一体化三维超声成像的实验研究及临床应用
|
摘要
目的：对一体化三维超声成像进行实验研究及临床应用研究。材料和方法：对活体新西兰白兔肝脏VX2肿瘤进行三维超声成像与标本对照实验研究；三维超声表面成像观察人体胆囊、膀胱内病变，及肝脏和肠管的三维立体形态；三维超声透视成像最小回声模式，观察肝内血管及扩张的胆管的立体形态，及其在三维空间内的毗邻关系；三维超声透视成像X线模式及混合回声模式，结合交互式人工勾边的数据分割方法，观察以肝脏为代表的实性脏器内实性病变的三维成像效果，并与术后标本对照。采用三维超声断面投影冠状面重建技术，显示人体内多种目标体的冠状面及其在立体数据盒内的坐标位置。对离体猪肝和猪肾，及人体内肝肾囊肿，进行三维超声容积测定的精度的研究。结果：对实验动物和人体内肝脏肿瘤的三维超声成像结果与术后标本吻合；三维超声成像可显示人体内目标的整体形态及毗邻关系，显示肝脏肿瘤的包膜的形态特征和镶嵌样结构、卫星结节的数目及分布；冠状面重建可大大弥补二维超声扫查的局限性；离体猪肾容
解放军军医进修学院 博士学位论文
积测定三维和二维超声误差分别为3．97士4刀0％和18．88土
9．95WP功刀1），临床肝肾囊肿容积测定三维和二维误差分别为4．29士
3．62％禾14．94士11．82％（V0．of）．结论：三维超声可弥补二维超声的
许多局限性，具有广泛临床应用价值。
Objective To evaluate the significance of experimental study and clinical application of integrated three-dimensional ultrasound(3-d US). Material and Methods VX2 liver tumors of the New Zealand white rabbits in vivo were observed with 3-d ultrasound imaging, which were compared with specimens. Surface fitting display pattern of 3-d US were used to observe the whole anatomic features of lesions in gallbladder ,bladder, and the surface contour of liver and intestines of human being. Transparent display pattern of 3-d us imaging were used to observe the solid lesions in solid organs. Volume measurements of objective with different shapes in vitro and in vivo using 2-d us and 3-d us were validated and compared. Results: The whole anatomic features and relationships in three-dimensional space of different objects can be observed satisfactorily using 3-d us imaging, which were superior obviously to 2-d us imaging .The errors of volume measurements Of 3-d US were statistically less than that of 2-d US. Conclusion: Our results show that 3-d US imaging and 3-d US volume measurements have an
extensive clinical applications.
解放军军医进修学院 博士学位论文
积测定三维和二维超声误差分别为3．97士4刀0％和18．88土
9．95WP功刀1），临床肝肾囊肿容积测定三维和二维误差分别为4．29士
3．62％禾14．94士11．82％（V0．of）．结论：三维超声可弥补二维超声的
许多局限性，具有广泛临床应用价值。
Objective To evaluate the significance of experimental study and clinical application of integrated three-dimensional ultrasound(3-d US). Material and Methods VX2 liver tumors of the New Zealand white rabbits in vivo were observed with 3-d ultrasound imaging, which were compared with specimens. Surface fitting display pattern of 3-d US were used to observe the whole anatomic features of lesions in gallbladder ,bladder, and the surface contour of liver and intestines of human being. Transparent display pattern of 3-d us imaging were used to observe the solid lesions in solid organs. Volume measurements of objective with different shapes in vitro and in vivo using 2-d us and 3-d us were validated and compared. Results: The whole anatomic features and relationships in three-dimensional space of different objects can be observed satisfactorily using 3-d us imaging, which were superior obviously to 2-d us imaging .The errors of volume measurements Of 3-d US were statistically less than that of 2-d US. Conclusion: Our results show that 3-d US imaging and 3-d US volume measurements have an
extensive clinical applications.
