典型城市道路机动车排放污染特征研究
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摘要
本研究属于“北京市大气污染控制对策研究”和“国家机动车排放污染控制规划研究”的一部分，对以北京为代表的典型城市道路机动车排放污染特征及其相关方面进行了详细的研究和分析，主要成果包括：（1）对612辆轿车和轻型车的简易工况测试数据进行了统计回归分析，确定了不同技术水平和不同厂牌在用车的平均排放浓度水平、劣化系数、平均排放因子等特征参数。研究发现ASM5015工况测试结果与ECE R15-03工况测试结果相关性较好，其中NOx的测试相关性高于HC和CO，表明ASM5015工况对NOx的测试最有效，用于I/M检测时可以有效识别NOx高排放车辆。（2）探讨了国外关于车内空气污染研究的方法和结论，并将其分析方法应用到北京市车内空气污染特征研究。研究表明北京市车内污染较为严重，CO浓度严重超标，研究还表明，车内污染的主要来源是周围车辆的排放，车内污染程度与道路行驶工况、车内通风条件等因素密切相关。（3）对实际道路行驶机动车排放特征的测试方法的最新进展进行了研究，详细讨论了确定机动车污染物的质量排放速率的三种具体方法，提出了一套可行的车载排放测量系统的设计方案，并对其技术难点和应用前景进行了分析。（4）建立了完整的城市道路机动车排放因子和排放量清单的计算方法体系，对1999年北京市道路机动车7种主要的污染物排放因子和排放量进行了计算，在此基础上对北京市道路机动车分车型排放贡献率和道路机动车对交通流动源的排放贡献率进行了计算，结果表明，道路机动车仍然是现阶段交通流动源污染控制的重点。（5）探讨了COMMUTER模型的基本原理和计算方法，根据我国城市实际情况对模型参数进行了修正，建立了适用于中国城市的交通结构和机动车排放优化评价模式，并以修正后的模型为工具，针对北京市2008年远景交通规划，从客运交通结构和机动车排放污染两个方面进行了优化分析，提出公共交通导向的发展模式（TOD）和共用小汽车两项实现交通结构和机动车排放优化的关键策略，剖析了以效用最大化为目标的三项具体措施和对上下班出行方式进行调整的措施对交通结构和机动车排放的影响及措施的可行性。
As part of the project "Air Pollution Control Strategies in Beijing City" and the project "National Plan for Controlling Motor Vehicle Emissions", in this thesis, the characteristics of on-road motor vehicle emissions in typical cities were studied in detail. The results includes:
(1) Based on the analysis and regression of the testing data from 612 light-duty vehicles under acceleration simulation mode, the average emission concentration levels, emission deterioration rates and mass emission factors of vehicles of different technology levels and different bands were determined. Good correlations were found between the test results from ASM5015 and ECE R15-03 driving cycle. The correlation coefficient of NOx is better than that of HC and CO. It shows that the testing on NOx is more efficient than on the other two pollutants when applying ASM5015, which indicate that we can apply ASM5015 in order to identify the vehicle with higher NOx emissions.
(2) Studies of in-vehicle exposure were reviewed and the analyzing methods in these studies were adopted to study the situation of in-vehicle air pollution in Beijing city. Results showed that the in-vehicle air pollution problem in Beijing was very serious; in-vehicle concentration of CO exceeded the limit of the national air quality standard a lot. This study also found that the source of in-vehicles air pollution was the emissions from surrounding vehicles other than self-contamination. There are close relationships between the traffic situation and aeration of the vehicles.
(3) Studies of On-Board Emission Measurement (OBEM) system were reviewed. 3 main methods about determining the mass exhaust flow rates were discussed. And a feasible design of On-Board Emission Measurement system was suggested; the technical difficulties and foreground of applying this system were also involved.
(4) A complete system of calculation methods for estimating the emissions from on-road vehicles was established. The emission factors and overall emissions of 7 dominant vehicular pollutants, including THC, NMVOC, CO, NOx, PM10, SO2 and CO2, were calculated. Results showed that on-road motor vehicle emissions contributed to most of the mobile source emissions. So the on-road motor vehicles are still the emphases in mobile source emission controls.
(5) The principle and estimating method of COMMUTER model were studied. The main parameters of the model were revised according to China's actual situation. The revised model was applied to analyze the optimization impact of year 2008 transport plan in Beijing to the transport structure and motor vehicle emissions. Two key strategies: Transit Oriented Development and carpool, were suggested. 3 programs aimed at maximizing utility and alternative work time program were also suggested, and the effect and feasibility of those programs were discussed.
As part of the project "Air Pollution Control Strategies in Beijing City" and the project "National Plan for Controlling Motor Vehicle Emissions", in this thesis, the characteristics of on-road motor vehicle emissions in typical cities were studied in detail. The results includes:
(1) Based on the analysis and regression of the testing data from 612 light-duty vehicles under acceleration simulation mode, the average emission concentration levels, emission deterioration rates and mass emission factors of vehicles of different technology levels and different bands were determined. Good correlations were found between the test results from ASM5015 and ECE R15-03 driving cycle. The correlation coefficient of NOx is better than that of HC and CO. It shows that the testing on NOx is more efficient than on the other two pollutants when applying ASM5015, which indicate that we can apply ASM5015 in order to identify the vehicle with higher NOx emissions.
(2) Studies of in-vehicle exposure were reviewed and the analyzing methods in these studies were adopted to study the situation of in-vehicle air pollution in Beijing city. Results showed that the in-vehicle air pollution problem in Beijing was very serious; in-vehicle concentration of CO exceeded the limit of the national air quality standard a lot. This study also found that the source of in-vehicles air pollution was the emissions from surrounding vehicles other than self-contamination. There are close relationships between the traffic situation and aeration of the vehicles.
(3) Studies of On-Board Emission Measurement (OBEM) system were reviewed. 3 main methods about determining the mass exhaust flow rates were discussed. And a feasible design of On-Board Emission Measurement system was suggested; the technical difficulties and foreground of applying this system were also involved.
(4) A complete system of calculation methods for estimating the emissions from on-road vehicles was established. The emission factors and overall emissions of 7 dominant vehicular pollutants, including THC, NMVOC, CO, NOx, PM10, SO2 and CO2, were calculated. Results showed that on-road motor vehicle emissions contributed to most of the mobile source emissions. So the on-road motor vehicles are still the emphases in mobile source emission controls.
(5) The principle and estimating method of COMMUTER model were studied. The main parameters of the model were revised according to China's actual situation. The revised model was applied to analyze the optimization impact of year 2008 transport plan in Beijing to the transport structure and motor vehicle emissions. Two key strategies: Transit Oriented Development and carpool, were suggested. 3 programs aimed at maximizing utility and alternative work time program were also suggested, and the effect and feasibility of those programs were discussed.
引文
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