家蝇蛹寄生蜂的生物学和生态学研究
摘要
在福建农林大学校园内用诱集的方法调查家蝇蛹的寄生蜂种类，共发现有以下7种：家蝇蛹小蜂Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae(Rondani)、蝇蛹俑小蜂Spalangia endius(Walker)、黑俑小蜂印Spalangia nigra(Latrielle)、灿金小蜂Trichomalopsis Sp．、菲律宾跳小蜂Exoristobia
philippinensis(Ashmead)、黑煤角头小蜂Dirhinus anthracia(Walker)和潜蝇茧蜂Eurytenessp。室内筛选后将蝇蛹俑小蜂作为主要研究对象。
蝇蛹俑小蜂是家蝇蛹的一种重要的寄生蜂。成蜂体黑色，略带金属光泽，有较强的趋光性。卵为香蕉形，中部稍呈弓形。在25±1℃，卵期1天，幼虫期7天，蛹期7天。
在温度为25±1℃，相对湿度为RH 70±5％，光照为L：D=14：10的环境下，蝇蛹俑小蜂的发育历期(从卵到成蜂羽化产卵)是15.7天；一对蝇蛹俑小蜂(饲以10％蜜水)最多可以产卵68粒，寄生家蝇蛹24粒。单蛹最多可着卵49粒，出蝇蛹俑小蜂成蜂26只，平均每只蛹出蜂11.47只。一天中，蝇蛹俑小蜂羽化主要在12点以前，高峰期是早上8-10点，晚上无羽化现象。蝇蛹俑小蜂—羽化即可交配，雄蜂有明显的竞争行为。该寄生蜂营两性生殖和产雌雄孤雌生殖，两种生殖方式的寄生率差异不显著。羽化后第2天为产卵高峰期和寄生高峰期。补充养分对蝇蛹俑小蜂成蜂的寿命影响显著，饲蜜的成蜂寿命明显高于不饲蜜成蜂。
不同温度对蝇蛹俑小蜂的发育有明显影响。蝇蛹俑小蜂整个世代发育积温与发育速率的关系式为：世代历期T=8.2353+252.8736V。蝇蛹俑小蜂寄生新鲜蛹：温度(X)与羽化率(Y)的关系符合方程Y=-1.5836X~2+10.9X+57.78。温度(X)与子蜂发育历期(Y)的关系符合方程：Y=-3.505X+27.585。蛹俑小蜂寄生冷冻蛹，温度(X)与子蜂发育历期(Y)的关系符合方程：Y=-6.772X+42.122。温度(X)与子蜂羽化率(Y)的关系符合方程：Y=-1.145X~2+8.077X+79.544。
有无光照对蝇蛹俑小蜂的发育和羽化影响不显著。家蝇蛹的密度对蝇蛹俑小蜂的寄生作用有一定的影响，它们之间的关系用Holling功能反应方程Ⅱ型进行模拟：N_a=2.2179T_rN_o/(1+2.2179T_hN_0)，一只蝇蛹俑小蜂一天内可寄生家蝇蛹的最大数是16.2粒。以-18℃冷藏家蝇蛹为寄主时，蝇蛹俑小蜂寄生率稍低于以新鲜蛹为寄主的寄生率，子蜂的发育历期也略长，但是子蜂性比和羽化率都高于寄生新鲜的蛹，冷藏蛹可以用做实验室繁殖蝇蛹俑小蜂的寄主。
7 pupal parasitoids of housefly, Musca domestica, had been found on the campus of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University. They were Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani), Spalangia endius (Walker), Spalangia nigra Latrielle, Trichomalopsis sp., Exoristohia philippinensis (Ashmead), Dirhinus anthracia (Walker) and Eurytenes, sp.. Of these parasitoids, Spalangia endius was the dominant species in the artificial climate laboratory.
Spalangia endius is an important pupal parasitoid of housefly. Adults are dark with gentle metal luster and show strong phototaxis. Eggs are elongated oval and slightly arched in the middle. Egg stage lasted about one day in 25?癈. The newly hatched larvae are translucent and have slightly seeable segmentum. Both larval stage and pupal stage were lasted for 7 days in
25±1℃.
