城市客运交通方式生态特性与结构优化研究
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摘要
随着城市社会经济的持续迅猛发展与城市化进程的不断加快,城市交通出行需求的规模越来越大,在城市交通拥挤与运行效率不断降低等问题日益明显的同时,因交通运行所引发的能源消耗、环境污染及土地资源占用等问题也愈加突出。城市交通系统所消耗的能源多来自于石油等不可再生资源,能源消耗量的不断增加,对于城市可持续发展极为不利;交通系统所累积的污染物质与产生的噪声等,严重影响着城市居民的健康;城市交通设施规模的不断扩大,会占用宝贵的土地资源与环境空间,既不利于城市可持续发展,也影响城市景观环境。城市客运交通是城市交通的主体,受土地使用形态、交通设施布局、交通状态等因素的影响,在出行强度及空间分布等方面形成一定的规律。各种客运交通方式所承担的客运需求份额不同,会使客运交通的规模产生差异,而这种规模差异会带来对城市生态环境的不同影响。本文将城市客运交通方式划分为轨道交通、小客车、常规公共交通和慢行交通四类,并从生态角度研究客运交通方式结构的优化及评价问题。
在城市交通拥堵日益严重、城市生态环境质量日益下降的背景下,城市客运交通系统的规划与建设在理论和实践上都有广泛的发展。以往的研究主要侧重于解决城市交通出行需求与交通设施供给之间的矛盾,而对城市客运交通系统生态化发展方面的研究还处于概念探索与定性分析阶段,如环保车辆的开发与使用等,缺乏对城市客运交通方式生态特性与效用特性的系统性定量分析。
如何运用多目标优化理论,以满足城市客运交通出行基本需求并尽量降低城市交通生态影响为目标,优化城市客运交通结构,充分发挥生态优势大的交通方式的引导作用,是构建城市生态交通系统的重要环节,也是城市交通未来发展的必然趋势。
本文依托城市综合交通系统规划与评价关键技术研究(“十一五”国家科技支撑计划重点项目的研究子课题),以降低城市交通系统的生态影响为研究目的,系统分析了城市客运交通方式的生态特性与效用特性,提出了基于生态及效用特性的客运交通结构优化模型与生态性综合评价方法,对城市生态交通系统的规划与构建具有重要理论价值和实际意义。
本文总结城市生态交通系统是在满足城市基本交通需求的前提下,尽量降低交通系统的能源消耗、大气及噪声污染与土地资源占用等的内涵特征;研究界定了城市中常见的客运交通方式,定量分析了各种客运交通方式的生态性衡量指标。通过引入“生态指数”概念来研究不同客运交通方式的生态特性,通过多项指标的标准化处理研究其定量分析方法。
分析了客运交通设施规模、运输服务水平、经济成本等三类十项指标,在此基础上,提出客运交通方式效用指数的定义,并研究了效用指数计算模型及其计算方法。
分析并构建了城市客运交通结构生态优化目标模型及其约束条件。以客运交通系统的交通生态影响最小与交通效用最大为优化目标,构建了城市交通结构的多目标生态优化模型。选用城市交通出行需求、道路资源占用、建设成本、出行时间、能耗上限、环境容量与设施发展水平等七类限制性因素,作为客运交通结构生态优化模型的约束条件。研究给出了城市客运交通结构生态优化模型的求解算法。
提出城市客运交通结构生态性综合评价的基本思路与理论框架,构建了生态性综合评价的指标体系,筛选并量化了评价指标。提出了基于模糊综合评价基本方法的综合评价值区间估计方法,进行城市客运交通结构生态性综合评价,研究交通方式生态化程度及分级评定的准则。
针对大连市核心区城市组团的现状与规划客运交通结构,进行了生态性综合评价研究。运用本文提出的城市客运交通结构生态优化模型,在既有城市用地规划、人口规模及道路交通资源等条件下,对客运交通系统的运输结构进行优化分析。对比分析优化前后的客运交通系统特征,对城市综合交通体系的规划与实施提出相关建议。结果表明优化模型所确定的客运交通结构在生态特性方面优于规划的客运交通结构,且同时能够满足居民出行需要及客运交通系统可持续发展等方面的要求。
Rapidly economic development and urbanized trend boom up traffic demand. Problems such as traffic jams and low efficiency of traffic system are getting more severe, and environmental issues resulted by traffic system arise, including energy consumption, environmental pollution and land resource occupation.
