复杂地层PDC钻头个性化设计及应用研究
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摘要
论文通过岩心资料和测井资料等详细分析研究了长庆油田隆东地区地层的复杂特性,发现该地区地层软硬悬殊,硬夹层多,可钻性差,是导致常规PDC钻头难以在该地区有效应用的重要原因。在分析长庆油田PDC钻头早期损坏现象的基础上,系统研究了PDC钻头的损坏机理;研究了PDC钻头在井底的涡动规律、建立了涡动方程,为PDC钻头的抗涡动设计建立了基础;研究了PDC钻头设计理论,提出了采用抗硬夹层的双重保护切削结构和从钻头的冠部形状、刀翼的合理布置和力平衡优化布齿三个方面进行抗涡动的PDC钻头设计方法,以及以0漂移趋势为原则确定PDC钻头内锥高度和冠顶高度的定向钻进PDC钻头设计方法。
在理论研究的基础上,编制了相应的PDC钻头三维可视化设计计算程序,针对长庆油田隆东复杂地层进行了PDC钻头的个性化设计,并成功制造出四种针对该地区特点的PDC钻头。为配合PDC钻头应用,论文还系统研究了PDC钻头的应用技术,提出了PDC钻头、单弯螺杆、短钻铤和稳定器“四合一钻具”组合结构。应用实践证明,该钻具结构既利用了单弯螺杆的滑动可调能力,又实现了双稳定器刚性钻具结构的稳方位效果,还充分发挥了PDC钻头的快速钻进优势,能够满足直井段防斜、定向造斜、复合调整和稳斜稳方位的轨迹控制要求。
利用本论文个性化设计的四种类型的PDC钻头进行了现场应用实验,顺利钻穿了隆东地区复杂的安定、直罗地层,与本地区牙轮钻头相比,明显提高了机械钻速和钻头进尺,使PDC钻头在长庆油田的应用取得突破,为PDC钻头在长庆油田推广应用提供了理论和技术支持。
The complex properties for the formations in the Rongdong region of Changqing oil field were analyzed with core information and well logging data. Results demonstrate that the greatly different hardness, diverse hard intermediate layers and poor drillability of the formations mainly result in the difficulty for conventional PDC drilling bit to be effectively utilized in this region. Based on the analysis of premature failure of PDC bits in Changqing oil field, the failure mechanisms were systematically studied. Research on PDC bit design principles was conducted, and a new PDC bit design method adopting the dual-protection cutting structure with hardness-resistant intermediate layer was proposed, the anti-eddy property of which was realized by proper crown bit configuration design, appropriate blade positioning and force equilibrium optimized tooth distribution. Meanwhile, the PDC bit design method for directional drilling on the determination of the heights of inner cone and corona was brought forward based on the principle of zero drift tendency.
On the basis of theoretical research, the relevant visible three-dimensional design calculator program was compiled. Aiming at the complex formations in the Rongdong region of Changqing oil field, specific design was conducted for PDC drilling bit, and four types of corresponding PDC bits were successfully produced. In correspondence with the application of PDC bit, the packed structure named four-to-one drilling facility, including the PDC bit, single curved screw, short drill collar and stabilizer, was proposed. Application practice shows that the drilling facility not only uses the sliding tenability of single curved screw, but realizes the stable orientation effect with the double-stabilizer stiff drilling structure. Moreover, the facility brings the faster penetration advantage of PDC drilling bit into full play, and meets the requirements of trace control for deviation resistance in vertical section, directional buildup, compound adjustment and angle holding in orientation stabilizing.
Field tests were carried out with the four specifically designed PDC bits. The Anding and Zhiluo formation in the Rongdong region were successfully penetrated. Compared with local cone bit, the penetration rate and bit footage were both significantly improved. The developed PDC bits become a breakthrough for their application in Changqing oil field, and offer theoretical and technical support for the extensive application of PDC bits in Changqing oil field.