It took 15.7 days for a S. endius to develop from egg to opposition in 25±1℃, RH 70±5
℃ and L:D as 14:10. One adult female S. endius could oviposit with the maximum of 68 and was individualized with 24 Musca domestica pupae. One pupa could be parasitoided with the maximum of 24 and the average offsprings was 26. During a day, the main eclosion was in the morning with the peak of 8-10 and no eclosion was at night. After emerged from the pupae, the parasitoids could immediately copulate and the male adults had evidently copulation competition. S. endius takes sexual and amphiterotoky mode and there was no well different between two reproduction modes. The highest stage of egg parasited was at the second day after emergence. The effect of nutrient on adult life-span was correlation. With the honey water, the adult life-span is significantly longer than those supplied with nothing. The effect of nutrient on development of offsprings was significantly, too. The influencet of age of S. endius on the parasitism and
host density were all correlation. The development of offsprings with honey water is more rapidly than those supplied with nothing. S. endius can adapt the natural
circumstances well.
Different temperature has obvious effect on devlopment of offsprings. With 10% honey, the linear correlation between the whole accumulate temperature and the speed of devlopment assumed T=8.2353+252.8736V, R=0.9337. The linear correlation between temperature (Y) and the age (X) of the emergence assumed Y = -1.5836 X2 + 10.9 X + 57.78, while the linear correlation between temperature (Y) and the emergence (X) assumed Y = -3.505 X + 27.585. when adults were supplied with fresh pupae. The linear correlation between temperature (Y) and the age (X) of the emergence assumed Y = -6.772 X + 42.122, while linear correlation between temperature (Y) and the emergence (X) assumed Y = -1.145 X2+ 8.077 X + 79.544, when adults were supplied with frozen pupae.
Illumination didn't affect the parasitism and sex rate as well. There was a good correlation between the host density and its parasitism. It could be described with Holling II model: Na=2.2179TrN0/(l+2.2179ThN0), and it means that the highest production of a female was 16.207 in a day. The rate of pupal parasitism was descending when they were handled under the circumstances of-18C, but on the contrary, the rate of sex and emergence were rosing. So the frozen pupae can be used as the host of the reproduced Spalangia endius.
philippinensis(Ashmead)、黑煤角头小蜂Dirhinus anthracia(Walker)和潜蝇茧蜂Eurytenessp。室内筛选后将蝇蛹俑小蜂作为主要研究对象。
蝇蛹俑小蜂是家蝇蛹的一种重要的寄生蜂。成蜂体黑色，略带金属光泽，有较强的趋光性。卵为香蕉形，中部稍呈弓形。在25±1℃，卵期1天，幼虫期7天，蛹期7天。
在温度为25±1℃，相对湿度为RH 70±5％，光照为L：D=14：10的环境下，蝇蛹俑小蜂的发育历期(从卵到成蜂羽化产卵)是15.7天；一对蝇蛹俑小蜂(饲以10％蜜水)最多可以产卵68粒，寄生家蝇蛹24粒。单蛹最多可着卵49粒，出蝇蛹俑小蜂成蜂26只，平均每只蛹出蜂11.47只。一天中，蝇蛹俑小蜂羽化主要在12点以前，高峰期是早上8-10点，晚上无羽化现象。蝇蛹俑小蜂—羽化即可交配，雄蜂有明显的竞争行为。该寄生蜂营两性生殖和产雌雄孤雌生殖，两种生殖方式的寄生率差异不显著。羽化后第2天为产卵高峰期和寄生高峰期。补充养分对蝇蛹俑小蜂成蜂的寿命影响显著，饲蜜的成蜂寿命明显高于不饲蜜成蜂。
不同温度对蝇蛹俑小蜂的发育有明显影响。蝇蛹俑小蜂整个世代发育积温与发育速率的关系式为：世代历期T=8.2353+252.8736V。蝇蛹俑小蜂寄生新鲜蛹：温度(X)与羽化率(Y)的关系符合方程Y=-1.5836X~2+10.9X+57.78。温度(X)与子蜂发育历期(Y)的关系符合方程：Y=-3.505X+27.585。蛹俑小蜂寄生冷冻蛹，温度(X)与子蜂发育历期(Y)的关系符合方程：Y=-6.772X+42.122。温度(X)与子蜂羽化率(Y)的关系符合方程：Y=-1.145X~2+8.077X+79.544。
有无光照对蝇蛹俑小蜂的发育和羽化影响不显著。家蝇蛹的密度对蝇蛹俑小蜂的寄生作用有一定的影响，它们之间的关系用Holling功能反应方程Ⅱ型进行模拟：N_a=2.2179T_rN_o/(1+2.2179T_hN_0)，一只蝇蛹俑小蜂一天内可寄生家蝇蛹的最大数是16.2粒。以-18℃冷藏家蝇蛹为寄主时，蝇蛹俑小蜂寄生率稍低于以新鲜蛹为寄主的寄生率，子蜂的发育历期也略长，但是子蜂性比和羽化率都高于寄生新鲜的蛹，冷藏蛹可以用做实验室繁殖蝇蛹俑小蜂的寄主。
7 pupal parasitoids of housefly, Musca domestica, had been found on the campus of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University. They were Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani), Spalangia endius (Walker), Spalangia nigra Latrielle, Trichomalopsis sp., Exoristohia philippinensis (Ashmead), Dirhinus anthracia (Walker) and Eurytenes, sp.. Of these parasitoids, Spalangia endius was the dominant species in the artificial climate laboratory.