Most of the consumed energy is not renewable. The increasing energy consumption brings great incontinences to urban sustainable development. The accumulating pollutants and noises, produced by the traffic system, deteriorate people’s health. The expansion of traffic system occupies valuable land resource and public landscape, which are unfavorable to the city’s sustainable development and the environment.
Urban passenger transport is the major subject of urban transport, which could be influenced by a lot of factors including land-use types, facility arrangement, traffic status, etc..Different transport mode shares a different passenger-transport requirement, so the scale of traffic different, and bring the difference of urban eco-environment. In this thesis, urban passenger trasnport is divided into four modes: rail, car, bus and slow-mode transport, and from eco-environment perspective, the optimization of mode-split will be evaluated.
Bachground of the traffic jams and eco-environment descendants, the planning and building of urban passenger traffic system has a broad development on the theory and practice. For the moment,experts at home and abroad are mainly concerned about the contradiction between urban traffic demand and the supply conditions of traffic facilities, therefore,the urban ecological traffic system is still on the stage of concept exploration and qualitative analysis. This paper set off the urban passenger traffic system to rail transit, car traffic, normal public traffic and slow traffic, then research the passenger traffic structure optimization and evaluation from an ecological perspective.
How to use multiobjective optimization problem, one side satisfying the traffic demand, the other one, reduce the damage to the landscape, optimize the passenger trsffic structure, to full play the facilitatory function of the best ecological advantage one. This way is not only an essential factor in the construction of cities’eco-friendly traffic system, but also an inevitable trend of the urban traffic future development.
This paper is based on one of the corpus research of the key projects of the“Eleventh Five-year Plan”national science and technology support plan titled“Research on the Key Technology of Urban Integrated Traffic System Planning and Evaluation”. In order to reduce the ecological impact of urban traffic system, we systematacially analyzed the ecological impact and ecological characteristics of all sorts of urban traffic modes, thus we proposed a traffic structure optimization model based on ecological and utility properties as well as ecology comprehensive evaluation method. It will have great theoretical and practical significance on the planning and construction of urban ecological traffic system.
The connotation of urban ecological traffic system we summed up is used to reduce the traffic system of energy consumption, air and noise pollution and land resources occupation on condition of meeting the basic urban traffic demand. We defined several normal transportation modes in the research and quantitatively analyzed the ecological measure gauge of different transportation modes. By introducing the definition of ecological indexes, and study the calculation methods, further analysis of urban traffic modes of the ecological characteristics were carried out.
We analyzed three major types: the passenger traffic facility scale, service levels, and economic cost, including ten indexes. Then proposed the utility index of passenger traffic structure, and researched the model with the methoud. We analyzed the ecological optimization goal for the urban traffic structure, which is to minimize the ecological impact of the overall urban traffic system and to maximize the traffic utility, we constructed a multi-objective ecological optimization function for the urban traffic structure. Urban traffic demand, road resources occupation, travel time, energy consumption and environmental capacity and limit facilities development level are chosen as constraint conditions of the optimization model. Algorithm of the model is also given in this paper.
Basic train of thought and theoretical framework of the comprehensive evaluation on urban traffic structure was put forward. Ecology comprehensive evaluation system was constructed and evaluation index was screening and quantified. Based on the extenics theory, we put forward a fuzzy hierarchy comprehensive evaluation method about urban traffic structure. And the grading evaluation standards of ecological degree on urban traffic structure were proposed.
