个重要的参考依据。
Enterprise informatization is a process of comprehensive employment of information technology (IT) and advanced management concepts and approaches for enhancing the enterprise performances. It is also an important means for enterprise to improve the competitiveness in the age of information economy. Enterprise informatization is not only the application of technological tools, but also a radical organizational change. The application of information technqlogy has fundamentally changed the goals, structure, forms and habits of the organization. In other words, IT has already become an important factor to influence organizational structure of enterprise.
This dissertation deals with adaptability issues of organizational structure in enterprise informatization. It probes into the relationship of mutual influence and mutual adaptability of the influence of IT on organizational structure and, the way for organizational design to meet the needs of enterprise informatization. Based on an assessment of the development of enterprise informatization, this paper puts forward an organizational designing strategy on the basis of informatization development stages.
In the research into the influence of IT on organizational structure, this paper first gives an analysis of all kinds of factors influencing organizational structural forms. They are divided into features of structure and influencing factors, and are described as organization structural dimensions and contextual dimensions. Structural dimensions include complexity, formalization, centralization and decentralization. They describe the internal characteristics of an organization and provide the foundation for analyzing and comparing organizations. Contextual dimensions include organizational environment, strategy, scale, technology and
culture, etc. They describe key factors to influence and change organizational structure. Then analysis is made on the influence of IT on contextual factors like environment, strategy, scale, technology and culture. Finally, analysis is made on IT's influence on the three structural dimensions concretely, This paper holds the opinion that with the extensive applications of IT in enterprises, it will help improve the organizational formal ization and reduce the degrees of complexity and centralization.
Enterprise informatization is a process of development from the lower level to a higher one. Each development stage should therefore enjoy a striking feature distinguishable from each other. At different development stages, there are difference of contents and degrees in IT's influence on organizational structure. Consequently, the informatization stages should be taken as a key reference in the readjustment of organizational structure and organizational reform.
引文
[1] 宋伟．新技术革命与企业组织结构创新．四川大学出版社，2002．
[2] Zuboffs. Technologies That Information : Implications For Human Resource Management in the Computerized Industrial Workplace. Walton RE[Ed]. HRMT rend and Challeges, 1985.
[3] 宋玲．信息化水平测度的理论与方法[M]．经济科学出版社，2001(3)．
[4] 王众托．企业信息化与管理变革[M]．中国人民大学出版社，2001．
[5] 乌家培．关于推进企业信息化的思考[J]．经济经纬，1999(4)．
[6] 图解中国企业信息化现状．www.ccw.com.cn.2002.7.
[7] 赵树峰．中国企业信息化现状及发展策略．www.e-works.net.cn.2001.11.29.
[8] J．I．卡什，L．G．埃克尔斯，N．诺里亚等．刘晋，秦静译．创建信息时代的组织[M]．东北财经大学出版社，2000．
[9] 张后启．IT“黑洞”现代企业管理的陷阱．www.96112.com.cn/company/qyxxh.
[10] 彭义兵，黄培．“信息化黑洞”成因分析．中国计算机用户[J]，2002．
[11] The Agile IT Organization: Enabling Business Agility, Enhancing Business Performance. Whitepaper. CGN & Associates, Inc. 2002.
[12] M.Hannan, J.Freeman. Organizaional Ecology[M]. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989.
[13] 杨玉生．西方经济理论及经济改革与发展研究[M]．中国经济科学出版社，1999．
[14] 吴钢．信息技术与企业组织模式变迁[J]．甘肃社会科学，1999(4)．
[15] 孟卫东，吴俊，赵亮．信息技术与组织设计[J]．技术经济与管理研究，2002(1)．
[16] 卢健，栗强．世界现代管理学家管理法则全书[M]．中国社会出版社，1999．
[17] 贾正如，陈炎玮．世界现代管理学家管理法则全书[M]．中国社会出版社，1999．
[18] 孙耀君．西方管理学名著提要[M]．江西人民出版社，1998．
[19] 钟建安．信息技术对组织结构设计的影响[J]．应用心理学，2001，7(1)．
[20] S. Robbins．组织理论[M]．1987．
[21] 杨洪兰，孙蔚．也谈高新技术的应用对组织结构的影响[J]．研究与发展管理，1995，7(2)．
[22] 赵文．网络时代企业组织模式创新的动因与对策[J]．学海，2001(6)．
[23] 高维村，左小德．信息技术对企业组织结构的影响[J]．科技管理研究，2001(4)．
[24] 钱士茹．信息技术驱动下企业组织结构的变化[J]．合肥工业大学学报(社科版)，2001，15(3)．
[25] 何兵．信息技术的发展对企业组织结构和经营模式的影响[J]．华东船舶工业学院学报(社科版)，2002，2(1)．
[26] 廖睿．未来信息技术如何影响管理[J]．经理人，2002(10)．
[27] 岳毅宏，韩文秀．信息技术和现代管理变革[J]．中国软科学，2002(1)．
[28] Feurer R, K. Chaharbaghi and J. Wargin. Aligning Strategies, Processes and IT: A Case Study[J]. Information System Management, 2000 (Winter).
[29] L．M．阿普盖特，F．W．麦克法伦，J．L．麦肯尼．李东译．公司信息系统管理[M]．第五版．东北财经大学出版社，2000．
[30] 林梅．从权变观念看网络经济时代企业组织变革[J]．经济管理，2001(16)．
[31] 钱平凡．组织转型[M]．浙江人民出版社，1999．
[32] Charles Perrow. A Framework for the Comparative Analysis of Organizations[J]. American Sociological Review, 1967 (April).
