我国审计师运营效率研究
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摘要
经济组织是人们所创立的一种实体,它通过实体内外的相互作用帮助个人和集体实现经济目的。因此,组织是以组织的基本目标成果为基础来加以评判的。对于审计师组织而言,它所提供的审计报告必须具有一定独立性和质量保证,否则审计将失去意义；而审计师组织的效率能为执业质量的提高和维系提供强有力的支持。为了维护注册会计师行业的形象和声誉,引导行业持续发展,更好地为经济发展服务,这就要求审计师组织必须在一定质量下提供高效率的供给。高效运营的经济组织,能为行业的整体发展及其在市场经济中作用的发挥提供强有力的保障和支持。
为此,本文以新制度经济学中的产权理论和不完全契约理论、组织经济学、产业经济学、微观经济学和X效率理论为基础,构建审计师运营效率影响因素的系统分析框架,并在此基础上展开实证研究。在对“十一五”期间我国审计师运营效率及其变动的实际情况进行计量和评价的基础上,继而对影响审计师运营效率及其变动的因素进行实证检验。全文共分八章,具体内容如下：
第一章是导论,主要介绍本文的研究动机、对象、方法、研究路径及结构安排。第二章是文献综述,对国内外注册会计师行业中影响运营效率的各个因素与特征进行了回顾与评述。第三章是制度背景与理论基础,在我国注册会计师行业“做大做强”的背景,以新制度经济学中的产权理论和不完全契约理论、产业经济学、微观经济学和X效率理论等为基础,对审计师运营效率的影响因素及其作用机理进行理论归纳和分析。在此基础上,构建审计师运营效率影响因素的系统分析框架。第四章是审计师运营效率的计量和评价,以数据包络分析(DEA)和Malmquist指数为计量方法,对“十一五”期间我国审计师运营效率及其变动情况进行全面系统的计量和评价。第五章是审计师特征、审计质量与审计师运营效率,从事务所供给角度,采用截面和面板回归分析方法,实证检验了审计师特征、审计质量对审计师运营效率的影响。并且指出必须通过提高定价等一系列措施和手段,引导注册会计师行业走出审计质量与审计师运营效率相背离的恶性循环状态,使注册会计师行业持续健康发展。第六章是客户特征、客户需求与审计师运营效率,从事务所的客户以及事务所与客户关系的角度,采用截面和面板回归分析方法,实证检验客户特征、客户需求对审计师运营效率的影响。第七章是审计模式改变、事务所合并与审计师运营效率变化,以Malmquist指数方法计量结果中全要素生产率作为审计师运营效率变化的衡量标准,使用面板回归分析方法,实证检验“十一五”期间,审计模式改变、事务所合并以及事务所组织形式变化等因素对审计师运营效率变化的影响。第八章是总结研究结果,提出对策及建议,同时指出本文的主要贡献和局限性,以及后续的研究方向。
通过上述研究,本文得出如下结论：
1.注册会计师行业是一个以人力资本为主要投入要素的产业。它的运营效率内涵是指事务所在以人力资本、专业知识和声誉作为主要投入品进行投入后,利用一系列相关技术、技能和经验等,向客户提供一定质量水平的鉴证服务或其他信息服务。在取得报酬的过程中,既定质量水平下的报酬产出与要素投入之间的关系。然而,由于人力资本的特征,广泛的有限理性、选择理性和机会主义行为将导致注册会计师行业的交易费用水平较高,进而降低了行业的运营效率。同时从产出角度来分析,审计产品有准公共品性质,公共品的收费困难,难以弥补生产成本,导致产出效率低下。而且,从审计市场供求关系来看,审计市场仍属于买方市场,我国的审计市场结构仍未能形成寡头垄断格局,事务所之间竞争激烈,也使行业整体运营效率水平较为低下。
另外,以一定质量的产出而言,审计产品属经验品,不对称信息较为严重。事前的逆向选择,将使高质量审计师遭到市场驱逐,尽管信号机制会部分改变不对称信息的状况,但信号机制本身也有成本,并受信号选择范围的影响。尤其当审计需求以法定需求为主时,较高质量的审计师可能难以实现高质量高效率的良性循环。更可能的是,审计师在签约后,出于自利目的或在“审计悖论”和购买意见盛行的影响下,出具较低审计质量水平的报告,现实中将导致审计质量与效率相背离的情形出现。
2.以数据包络分析和Malmquist指数为计量方法的实证结果表明：“十一五”期间,我国事务所运营效率以不变收益技术效率(CRS效率)来衡量,确实运营效率水平不高,但在此期间,运营效率水平持续上升,已由0.42上升至0.62。其中国际“四大”整体的效率优势远高于我国内资事务所的平均水平,但我国内资事务所正在逐年缩小与它们的差距。尤其是在2008-2009年间,内资事务所运营效率持续上升。另外,从事务所运营效率变动的角度来看,2006-2010年期间,我国注册会计师行业年均实现了24%的增长率,其中相对效率变动贡献了15%,技术进步贡献了10%,而且内资事务所的增长构成了运营效率增长的主要力量。