According to the combined conglomeration structure and planning traffic structure in core region of Dalian, we researched the ecology comprehensive evaluation. Taking use of the urban traffic structure ecologically optimization model established in this thesis, passenger traffic structure is optimized, based on the current mater planning, population scale and road resources.. Comparing the charactors of passenger transport system pro-model optimization with the charactors pre-model, the results show that the the passenger transport mode-split which suggested by the model is better than the planned passenger transport mode-split especially in enviroment aspect, and meanwhile it satisfies the travel demand and sustainable transport development.
在城市交通拥堵日益严重、城市生态环境质量日益下降的背景下,城市客运交通系统的规划与建设在理论和实践上都有广泛的发展。以往的研究主要侧重于解决城市交通出行需求与交通设施供给之间的矛盾,而对城市客运交通系统生态化发展方面的研究还处于概念探索与定性分析阶段,如环保车辆的开发与使用等,缺乏对城市客运交通方式生态特性与效用特性的系统性定量分析。
如何运用多目标优化理论,以满足城市客运交通出行基本需求并尽量降低城市交通生态影响为目标,优化城市客运交通结构,充分发挥生态优势大的交通方式的引导作用,是构建城市生态交通系统的重要环节,也是城市交通未来发展的必然趋势。
本文依托城市综合交通系统规划与评价关键技术研究(“十一五”国家科技支撑计划重点项目的研究子课题),以降低城市交通系统的生态影响为研究目的,系统分析了城市客运交通方式的生态特性与效用特性,提出了基于生态及效用特性的客运交通结构优化模型与生态性综合评价方法,对城市生态交通系统的规划与构建具有重要理论价值和实际意义。
本文总结城市生态交通系统是在满足城市基本交通需求的前提下,尽量降低交通系统的能源消耗、大气及噪声污染与土地资源占用等的内涵特征;研究界定了城市中常见的客运交通方式,定量分析了各种客运交通方式的生态性衡量指标。通过引入“生态指数”概念来研究不同客运交通方式的生态特性,通过多项指标的标准化处理研究其定量分析方法。
分析了客运交通设施规模、运输服务水平、经济成本等三类十项指标,在此基础上,提出客运交通方式效用指数的定义,并研究了效用指数计算模型及其计算方法。
分析并构建了城市客运交通结构生态优化目标模型及其约束条件。以客运交通系统的交通生态影响最小与交通效用最大为优化目标,构建了城市交通结构的多目标生态优化模型。选用城市交通出行需求、道路资源占用、建设成本、出行时间、能耗上限、环境容量与设施发展水平等七类限制性因素,作为客运交通结构生态优化模型的约束条件。研究给出了城市客运交通结构生态优化模型的求解算法。
提出城市客运交通结构生态性综合评价的基本思路与理论框架,构建了生态性综合评价的指标体系,筛选并量化了评价指标。提出了基于模糊综合评价基本方法的综合评价值区间估计方法,进行城市客运交通结构生态性综合评价,研究交通方式生态化程度及分级评定的准则。
针对大连市核心区城市组团的现状与规划客运交通结构,进行了生态性综合评价研究。运用本文提出的城市客运交通结构生态优化模型,在既有城市用地规划、人口规模及道路交通资源等条件下,对客运交通系统的运输结构进行优化分析。对比分析优化前后的客运交通系统特征,对城市综合交通体系的规划与实施提出相关建议。结果表明优化模型所确定的客运交通结构在生态特性方面优于规划的客运交通结构,且同时能够满足居民出行需要及客运交通系统可持续发展等方面的要求。
Rapidly economic development and urbanized trend boom up traffic demand. Problems such as traffic jams and low efficiency of traffic system are getting more severe, and environmental issues resulted by traffic system arise, including energy consumption, environmental pollution and land resource occupation.