引文
1． Itoh M, Yokoi H. A computer-aided three-dimensional display system for ultrasonic diagnosis of breast tumor. Ultrasonics 1979,17:261-268．
2． Geiser EA,Cheistie LG,Conneta DA. A mechanical arm for spatial registration of 2-dimensional echocardiogaphic sections. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1982,8: 89-101．
3． Sawada H, Fujii J, kato K , et al. Three dimensional reconstruction of the left ventricle form multiple cross sectional echocardiograms: value for measuring left ventricular volume. Br Heart J 1983,50:438-442．
4． Moritz WE, Pearlman AS, McCabe DH, et al. An ultrasonic technique for imaging the ventricle in 3-dimensions and calculating its volume. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1983,30:482-491．
5． Bribkely JF, McCallum D ,Muramatsu SK ,Liu DY. Fetal weight estimation form lengths and volumes found by three-dimensional ultrsonic measurements. J Ultrsound Med 1984,3:163-168．
6． Lees wA.3D ultrasound images optimize fetal review. Diagn Imaging 1992,14:69-73．
7． Detmer PR,Bashein G,Hodges T,et al.3D ultrasonic image feature
localization based on magnetic scanhead tracking:in vitro calibration and validation .Ultrasound Med Biol 1994,20:923-936.
8.Bribkely Jf, McCallum D ,Muramatsu SK ,et al.. Fetal weight estimation form lengths and volumes founded by three-dimensional ultrasonic measurements. J Ultrsound Med 1984,3:163-168.
9.Levine RA, Handschumacher MD, Sanfilippo AJ. Three-dimensional echocardiographic reconstuction of the mitral valve, with implications for the diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse. Circulation 1989,80:589-598.
10.King DL, King DL Jr, Shao MY. Evalation of in vitro measurement accuracy of a three-dimensional ultrasound scanner. J Ultrasound Med 1991,10:77-82.
11.King DL, King DL Jr, Shao MY. Three-dimensional spatial registration and interative display of position and orientation of real-time ultrasound images. J Ultrasound Med 1990,9:525-532
12 徐辉雄，张青萍，周玉清．三维超声透明成像技术的临床应用探讨．中国超声医学杂志，1999，15(6)：411-415
13．张青萍，周玉清．肝内血管结构的三维超声成像．中华超声影像学杂志，1999，8(2)：72—75
14.Pretorius DH, Nelson TR. Fetal face visualization using three-dimensional ultrasonography. J Ultrasound Med 1995,14:349-356.
15．王连生，王心房，陈汉荣．三维超声计测膀胱肿瘤重量的实验研究．中华超声影像学杂志，1998，7：180—182．
16．唐杰．膀胱壁隆起性病变的三维超声．中华超声影像学杂志，1998，7：102—103．
17.Baba K, Okai T, Kozuma S..Real-time processable three-dimensional fetal ultrasound. Lancet 1996,348:1307.
18.Baba K, Okai T, Kozuma S, et al. .Real-time processable three-dimensional US in obstetrics. Radiology 1997,203:571-574.
19.Balen FG,Allen CM,Gardener JE, et al.. 3-dimensional reconstruction of ultrasound images of the uterine cavity. Br J Radiol 1993,66:588-591.
20.Blankenhorn DH, Chin HP, Stricwerda S,et al..Common carotid artery contours reconstruction in three dimensions from parallel ultrasonic images, work in progress. Radiology 1983,148:533-537.
21.Riccabona M, Nelson TR,Pretorius DH, et al. In vivo three-dimensional sonographyic mesurement of organ volume:Validation in the urinary blaader. J Ultrasound Med 1996, 5:627-632.