Spalangia endius is an important pupal parasitoid of housefly. Adults are dark with gentle metal luster and show strong phototaxis. Eggs are elongated oval and slightly arched in the middle. Egg stage lasted about one day in 25?癈. The newly hatched larvae are translucent and have slightly seeable segmentum. Both larval stage and pupal stage were lasted for 7 days in
25±1℃.
It took 15.7 days for a S. endius to develop from egg to opposition in 25±1℃, RH 70±5
℃ and L:D as 14:10. One adult female S. endius could oviposit with the maximum of 68 and was individualized with 24 Musca domestica pupae. One pupa could be parasitoided with the maximum of 24 and the average offsprings was 26. During a day, the main eclosion was in the morning with the peak of 8-10 and no eclosion was at night. After emerged from the pupae, the parasitoids could immediately copulate and the male adults had evidently copulation competition. S. endius takes sexual and amphiterotoky mode and there was no well different between two reproduction modes. The highest stage of egg parasited was at the second day after emergence. The effect of nutrient on adult life-span was correlation. With the honey water, the adult life-span is significantly longer than those supplied with nothing. The effect of nutrient on development of offsprings was significantly, too. The influencet of age of S. endius on the parasitism and
host density were all correlation. The development of offsprings with honey water is more rapidly than those supplied with nothing. S. endius can adapt the natural
circumstances well.
Different temperature has obvious effect on devlopment of offsprings. With 10% honey, the linear correlation between the whole accumulate temperature and the speed of devlopment assumed T=8.2353+252.8736V, R=0.9337. The linear correlation between temperature (Y) and the age (X) of the emergence assumed Y = -1.5836 X2 + 10.9 X + 57.78, while the linear correlation between temperature (Y) and the emergence (X) assumed Y = -3.505 X + 27.585. when adults were supplied with fresh pupae. The linear correlation between temperature (Y) and the age (X) of the emergence assumed Y = -6.772 X + 42.122, while linear correlation between temperature (Y) and the emergence (X) assumed Y = -1.145 X2+ 8.077 X + 79.544, when adults were supplied with frozen pupae.
Illumination didn't affect the parasitism and sex rate as well. There was a good correlation between the host density and its parasitism. It could be described with Holling II model: Na=2.2179TrN0/(l+2.2179ThN0), and it means that the highest production of a female was 16.207 in a day. The rate of pupal parasitism was descending when they were handled under the circumstances of-18C, but on the contrary, the rate of sex and emergence were rosing. So the frozen pupae can be used as the host of the reproduced Spalangia endius.
引文
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李玉兰，卢正秋，2003．抗性品系家蝇对常用杀虫剂交互抗性的研究．中华卫生杀虫药械，009(004)．-47-48
何运转，李梅等，2001．拟除虫菊酯对家蝇Ca—ATPase和Ca—Mg—ATPase的抑制作用．昆虫学报．2001．044(003)．-297-303
吴吴，张文吉等，2000．苦皮藤素对小菜蛾和家蝇的生物活性研究．西北农业学报，009(001)．-46-48
张文忠，肖蔼祥，王善青，武文杰等，1990．山西蝇蛹寄生性天敌的调查研究．医学动物防制，6(4)：10-14
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李文盛，1996．我国城市卫生害虫生物防治实验研究现状．昆虫天敌，18(1)．45-48
李玉兰，卢正秋，2003．抗性品系家蝇对常用杀虫剂交互抗性的研究．中华卫生杀虫药械，009(004)．-47-48
何运转，李梅等，2001．拟除虫菊酯对家蝇Ca—ATPase和Ca—Mg—ATPase的抑制作用．昆虫学报．2001．044(003)．-297-303
吴吴，张文吉等，2000．苦皮藤素对小菜蛾和家蝇的生物活性研究．西北农业学报，009(001)．-46-48
张文忠，肖蔼祥，王善青，武文杰等，1990．山西蝇蛹寄生性天敌的调查研究．医学动物防制，6(4)：10-14
张英健，1984．温度对赤眼蜂的发育和羽化的影响．昆虫学报，27(1)：28-36
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