Most of the consumed energy is not renewable. The increasing energy consumption brings great incontinences to urban sustainable development. The accumulating pollutants and noises, produced by the traffic system, deteriorate people’s health. The expansion of traffic system occupies valuable land resource and public landscape, which are unfavorable to the city’s sustainable development and the environment.
Urban passenger transport is the major subject of urban transport, which could be influenced by a lot of factors including land-use types, facility arrangement, traffic status, etc..Different transport mode shares a different passenger-transport requirement, so the scale of traffic different, and bring the difference of urban eco-environment. In this thesis, urban passenger trasnport is divided into four modes: rail, car, bus and slow-mode transport, and from eco-environment perspective, the optimization of mode-split will be evaluated.
Bachground of the traffic jams and eco-environment descendants, the planning and building of urban passenger traffic system has a broad development on the theory and practice. For the moment,experts at home and abroad are mainly concerned about the contradiction between urban traffic demand and the supply conditions of traffic facilities, therefore,the urban ecological traffic system is still on the stage of concept exploration and qualitative analysis. This paper set off the urban passenger traffic system to rail transit, car traffic, normal public traffic and slow traffic, then research the passenger traffic structure optimization and evaluation from an ecological perspective.
How to use multiobjective optimization problem, one side satisfying the traffic demand, the other one, reduce the damage to the landscape, optimize the passenger trsffic structure, to full play the facilitatory function of the best ecological advantage one. This way is not only an essential factor in the construction of cities’eco-friendly traffic system, but also an inevitable trend of the urban traffic future development.
This paper is based on one of the corpus research of the key projects of the“Eleventh Five-year Plan”national science and technology support plan titled“Research on the Key Technology of Urban Integrated Traffic System Planning and Evaluation”. In order to reduce the ecological impact of urban traffic system, we systematacially analyzed the ecological impact and ecological characteristics of all sorts of urban traffic modes, thus we proposed a traffic structure optimization model based on ecological and utility properties as well as ecology comprehensive evaluation method. It will have great theoretical and practical significance on the planning and construction of urban ecological traffic system.
The connotation of urban ecological traffic system we summed up is used to reduce the traffic system of energy consumption, air and noise pollution and land resources occupation on condition of meeting the basic urban traffic demand. We defined several normal transportation modes in the research and quantitatively analyzed the ecological measure gauge of different transportation modes. By introducing the definition of ecological indexes, and study the calculation methods, further analysis of urban traffic modes of the ecological characteristics were carried out.
We analyzed three major types: the passenger traffic facility scale, service levels, and economic cost, including ten indexes. Then proposed the utility index of passenger traffic structure, and researched the model with the methoud. We analyzed the ecological optimization goal for the urban traffic structure, which is to minimize the ecological impact of the overall urban traffic system and to maximize the traffic utility, we constructed a multi-objective ecological optimization function for the urban traffic structure. Urban traffic demand, road resources occupation, travel time, energy consumption and environmental capacity and limit facilities development level are chosen as constraint conditions of the optimization model. Algorithm of the model is also given in this paper.
Basic train of thought and theoretical framework of the comprehensive evaluation on urban traffic structure was put forward. Ecology comprehensive evaluation system was constructed and evaluation index was screening and quantified. Based on the extenics theory, we put forward a fuzzy hierarchy comprehensive evaluation method about urban traffic structure. And the grading evaluation standards of ecological degree on urban traffic structure were proposed.
According to the combined conglomeration structure and planning traffic structure in core region of Dalian, we researched the ecology comprehensive evaluation. Taking use of the urban traffic structure ecologically optimization model established in this thesis, passenger traffic structure is optimized, based on the current mater planning, population scale and road resources.. Comparing the charactors of passenger transport system pro-model optimization with the charactors pre-model, the results show that the the passenger transport mode-split which suggested by the model is better than the planned passenger transport mode-split especially in enviroment aspect, and meanwhile it satisfies the travel demand and sustainable transport development.
引文
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