3.审计师特征、审计质量与审计师运营效率的实证结果表明：事务所的组织特征、业务特征、技术特征和人力资源特征均是影响审计师运营效率的主要因素。因此,目前注册会计师行业实施做大做强战略的各项措施,如大力发展业务多元化、扩大事务所规模、向特殊普通合伙制转变、规范统一定价水平等,有利于事务所运营效率水平的提高。而行业领军人才作用的发挥需要与其相关的产权安排相结合,从而使人力资源的效率优势得到更好的发挥。行业专长对效率水平的提高也需要建立在总体产出回报与投入相对应的关系上,通过各种措施提高产出水平,使行业专长有利于效率水平的提高。审计质量与事务所运营效率显著负相关。这种恶性循环状态将严重影响行业的持续健康发展,必须通过提高定价等一系列举措,引导行业向高质量高效率的良性循环发展。
4.客户特征、客户需求与审计师运营效率的实证结果表明：客户特征、客户需求因素对事务所运营效率有显著的影响,需要进一步提高事务所对客户风险程度的认知,通过引导客户高质量需求,使事务所运营效率向良性循环转变。
5.审计模式改变、事务所合并与审计师运营效率变化的实证结果表明：在影响审计师运营效率变动的因素中,除事务所注册会计师与其他从业人员的比例和事务所规模外,审计模式转变和事务所组织形式的变化是导致事务所运营效率提高的主要因素,合并未使审计师运营效率的变动得到显著提高。因此,持续加强审计技术、技能和经验的培养,加强合并事务所的整合协调,有利于注册会计师行业效率更加快速的提高。
本文第一次尝试构建了审计师运营效率影响因素的系统分析框架,并以新制度经济学等理论为基础,对审计行业低效率及审计质量与效率相背离的情形进行了理论归纳和分析。在实证阶段,在我国第一次尝试以DEA和Malmquist指数方法,对“十一五”期间我国注册会计师行业的整体运营效率及其变动情况进行了计量和评价。并且利用截面和面板回归分析方法,实证检验了审计师特征、客户特征和客户需求等因素对审计师运营效率及其变动的影响。
本文在以下方面还存在着一定的局限性,即在审计质量、审计模式、审计师任期、客户特征和需求中的部分代理变量选择方面,还应继续深入从多角度来进行研究,以使研究结论更具稳定性。另外,回归分析中仅以拥有证券期货资格的事务所为对象,形成的结论对于非证券资格事务所可能缺乏一定的适用性。
Economic organization is an entity founded by individual and collectivity to help them achieve their economic goals by the internal and external interaction of the entities. Therefore, the organization should be judged by its basic goal. For Auditors organization, they must provide audit reports that possess certain independence and quality assurance, or audit would be meaningless; and the efficiency of the organization can strongly support the maintenance and improvement of practice quality. In order to maintain the image and reputation of the CPA industry better serve the economy and the society and lead to a sustainable development of industry, the auditor is required to provide an efficient supply. And only economic organizations with efficiency operation can strongly protect and support the overall development of the industry and its role in the market economy.