在理论研究的基础上,编制了相应的PDC钻头三维可视化设计计算程序,针对长庆油田隆东复杂地层进行了PDC钻头的个性化设计,并成功制造出四种针对该地区特点的PDC钻头。为配合PDC钻头应用,论文还系统研究了PDC钻头的应用技术,提出了PDC钻头、单弯螺杆、短钻铤和稳定器“四合一钻具”组合结构。应用实践证明,该钻具结构既利用了单弯螺杆的滑动可调能力,又实现了双稳定器刚性钻具结构的稳方位效果,还充分发挥了PDC钻头的快速钻进优势,能够满足直井段防斜、定向造斜、复合调整和稳斜稳方位的轨迹控制要求。
利用本论文个性化设计的四种类型的PDC钻头进行了现场应用实验,顺利钻穿了隆东地区复杂的安定、直罗地层,与本地区牙轮钻头相比,明显提高了机械钻速和钻头进尺,使PDC钻头在长庆油田的应用取得突破,为PDC钻头在长庆油田推广应用提供了理论和技术支持。
The complex properties for the formations in the Rongdong region of Changqing oil field were analyzed with core information and well logging data. Results demonstrate that the greatly different hardness, diverse hard intermediate layers and poor drillability of the formations mainly result in the difficulty for conventional PDC drilling bit to be effectively utilized in this region. Based on the analysis of premature failure of PDC bits in Changqing oil field, the failure mechanisms were systematically studied. Research on PDC bit design principles was conducted, and a new PDC bit design method adopting the dual-protection cutting structure with hardness-resistant intermediate layer was proposed, the anti-eddy property of which was realized by proper crown bit configuration design, appropriate blade positioning and force equilibrium optimized tooth distribution. Meanwhile, the PDC bit design method for directional drilling on the determination of the heights of inner cone and corona was brought forward based on the principle of zero drift tendency.
On the basis of theoretical research, the relevant visible three-dimensional design calculator program was compiled. Aiming at the complex formations in the Rongdong region of Changqing oil field, specific design was conducted for PDC drilling bit, and four types of corresponding PDC bits were successfully produced. In correspondence with the application of PDC bit, the packed structure named four-to-one drilling facility, including the PDC bit, single curved screw, short drill collar and stabilizer, was proposed. Application practice shows that the drilling facility not only uses the sliding tenability of single curved screw, but realizes the stable orientation effect with the double-stabilizer stiff drilling structure. Moreover, the facility brings the faster penetration advantage of PDC drilling bit into full play, and meets the requirements of trace control for deviation resistance in vertical section, directional buildup, compound adjustment and angle holding in orientation stabilizing.
Field tests were carried out with the four specifically designed PDC bits. The Anding and Zhiluo formation in the Rongdong region were successfully penetrated. Compared with local cone bit, the penetration rate and bit footage were both significantly improved. The developed PDC bits become a breakthrough for their application in Changqing oil field, and offer theoretical and technical support for the extensive application of PDC bits in Changqing oil field.