[33] 陈宪宇．信息技术与企业管理．www.e-works.net.cn.2001.7.9.
[34] 张涛．信息技术在企业业务流程重组中的功能研究．www.e-works.
net.cn. 2002.4.23.
[35] 陈亚兵，李敏强，王以直．基于信息技术的组织模式变革[J]．系统工程理论，1999(10)．
[36] W.Jack Duncan. Organizations, Culture and Commitment: Motivation and Social Control in Organizations[J]. California Management Review, 1989, Summer.
[37] 芦克宁，袁庆宏．现代信息社会企业组织模式的新特点[J]．吉林工学院学报，1997，18(2)．
[38] Martin Schulz, Nikolaus Beck. Organizational Rules and Rule Histories: A Review of Current Research on Rule-Based Models of Organizational Learning. 2001.
[2] Zuboffs. Technologies That Information : Implications For Human Resource Management in the Computerized Industrial Workplace. Walton RE[Ed]. HRMT rend and Challeges, 1985.
[3] 宋玲．信息化水平测度的理论与方法[M]．经济科学出版社，2001(3)．
[4] 王众托．企业信息化与管理变革[M]．中国人民大学出版社，2001．
[5] 乌家培．关于推进企业信息化的思考[J]．经济经纬，1999(4)．
[6] 图解中国企业信息化现状．www.ccw.com.cn.2002.7.
[7] 赵树峰．中国企业信息化现状及发展策略．www.e-works.net.cn.2001.11.29.
[8] J．I．卡什，L．G．埃克尔斯，N．诺里亚等．刘晋，秦静译．创建信息时代的组织[M]．东北财经大学出版社，2000．
[9] 张后启．IT“黑洞”现代企业管理的陷阱．www.96112.com.cn/company/qyxxh.
[10] 彭义兵，黄培．“信息化黑洞”成因分析．中国计算机用户[J]，2002．
[11] The Agile IT Organization: Enabling Business Agility, Enhancing Business Performance. Whitepaper. CGN & Associates, Inc. 2002.
[12] M.Hannan, J.Freeman. Organizaional Ecology[M]. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989.
[13] 杨玉生．西方经济理论及经济改革与发展研究[M]．中国经济科学出版社，1999．
[14] 吴钢．信息技术与企业组织模式变迁[J]．甘肃社会科学，1999(4)．
[15] 孟卫东，吴俊，赵亮．信息技术与组织设计[J]．技术经济与管理研究，2002(1)．
[16] 卢健，栗强．世界现代管理学家管理法则全书[M]．中国社会出版社，1999．
[17] 贾正如，陈炎玮．世界现代管理学家管理法则全书[M]．中国社会出版社，1999．
[18] 孙耀君．西方管理学名著提要[M]．江西人民出版社，1998．
[19] 钟建安．信息技术对组织结构设计的影响[J]．应用心理学，2001，7(1)．
[20] S. Robbins．组织理论[M]．1987．
[21] 杨洪兰，孙蔚．也谈高新技术的应用对组织结构的影响[J]．研究与发展管理，1995，7(2)．
[22] 赵文．网络时代企业组织模式创新的动因与对策[J]．学海，2001(6)．
[23] 高维村，左小德．信息技术对企业组织结构的影响[J]．科技管理研究，2001(4)．
[24] 钱士茹．信息技术驱动下企业组织结构的变化[J]．合肥工业大学学报(社科版)，2001，15(3)．
[25] 何兵．信息技术的发展对企业组织结构和经营模式的影响[J]．华东船舶工业学院学报(社科版)，2002，2(1)．
[26] 廖睿．未来信息技术如何影响管理[J]．经理人，2002(10)．
[27] 岳毅宏，韩文秀．信息技术和现代管理变革[J]．中国软科学，2002(1)．
[28] Feurer R, K. Chaharbaghi and J. Wargin. Aligning Strategies, Processes and IT: A Case Study[J]. Information System Management, 2000 (Winter).
[29] L．M．阿普盖特，F．W．麦克法伦，J．L．麦肯尼．李东译．公司信息系统管理[M]．第五版．东北财经大学出版社，2000．
[30] 林梅．从权变观念看网络经济时代企业组织变革[J]．经济管理，2001(16)．
[31] 钱平凡．组织转型[M]．浙江人民出版社，1999．
[32] Charles Perrow. A Framework for the Comparative Analysis of Organizations[J]. American Sociological Review, 1967 (April).
[33] 陈宪宇．信息技术与企业管理．www.e-works.net.cn.2001.7.9.
[34] 张涛．信息技术在企业业务流程重组中的功能研究．www.e-works.
net.cn. 2002.4.23.
[35] 陈亚兵，李敏强，王以直．基于信息技术的组织模式变革[J]．系统工程理论，1999(10)．
[36] W.Jack Duncan. Organizations, Culture and Commitment: Motivation and Social Control in Organizations[J]. California Management Review, 1989, Summer.
[37] 芦克宁，袁庆宏．现代信息社会企业组织模式的新特点[J]．吉林工学院学报，1997，18(2)．
[38] Martin Schulz, Nikolaus Beck. Organizational Rules and Rule Histories: A Review of Current Research on Rule-Based Models of Organizational Learning. 2001.