On the basis of the property rights theory, incomplete contract theory, organizational economics, industrial economics, the microeconomics and X-efficiency theory, this dissertation constructs the analytical framework of the main factors which influence the operational efficiency of the auditor. After that, an empirical study is conducted based on the above. This dissertation measures and evaluates the actual situation of the operational efficiency and its changes during the period of "eleven-five", and then empirically tests the main factors which has effect on the operational efficiency and its changes. The dissertation is divided into eight chapters as follows:
The first chapter is the introduction, mainly introduces the research motivation, object, methods, research approach and structure arrangement. The second chapter is the literature review, commenting the factors and the characteristics that have influence on the operational efficiency of the CPA industry at home and abroad. The third chapter is the system background and the theoretical basis. Under "the bigger and stronger strategy system" background of our current CPA industry and based on the new institutional economics of property rights theory, incomplete contract theory, industrial economics, microeconomics and X efficiency theory, this chapter analyzed the factors and mechanism of auditor operational efficiency. And then this dissertation constructed the framework of system analysis of the auditor's operational efficiency. The fourth chapter is the measurement and evaluation of auditor's operational efficiency, using data envelopment analysis (DEA) method and the Malmquist index method, measured and evaluated the operational efficiency and its changes during the"eleven-five"period. The fifth chapter focuses on the auditor's characteristic, audit quality and the operational efficiency of the auditor. From the perspective of supply, with cross section and panel data regression method, this chapter empirically tested the relationship among auditor's characteristic, audit quality and its operational efficiency.And this chapter also pointed out that in order to continue to develop the entire industry healthy, it is required to take a series of measures and means including raising the price of auditing to guide the CPA industry to get out of the vicious circle. The sixth chapter illustrates the characteristic of customer, the demand from customer and auditor's operational efficiency. From the perspective of customer characteristics and needs, using cross section and panel data regression method, this chapter empirically tested the relationship among characteristic of customer, demand from customer and the auditor's operational efficiency. The seventh chapter discusses the changes of audit mode, the merge of CPA firms and the auditor operational efficiency changes, with total factor productivity representing the auditor's operational efficiency changes as the explained variable, using panel data, empirically tested the influences of the audit mode change, organization change and the merge of CPA firm on the operational efficiency changes. The eighth chapter is a summary of the research results, put forward countermeasures and suggestions, and points out that the main contribution and limitations, and the direction of future research.
Through the above research, the dissertation draws the following conclusions:
First, the CPA industry is an industry which is featured by the lots of human capital investment. Operational efficiency refers to input and output ratio during the process of the putting in the main inputs such as human capital, professional knowledge and reputation etc. to produce assurance services or other information service with certain quality, and gaining returns. However, due to the feature of human capital, a wide range of limited rationality, rational choice and opportunistic behavior will lead to a high transaction cost resulted in the CPA industry, which reduces the industry operational efficiency. At the same time, from the output perspective, audit product has a property of quasi public goods. Public goods charges difficultly, so it's hard to make up for the cost of production, which lead to a low efficiency. Moreover, from the view of relationship between supply and demand in the audit market, audit market is still a buyer's market. The market structure of audit industry in our country still fails to form a monopoly, and the fierce competition exists between firms, which also results in a low operational efficiency in the whole industry.
In addition, in terms of output with certain quality, audit product belongs to experience goods, so information is relatively asymmetric. Adverse selection will make auditor of high quality expelled. Although the signal mechanism will change the situation of asymmetric information, the signal mechanism itself has cost, which is also influenced by range of signals. Especially when legal demand dominates, auditor of higher quality may be difficult to achieve virtuous circle of high quality and high efficiency. More likely, the auditor will issue the report with low quality under the influence of egoism," audit paradox" or the prevalence of opinion shopping after contract was signed, thus lead to the deviation of quality and efficiency.
Second, with data envelopment analysis and Malmquist index method, the empirical results show that when measured by the constant technical efficiency(CRS efficiency), during "eleven five" period, our country's firm operational efficiency level remains on a low level, but within five years it is continues to rise, which has risen from0.42to0.62. And the efficiency of the "big four" is much higher than the domestic firm's average level, but the domestic firm is gradually narrowing the gap. Especially in2008-2009years, domestic firms'operational efficiency continues to rise. In addition, in the view of the firms' operational efficiency changes, during2006-2010, the CPA industry has achieved a24%growth, in which the relative efficiency changes contributed15%, and technical progress contributed10%. And the domestic firm's growth is the main force of operational efficiency growth.