引文
[1] W. C. Maurer著.新式钻岩技术[M].昊光琳等译.地质出版社,1986
[2] D. V. Swenson, etc. Analytical and experimental investigations of rock cutting using PDC drag cutter[J]. SPE 10150, Oct. 1981
[3] D. H. Zeuch, D. V. Swenson, J. T. Finger. Subsurface damage development in rock during drag-bit cutting: observations and model predictions[A]. 24th US Symp.on Rock Mechanics[C]. June 1983
[4] D. H. Zeuch, J. T. Finger. Rock breakage mechanisms with PDC cutting[J]. SPE 14219,Sept.1985
[5] J. Cheatham, Jr,etc. A study of factors influencing the drillability of shales: single cutter experiments with Stratapax drill blanks[J]. J. Of Energy Resources Technology, 1979, V101: 189-195
[6] T. M. Warren and W. K. Armagost. Laboratory drilling performance of PDC bits[J]. SPE 15617,Sept.1986
[7] J. E. Melaugh,J. A.Salzer. Development of a predictive model for drilling pressurized shale with Stratapax blank bits[A]. Energy sources Tech. Conference Houston Texas[C], Jan. 18-21, 1981
[8] D. H.Zijsling. Single cutter testing-a key for PDC bit development[J]. SPE 16529, Sept. 1987
[9] E. E. Andersen and J. J. Azar.PDC bit performance under simulated borehole conditions[J]. SPE 20412,Sept.1990
[10]翟应虎. PDC钻头设计理论及设计方法的研究[D].东营:中国石油大学,1990
[11] D. A.Glowka and C. M. Stone. Effects of thermal and mechanical loading on PDC bit life[J]. SPE 13257,1987
[12] M. V. Sneddon and D. R. Hall.Polycrystalline Diamond: manufacture, wear mechanics, and implication for bit design[J]. SPE 17006, 1987
[13] A.Ortega and D.A.Glowka. Frictional heating and convective cooling of PDC drag tools during rock cutting[J]. SPE 11061, 1982
[14] D. A. Glowka and C. M. Stone.Thermal response of PDC cutters under simulated downhole conditions and operation[J]. SPE 11479, 1983
[15] D.A.Glowka.Implication of thermal wear phenomena for PDC bit design and operation[J]. SPE 14222, 1985
[16] D. A. Glowka.Design consideration bit[J]. Geothermal Res.Council, 1985V1(1)
[17] D.A.Glowka.Thermal limitations on the use of PDC bits in Geothermal drilling.
[18] D.H.Zijsling.Analysis of temperature distribution and performance of PDCbits under field drilling conditions[J]. SPE 13260, 1987
[19] D.E.Jr.Hibbs and D.G.Flow.Diamond compact cutter studies for geothermal bit design[J],Trans ASME V100, p400
[20] C.L.Houg and B.D.Wear characteristics of PDC drilling bits in small-diameter rock drilling.
[21] D.A.Glowka.The use of single-cutter data in the analysis ofPDC bit design[J]. SPE 15619, Sept. 1986
[22]孙明光,陈庭根. PDC钻头切削齿磨损规律的试验研究[J].石油大学学报,1996,20: 26-29
[23] D.G.Glowka.Optimization of Bit Hydraulic Configurations[J]. SPE10240
[24] P.Bission.Hydraulic Optimization of PDC Bits by Visualization Methods[J]. SPE 18370
[25] R.Crouse & R.Chia.Optimization of PDC Bit Hydraulic by Fluid Simulation[J]. SPE 14221
[26] D.Garcia-Gavito.Proper Nozzle Location,Bit Profile,and Cutter Arrangement Have Significant Effect on PDC Bit Performance[J]. SPE 20415
[27] I.King at al.Hydraulic Optimization of PDC Bits[J]. SPE 20928
[28]管志川.用矩形出口喷灌改善PDC钻头水力结构的研究[J].石油大学学报, 1992, 16(2):20-28
[29]高振果.PDC钻头井底水力问题的计算机模拟[J].石油钻采工艺,1995,17(6):19-24
[30]刘刚.水射流对PDC钻头选纵向清洗力的实验研究[J].石油钻探技术,1996,24 (1):42-43,58
[31] R.F.Ashmore,K.W.Chase,and D.L.Mahlum.STRATAPAX Computer Program[R]. Report,SAND77-1994,1978
[32] E.A.Aronson, K. G. McCaughey , E.L.Walton.STRATAPAX Computer Program Update[R]. Report , SAND82-1087,1982