22.Tong S, Downey DB, Cardinal HN, et al. A three-dimentional
ultrasond prostate imaging system. Ultrasound Med Bio 1996, 22: 735-746．
23． Terris MK, Stamey TA. Determination of prostate volume by transrectal ultrasound. J Urol 1991 145:984-987．
24． Riccabona M, Nelson TR, Pretorius DH, et al. Three-dimensional ultrasond: accuracy of distance and volume measurements. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1996,7: 429-434．
25． Sivan E, Chan L, Uerpairojkit B, et al. Growth of fetal forehead and normative dimensions developed by three-dimensional ultrasonographic tecnology. J Ultrasound Med 1997,16:401-406．
26． Chang FM, Hsu KF, Ko HC, et al. Three-dimensional ultrasound assessments of fetal liver volume in normal pregnancy: A comparison of reproducibility with two-dimensional ultrasound and a search for a volume constant. Ultrasound Med Bio 1997, 23:381-389．
27． Pauletzki J, Sackmann M, Holl J, et al. Evaluation of gallbllader volume and emptying with a novel three-dimensional ultrasound system: comparison with the sum-of-cylinders and the ellipsoid methods. J Clinical Ultrasound. 1996, 24:277-285．
28． Gilja OH, Thune N, Matre K, et al. In vivo evaluation of
three-dimensional ultrasound in volume estimation of abdominal organs. Ultrasound Med Bio 1994,120:157-165．
29． Thrush AJ, Bonnett DE, Elliott MR, et al. An Ev uation of the potential and limitations of three-dimensional reconstruction from intravascular ultrasound images. Ultrasound Med Bio 1997,23:437-445．
30． Blankenhorn DH,Chin HP, Strikwerda S, et al.Common carotid artery contours reconstructed in three dimentionals from parallel ultrasounic images.Work in progress.Radiology 1983;148:533-537．
31． Runner M,Obruca A, Bauer P,.et al. Clinical application of volume estimation based on three-dimensional ultrasonagrophy.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1995,6:358-361．
32． Fine D,Perring MA,Herbetko J,et al.Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging of the gallbladder and dilated biliary tree reconstruction from real-time B-scans.Br J Radiol 1991,64:1056-7．
33． Liu JB, Miller LS, Chung CY,et al .Vadilation of volume measurements in esophageal pseudotumors using 3D endoluminal ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Bio 2000,26:735-741．
33 Detmer A , Diener HC. Quantification of atherosclerotic plaques in carotid arteries by three-dimensional ultrasound.Br J Radiol
1994,67:672-678.
34 Devonald KJ,Ellwood DA,Griffiths KA,et al. Volume imaging:Three-dimensional appreciation of the fetal head and face.J Ultrasound Med 1995,14:919-925.
35.Hughes SW, D'Arcy TJ, Maxwell DJ, et al. Volume estimation from multiplanar 2D ultrasound images usign a remote electromagnetic position and orientation sensor. Ultrasound Med Biol 1996;22-561-572.
36．周玉清，张青萍．静态结构三维成像方法学进展．中华超声影像学杂志，1999．1(2)：53—54
37.Nelson T, Pretorius DH. Three-dimentional Ultrasound imaging.Ultrasound in Med Bio. 1998;24:1243-1270.
38．王连生，王心房，陈汉荣，等．三维超声成像在胆囊息肉及胆囊癌诊断上的应用．中国超声影像杂志，1998．7(2)．67-68．
39.Caron PL,Adler DD,Fowlkes JB,Harnist K,Rubin J.Enhanced color flow images of breast cancer vasculature:Cntinuous wave Doppler, three-dimensional display. J Ultrasound Mid 1992,11:245-255.
40.Downey DB,Fenster A.Vascular imaging with a three-dimensional power Doppler system. AJR 1995,165:665-668.
41．曹海根，主编。腹部实用超声诊断学。北京，人民卫生出版社，
1994年第一版。p330-350
42． Rotten D, Levaillant JM, Zerat L . Analysis of normal breast tissue and of solid breast masses using three-dimentional ultrasound mammography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1999; 114-24
43． Riccabona M, Nelson TR, Pretorius DH, et al. In vivo three-dimensional sonographyic mesurement of organ volume: Validation in the urinary blaader. J Ultrasound Med 1996, 5:627-632．
44． Tong S, Downey DB, Cardinal HN, et al. A three-dimentional ultrasond prostate imaging system. Ultrasound Med Bio 1996, 22: 735-746．
45． Terris MK, Stamey TA. Determination of prostate volume by transrectal ultrasound. J Urol 1991,145:984-987．
46． Riccabona M, Nelson TR, Pretorius DH, et al. Three-dimensional ultrasond: accuracy of distance and volume measurements. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1996,7: 429-434．