Third, the empirical results of auditor characteristics, audit quality and audit operational efficiency showed that organization characteristics, business characteristics, technical characteristics and human resource characteristics of the firm are the main factors affecting the operational efficiency of the auditor. Therefore, currently CPA industry implements bigger and stronger strategic measures, such as developing diversified business, expanding the firm's scale, changing the organization form, lifting and unifying the pricing level, which is helpful to raise the level of the firm's operational efficiency. Only combined with relative property arrangement the industry leading talented CPA can actually play its role, so that the efficiency advantage of human resource can play better. Raising the level of efficiency by the industry expertise, it needs to consider the corresponding relationship between output and input. A variety of measures should be taken to improve the level of output; therefore the industry expertise can be beneficial to the improvement of the auditor's operational efficiency. Audit quality has significant negative correlation with the auditor's operational efficiency. This deviation will seriously affect the development of the industry; it needs to adopt a series of measures to lead the whole industry to the situation of benign cycle development.
Forth, the empirical results of characteristics of customers, customer demand and the auditor's operational efficiency show that customer characteristics and demand significantly influence the auditor's operational efficiency. It is required to raise the recognition of the customer risk in order to improve the auditor's operational efficiency. Moreover, driving the demand for high audit quality can change the deviation of quality and efficiency.
Fifth, the empirical results of the change of audit mode, the CPA firm merge and the auditor operational efficiency changes show that except for the organization scale and ratio of CPA to employee, which have significant positive correlation with the changes of the auditor's operational efficiency, the change of audit mode and organization form are the most important factors that lead to the changes of auditor's operational efficiency. However, the firm merge doesn't have statistical significant correlation with the auditor's operation efficiency changes. Therefore continuing to strengthen the technique, skill, experience of the auditor, and the coordination of the integration of the merged firm will lead the operational efficiency of CPA industry to a faster enhancement.
This dissertation first tries to construct the systems analysis framework of factors that influence the auditor operational efficiency. And basing on the new institutional economics theory and other theories, this dissertation theoretically summarized the reasons of low efficiency in audit industry and the reason of the deviation of audit quality and efficiency. In the empirical parts, DEA and Malmquist index method are first used to measure and evaluate the CPA industry operational efficiency and its changes during " eleven-five" period. At the same time, using cross section and panel data regression analysis methods, the dissertation identified the factors of auditor and customer characteristics that can influence auditor's operational efficiency and its changes.
This dissertation still has some certain limitations in the following aspects:The selection of proxy variables, such as the audit quality, the audit mode, audit tenure, customer characteristics is still required of advanced rigor research. Moreover, the research scope is limited to the securities qualified firms, so the conclusion drawn from the research may not applicable to non securities qualified firms.
为此,本文以新制度经济学中的产权理论和不完全契约理论、组织经济学、产业经济学、微观经济学和X效率理论为基础,构建审计师运营效率影响因素的系统分析框架,并在此基础上展开实证研究。在对“十一五”期间我国审计师运营效率及其变动的实际情况进行计量和评价的基础上,继而对影响审计师运营效率及其变动的因素进行实证检验。全文共分八章,具体内容如下：