[33]李树盛.PDC钻头优化设计与CAD系统软件开发[J].石油矿场机械,1997,26(1):2-5
[34] L.A. Sinor,J.R. Powers & T.M. Wareen.The Effect of PDC Cutter Density, Back Rake, Size, and Speed on Performance[J]. IADC/SPE 39306
[35] C.M. Perott:The Influence of Temperature on Performance of Hard Metal Rock Bits[J].Metaux Corros. Ind.,1980,V55(6):16-23
[36]А.И.斯比瓦克,А.Н.波波夫.钻井岩石破碎学[M].地质出版社,1982:99-100
[37]徐小荷,余静.岩石破碎学,煤炭工业出版社[M],1984:350-355
[38] P. Kenny & S.N. Johnson:An Investigation of the Abrasive Wear of Mineral-Cutting Tools[J]. Wear,1976,Vol.244:337-361
[39] P. Kenny & S.N. Johnson:The Effect of Wear on The Performance of Mineral-Cutting Tools[J]. Wear,1976,Vol.244:246-252
[40] B.D. Brandon at al:Development of a New IADC Fixed Cutter Drill Bit Classification System[J]. IADC/SPE 23940
[41] S. Taylor at al:Unique PDC Bit Technology Combine to Consistently Reduce Drilling Time in Interbedded Formations[J]. IADC/SPE 47778
[42]孙明光,张云联.新型PDC钻头设计[J].石油钻采工艺,2000,22(2):31-34
[43] G.M. Wilmot,R. Soza & K. Hudson.Advanced Cutting Structure Improve PDC Bit Performance in Hard Rock Drilling Enviornments[J]. SPE 84354
[44] H. Karasawa & S. Misawa.Development of New PDC Bits for Drilling of Geothermal Wells-Part 1:Laboratory Testing[J]. Transaction of the ASME Journal of Energy Resource Technology,1992,V114:323~338
[45] X. Li & M. Hood.Wear and Damage to PDC Bits[J]. SPE 2629
[2] D. V. Swenson, etc. Analytical and experimental investigations of rock cutting using PDC drag cutter[J]. SPE 10150, Oct. 1981
[3] D. H. Zeuch, D. V. Swenson, J. T. Finger. Subsurface damage development in rock during drag-bit cutting: observations and model predictions[A]. 24th US Symp.on Rock Mechanics[C]. June 1983
[4] D. H. Zeuch, J. T. Finger. Rock breakage mechanisms with PDC cutting[J]. SPE 14219,Sept.1985
[5] J. Cheatham, Jr,etc. A study of factors influencing the drillability of shales: single cutter experiments with Stratapax drill blanks[J]. J. Of Energy Resources Technology, 1979, V101: 189-195
[6] T. M. Warren and W. K. Armagost. Laboratory drilling performance of PDC bits[J]. SPE 15617,Sept.1986
[7] J. E. Melaugh,J. A.Salzer. Development of a predictive model for drilling pressurized shale with Stratapax blank bits[A]. Energy sources Tech. Conference Houston Texas[C], Jan. 18-21, 1981
[8] D. H.Zijsling. Single cutter testing-a key for PDC bit development[J]. SPE 16529, Sept. 1987
[9] E. E. Andersen and J. J. Azar.PDC bit performance under simulated borehole conditions[J]. SPE 20412,Sept.1990
[10]翟应虎. PDC钻头设计理论及设计方法的研究[D].东营:中国石油大学,1990
[11] D. A.Glowka and C. M. Stone. Effects of thermal and mechanical loading on PDC bit life[J]. SPE 13257,1987
[12] M. V. Sneddon and D. R. Hall.Polycrystalline Diamond: manufacture, wear mechanics, and implication for bit design[J]. SPE 17006, 1987
[13] A.Ortega and D.A.Glowka. Frictional heating and convective cooling of PDC drag tools during rock cutting[J]. SPE 11061, 1982
[14] D. A. Glowka and C. M. Stone.Thermal response of PDC cutters under simulated downhole conditions and operation[J]. SPE 11479, 1983
[15] D.A.Glowka.Implication of thermal wear phenomena for PDC bit design and operation[J]. SPE 14222, 1985
[16] D. A. Glowka.Design consideration bit[J]. Geothermal Res.Council, 1985V1(1)
[17] D.A.Glowka.Thermal limitations on the use of PDC bits in Geothermal drilling.