第一章是导论,主要介绍本文的研究动机、对象、方法、研究路径及结构安排。第二章是文献综述,对国内外注册会计师行业中影响运营效率的各个因素与特征进行了回顾与评述。第三章是制度背景与理论基础,在我国注册会计师行业“做大做强”的背景,以新制度经济学中的产权理论和不完全契约理论、产业经济学、微观经济学和X效率理论等为基础,对审计师运营效率的影响因素及其作用机理进行理论归纳和分析。在此基础上,构建审计师运营效率影响因素的系统分析框架。第四章是审计师运营效率的计量和评价,以数据包络分析(DEA)和Malmquist指数为计量方法,对“十一五”期间我国审计师运营效率及其变动情况进行全面系统的计量和评价。第五章是审计师特征、审计质量与审计师运营效率,从事务所供给角度,采用截面和面板回归分析方法,实证检验了审计师特征、审计质量对审计师运营效率的影响。并且指出必须通过提高定价等一系列措施和手段,引导注册会计师行业走出审计质量与审计师运营效率相背离的恶性循环状态,使注册会计师行业持续健康发展。第六章是客户特征、客户需求与审计师运营效率,从事务所的客户以及事务所与客户关系的角度,采用截面和面板回归分析方法,实证检验客户特征、客户需求对审计师运营效率的影响。第七章是审计模式改变、事务所合并与审计师运营效率变化,以Malmquist指数方法计量结果中全要素生产率作为审计师运营效率变化的衡量标准,使用面板回归分析方法,实证检验“十一五”期间,审计模式改变、事务所合并以及事务所组织形式变化等因素对审计师运营效率变化的影响。第八章是总结研究结果,提出对策及建议,同时指出本文的主要贡献和局限性,以及后续的研究方向。
通过上述研究,本文得出如下结论：
1.注册会计师行业是一个以人力资本为主要投入要素的产业。它的运营效率内涵是指事务所在以人力资本、专业知识和声誉作为主要投入品进行投入后,利用一系列相关技术、技能和经验等,向客户提供一定质量水平的鉴证服务或其他信息服务。在取得报酬的过程中,既定质量水平下的报酬产出与要素投入之间的关系。然而,由于人力资本的特征,广泛的有限理性、选择理性和机会主义行为将导致注册会计师行业的交易费用水平较高,进而降低了行业的运营效率。同时从产出角度来分析,审计产品有准公共品性质,公共品的收费困难,难以弥补生产成本,导致产出效率低下。而且,从审计市场供求关系来看,审计市场仍属于买方市场,我国的审计市场结构仍未能形成寡头垄断格局,事务所之间竞争激烈,也使行业整体运营效率水平较为低下。
另外,以一定质量的产出而言,审计产品属经验品,不对称信息较为严重。事前的逆向选择,将使高质量审计师遭到市场驱逐,尽管信号机制会部分改变不对称信息的状况,但信号机制本身也有成本,并受信号选择范围的影响。尤其当审计需求以法定需求为主时,较高质量的审计师可能难以实现高质量高效率的良性循环。更可能的是,审计师在签约后,出于自利目的或在“审计悖论”和购买意见盛行的影响下,出具较低审计质量水平的报告,现实中将导致审计质量与效率相背离的情形出现。
2.以数据包络分析和Malmquist指数为计量方法的实证结果表明：“十一五”期间,我国事务所运营效率以不变收益技术效率(CRS效率)来衡量,确实运营效率水平不高,但在此期间,运营效率水平持续上升,已由0.42上升至0.62。其中国际“四大”整体的效率优势远高于我国内资事务所的平均水平,但我国内资事务所正在逐年缩小与它们的差距。尤其是在2008-2009年间,内资事务所运营效率持续上升。另外,从事务所运营效率变动的角度来看,2006-2010年期间,我国注册会计师行业年均实现了24%的增长率,其中相对效率变动贡献了15%,技术进步贡献了10%,而且内资事务所的增长构成了运营效率增长的主要力量。
3.审计师特征、审计质量与审计师运营效率的实证结果表明：事务所的组织特征、业务特征、技术特征和人力资源特征均是影响审计师运营效率的主要因素。因此,目前注册会计师行业实施做大做强战略的各项措施,如大力发展业务多元化、扩大事务所规模、向特殊普通合伙制转变、规范统一定价水平等,有利于事务所运营效率水平的提高。而行业领军人才作用的发挥需要与其相关的产权安排相结合,从而使人力资源的效率优势得到更好的发挥。行业专长对效率水平的提高也需要建立在总体产出回报与投入相对应的关系上,通过各种措施提高产出水平,使行业专长有利于效率水平的提高。审计质量与事务所运营效率显著负相关。这种恶性循环状态将严重影响行业的持续健康发展,必须通过提高定价等一系列举措,引导行业向高质量高效率的良性循环发展。
4.客户特征、客户需求与审计师运营效率的实证结果表明：客户特征、客户需求因素对事务所运营效率有显著的影响,需要进一步提高事务所对客户风险程度的认知,通过引导客户高质量需求,使事务所运营效率向良性循环转变。
5.审计模式改变、事务所合并与审计师运营效率变化的实证结果表明：在影响审计师运营效率变动的因素中,除事务所注册会计师与其他从业人员的比例和事务所规模外,审计模式转变和事务所组织形式的变化是导致事务所运营效率提高的主要因素,合并未使审计师运营效率的变动得到显著提高。因此,持续加强审计技术、技能和经验的培养,加强合并事务所的整合协调,有利于注册会计师行业效率更加快速的提高。
本文第一次尝试构建了审计师运营效率影响因素的系统分析框架,并以新制度经济学等理论为基础,对审计行业低效率及审计质量与效率相背离的情形进行了理论归纳和分析。在实证阶段,在我国第一次尝试以DEA和Malmquist指数方法,对“十一五”期间我国注册会计师行业的整体运营效率及其变动情况进行了计量和评价。并且利用截面和面板回归分析方法,实证检验了审计师特征、客户特征和客户需求等因素对审计师运营效率及其变动的影响。
本文在以下方面还存在着一定的局限性,即在审计质量、审计模式、审计师任期、客户特征和需求中的部分代理变量选择方面,还应继续深入从多角度来进行研究,以使研究结论更具稳定性。另外,回归分析中仅以拥有证券期货资格的事务所为对象,形成的结论对于非证券资格事务所可能缺乏一定的适用性。
Economic organization is an entity founded by individual and collectivity to help them achieve their economic goals by the internal and external interaction of the entities. Therefore, the organization should be judged by its basic goal. For Auditors organization, they must provide audit reports that possess certain independence and quality assurance, or audit would be meaningless; and the efficiency of the organization can strongly support the maintenance and improvement of practice quality. In order to maintain the image and reputation of the CPA industry better serve the economy and the society and lead to a sustainable development of industry, the auditor is required to provide an efficient supply. And only economic organizations with efficiency operation can strongly protect and support the overall development of the industry and its role in the market economy.
On the basis of the property rights theory, incomplete contract theory, organizational economics, industrial economics, the microeconomics and X-efficiency theory, this dissertation constructs the analytical framework of the main factors which influence the operational efficiency of the auditor. After that, an empirical study is conducted based on the above. This dissertation measures and evaluates the actual situation of the operational efficiency and its changes during the period of "eleven-five", and then empirically tests the main factors which has effect on the operational efficiency and its changes. The dissertation is divided into eight chapters as follows:
The first chapter is the introduction, mainly introduces the research motivation, object, methods, research approach and structure arrangement. The second chapter is the literature review, commenting the factors and the characteristics that have influence on the operational efficiency of the CPA industry at home and abroad. The third chapter is the system background and the theoretical basis. Under "the bigger and stronger strategy system" background of our current CPA industry and based on the new institutional economics of property rights theory, incomplete contract theory, industrial economics, microeconomics and X efficiency theory, this chapter analyzed the factors and mechanism of auditor operational efficiency. And then this dissertation constructed the framework of system analysis of the auditor's operational efficiency. The fourth chapter is the measurement and evaluation of auditor's operational efficiency, using data envelopment analysis (DEA) method and the Malmquist index method, measured and evaluated the operational efficiency and its changes during the"eleven-five"period. The fifth chapter focuses on the auditor's characteristic, audit quality and the operational efficiency of the auditor. From the perspective of supply, with cross section and panel data regression method, this chapter empirically tested the relationship among auditor's characteristic, audit quality and its operational efficiency.And this chapter also pointed out that in order to continue to develop the entire industry healthy, it is required to take a series of measures and means including raising the price of auditing to guide the CPA industry to get out of the vicious circle. The sixth chapter illustrates the characteristic of customer, the demand from customer and auditor's operational efficiency. From the perspective of customer characteristics and needs, using cross section and panel data regression method, this chapter empirically tested the relationship among characteristic of customer, demand from customer and the auditor's operational efficiency. The seventh chapter discusses the changes of audit mode, the merge of CPA firms and the auditor operational efficiency changes, with total factor productivity representing the auditor's operational efficiency changes as the explained variable, using panel data, empirically tested the influences of the audit mode change, organization change and the merge of CPA firm on the operational efficiency changes. The eighth chapter is a summary of the research results, put forward countermeasures and suggestions, and points out that the main contribution and limitations, and the direction of future research.
Through the above research, the dissertation draws the following conclusions:
First, the CPA industry is an industry which is featured by the lots of human capital investment. Operational efficiency refers to input and output ratio during the process of the putting in the main inputs such as human capital, professional knowledge and reputation etc. to produce assurance services or other information service with certain quality, and gaining returns. However, due to the feature of human capital, a wide range of limited rationality, rational choice and opportunistic behavior will lead to a high transaction cost resulted in the CPA industry, which reduces the industry operational efficiency. At the same time, from the output perspective, audit product has a property of quasi public goods. Public goods charges difficultly, so it's hard to make up for the cost of production, which lead to a low efficiency. Moreover, from the view of relationship between supply and demand in the audit market, audit market is still a buyer's market. The market structure of audit industry in our country still fails to form a monopoly, and the fierce competition exists between firms, which also results in a low operational efficiency in the whole industry.