[18] D.H.Zijsling.Analysis of temperature distribution and performance of PDCbits under field drilling conditions[J]. SPE 13260, 1987
[19] D.E.Jr.Hibbs and D.G.Flow.Diamond compact cutter studies for geothermal bit design[J],Trans ASME V100, p400
[20] C.L.Houg and B.D.Wear characteristics of PDC drilling bits in small-diameter rock drilling.
[21] D.A.Glowka.The use of single-cutter data in the analysis ofPDC bit design[J]. SPE 15619, Sept. 1986
[22]孙明光,陈庭根. PDC钻头切削齿磨损规律的试验研究[J].石油大学学报,1996,20: 26-29
[23] D.G.Glowka.Optimization of Bit Hydraulic Configurations[J]. SPE10240
[24] P.Bission.Hydraulic Optimization of PDC Bits by Visualization Methods[J]. SPE 18370
[25] R.Crouse & R.Chia.Optimization of PDC Bit Hydraulic by Fluid Simulation[J]. SPE 14221
[26] D.Garcia-Gavito.Proper Nozzle Location,Bit Profile,and Cutter Arrangement Have Significant Effect on PDC Bit Performance[J]. SPE 20415
[27] I.King at al.Hydraulic Optimization of PDC Bits[J]. SPE 20928
[28]管志川.用矩形出口喷灌改善PDC钻头水力结构的研究[J].石油大学学报, 1992, 16(2):20-28
[29]高振果.PDC钻头井底水力问题的计算机模拟[J].石油钻采工艺,1995,17(6):19-24
[30]刘刚.水射流对PDC钻头选纵向清洗力的实验研究[J].石油钻探技术,1996,24 (1):42-43,58
[31] R.F.Ashmore,K.W.Chase,and D.L.Mahlum.STRATAPAX Computer Program[R]. Report,SAND77-1994,1978
[32] E.A.Aronson, K. G. McCaughey , E.L.Walton.STRATAPAX Computer Program Update[R]. Report , SAND82-1087,1982
[33]李树盛.PDC钻头优化设计与CAD系统软件开发[J].石油矿场机械,1997,26(1):2-5
[34] L.A. Sinor,J.R. Powers & T.M. Wareen.The Effect of PDC Cutter Density, Back Rake, Size, and Speed on Performance[J]. IADC/SPE 39306
[35] C.M. Perott:The Influence of Temperature on Performance of Hard Metal Rock Bits[J].Metaux Corros. Ind.,1980,V55(6):16-23
[36]А.И.斯比瓦克,А.Н.波波夫.钻井岩石破碎学[M].地质出版社,1982:99-100
[37]徐小荷,余静.岩石破碎学,煤炭工业出版社[M],1984:350-355
[38] P. Kenny & S.N. Johnson:An Investigation of the Abrasive Wear of Mineral-Cutting Tools[J]. Wear,1976,Vol.244:337-361
[39] P. Kenny & S.N. Johnson:The Effect of Wear on The Performance of Mineral-Cutting Tools[J]. Wear,1976,Vol.244:246-252
[40] B.D. Brandon at al:Development of a New IADC Fixed Cutter Drill Bit Classification System[J]. IADC/SPE 23940
[41] S. Taylor at al:Unique PDC Bit Technology Combine to Consistently Reduce Drilling Time in Interbedded Formations[J]. IADC/SPE 47778
[42]孙明光,张云联.新型PDC钻头设计[J].石油钻采工艺,2000,22(2):31-34
[43] G.M. Wilmot,R. Soza & K. Hudson.Advanced Cutting Structure Improve PDC Bit Performance in Hard Rock Drilling Enviornments[J]. SPE 84354
[44] H. Karasawa & S. Misawa.Development of New PDC Bits for Drilling of Geothermal Wells-Part 1:Laboratory Testing[J]. Transaction of the ASME Journal of Energy Resource Technology,1992,V114:323~338
[45] X. Li & M. Hood.Wear and Damage to PDC Bits[J]. SPE 2629