In addition, in terms of output with certain quality, audit product belongs to experience goods, so information is relatively asymmetric. Adverse selection will make auditor of high quality expelled. Although the signal mechanism will change the situation of asymmetric information, the signal mechanism itself has cost, which is also influenced by range of signals. Especially when legal demand dominates, auditor of higher quality may be difficult to achieve virtuous circle of high quality and high efficiency. More likely, the auditor will issue the report with low quality under the influence of egoism," audit paradox" or the prevalence of opinion shopping after contract was signed, thus lead to the deviation of quality and efficiency.
Second, with data envelopment analysis and Malmquist index method, the empirical results show that when measured by the constant technical efficiency(CRS efficiency), during "eleven five" period, our country's firm operational efficiency level remains on a low level, but within five years it is continues to rise, which has risen from0.42to0.62. And the efficiency of the "big four" is much higher than the domestic firm's average level, but the domestic firm is gradually narrowing the gap. Especially in2008-2009years, domestic firms'operational efficiency continues to rise. In addition, in the view of the firms' operational efficiency changes, during2006-2010, the CPA industry has achieved a24%growth, in which the relative efficiency changes contributed15%, and technical progress contributed10%. And the domestic firm's growth is the main force of operational efficiency growth.
Third, the empirical results of auditor characteristics, audit quality and audit operational efficiency showed that organization characteristics, business characteristics, technical characteristics and human resource characteristics of the firm are the main factors affecting the operational efficiency of the auditor. Therefore, currently CPA industry implements bigger and stronger strategic measures, such as developing diversified business, expanding the firm's scale, changing the organization form, lifting and unifying the pricing level, which is helpful to raise the level of the firm's operational efficiency. Only combined with relative property arrangement the industry leading talented CPA can actually play its role, so that the efficiency advantage of human resource can play better. Raising the level of efficiency by the industry expertise, it needs to consider the corresponding relationship between output and input. A variety of measures should be taken to improve the level of output; therefore the industry expertise can be beneficial to the improvement of the auditor's operational efficiency. Audit quality has significant negative correlation with the auditor's operational efficiency. This deviation will seriously affect the development of the industry; it needs to adopt a series of measures to lead the whole industry to the situation of benign cycle development.
Forth, the empirical results of characteristics of customers, customer demand and the auditor's operational efficiency show that customer characteristics and demand significantly influence the auditor's operational efficiency. It is required to raise the recognition of the customer risk in order to improve the auditor's operational efficiency. Moreover, driving the demand for high audit quality can change the deviation of quality and efficiency.
Fifth, the empirical results of the change of audit mode, the CPA firm merge and the auditor operational efficiency changes show that except for the organization scale and ratio of CPA to employee, which have significant positive correlation with the changes of the auditor's operational efficiency, the change of audit mode and organization form are the most important factors that lead to the changes of auditor's operational efficiency. However, the firm merge doesn't have statistical significant correlation with the auditor's operation efficiency changes. Therefore continuing to strengthen the technique, skill, experience of the auditor, and the coordination of the integration of the merged firm will lead the operational efficiency of CPA industry to a faster enhancement.
This dissertation first tries to construct the systems analysis framework of factors that influence the auditor operational efficiency. And basing on the new institutional economics theory and other theories, this dissertation theoretically summarized the reasons of low efficiency in audit industry and the reason of the deviation of audit quality and efficiency. In the empirical parts, DEA and Malmquist index method are first used to measure and evaluate the CPA industry operational efficiency and its changes during " eleven-five" period. At the same time, using cross section and panel data regression analysis methods, the dissertation identified the factors of auditor and customer characteristics that can influence auditor's operational efficiency and its changes.
This dissertation still has some certain limitations in the following aspects:The selection of proxy variables, such as the audit quality, the audit mode, audit tenure, customer characteristics is still required of advanced rigor research. Moreover, the research scope is limited to the securities qualified firms, so the conclusion drawn from the research may not applicable to non securities qualified firms.
引文
①林启云：《注册会计师非审计服务研究》,P8,东北财经大学出版社,2002。
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