47． S ivan E, Chan L, Uerpairojkit B, et al. Growth of fetal forehead and normative dimensions developed by three-dimensional ultrasonographic tecnology. J Ultrasound Med 1997,16:401-406．
48． Chang FM, Hsu KF, Ko HC, et al. Three-dimensional ultrasound
assessments of fetal liver volume in normal pregnancy: A comparison of reproducibility with two-dimensional ultrasound and a search for a volume constant. Ultrasound Med Bio 1997, 23:381-389．
49． Pauletzki J, Sackmann M, Holl J, et al. Evaluation of gallbllader volume and emptying with a novel three-dimensional ultrasound system: comparison with the sum-of-cylinders and the ellipsoid methods. J Clinical Ultrasound. 1996, 24:277-285．
50． Gilja OH, Thune N, Matre K, et al. In vivo evaluation of three-dimensional ultrasound in volume estimation of abdominal organs. Ultrasound Med Bio 1994,120:157-165．
51． Thrush AJ, Bonnett DE, Elliott MR, et al. An Evaluation of the potential and limitations of three-dimensional reconstruction from intravascular ultrasound images. Ultrasound Med Bio 1997,23:437-445．
52． Downey DB,Chin JL,Fenster A.Three-dimensional US-guided cryosurgery.Radiology 1995,197(P):539．
53． Elliot TL,Downey DB,Tong S,McLean CA,Fenster A.Accuracy of prostate volume measurements on vitro using three-dimensional ultrasound .Acad Radiol 1996,3:401-406．
54． Fishman EK,Magid D,Ney DR,et al.Three-dimensional
imaging.Radiology 1991,181:321-337．
55． Gerscovich EO,Greenspan A,Cronan MS,Karol LA, et al. Three-dimensional sonographic evaluation of developmental dysplasia of the hip:Preliminary findings. Radiology 1994,190:407-410．
56． Guo , Moreau M,Rickey DW, et al. A. Quantitative investigation of in vitro flow using three-dimensional colour Doppler ultrasound. Ultrasound MedBiol 1995,21:807-816．
57． King DL,King DLJ,Shao MY.Evaluation of in vitro measurement accuracy of a three-dimensional ultrasound scanner.J Ultrasound Med 1991,10:77-82．
58． King DL,King DL Jr,Shao MYC.Three-dimensional spatial registration and interactive display of position and orientation of real-time ultrasound images. J Ultrasound Med 1990,9:525-532．
59． Picot PA, Rickey DW, Mitchell R, Rankin RN, Fenster A. Three-dimensional colour Doppler imaging. Ultrasound Med Biol 1993,19:95-104．
60． Pretorius DH, Nelson TR. Prenatal visualization of cranial sutures and fontanelles with three-dimensional ultrasonography. J Ultrasound Med 1994,13:871-876．
61． Pretorius DH, Nelson TR, Jaffe JS. 3-Dimensional sonographic analysis based on color flow Doppler and gray scale image data: A preliminary report. J Ultrasound Med 1992,11:225-232．
62． Sehgal CM, Broderick GA, Whittington R, Gorniak RJ, Arger PH. Three-dimensional US and volumetric assessment of the prostate. Radiology 1994,192:274-278．
63． Warren PS, Davis W, Picker R. Volume imaging: three-dimensional appreciation of the fetal head and face. J Ultrasound Med 1995,14:919-925．
2． Geiser EA,Cheistie LG,Conneta DA. A mechanical arm for spatial registration of 2-dimensional echocardiogaphic sections. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1982,8: 89-101．
3． Sawada H, Fujii J, kato K , et al. Three dimensional reconstruction of the left ventricle form multiple cross sectional echocardiograms: value for measuring left ventricular volume. Br Heart J 1983,50:438-442．
4． Moritz WE, Pearlman AS, McCabe DH, et al. An ultrasonic technique for imaging the ventricle in 3-dimensions and calculating its volume. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1983,30:482-491．
5． Bribkely JF, McCallum D ,Muramatsu SK ,Liu DY. Fetal weight estimation form lengths and volumes found by three-dimensional ultrsonic measurements. J Ultrsound Med 1984,3:163-168．
6． Lees wA.3D ultrasound images optimize fetal review. Diagn Imaging 1992,14:69-73．
7． Detmer PR,Bashein G,Hodges T,et al.3D ultrasonic image feature
localization based on magnetic scanhead tracking:in vitro calibration and validation .Ultrasound Med Biol 1994,20:923-936.
8.Bribkely Jf, McCallum D ,Muramatsu SK ,et al.. Fetal weight estimation form lengths and volumes founded by three-dimensional ultrasonic measurements. J Ultrsound Med 1984,3:163-168.
9.Levine RA, Handschumacher MD, Sanfilippo AJ. Three-dimensional echocardiographic reconstuction of the mitral valve, with implications for the diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse. Circulation 1989,80:589-598.
10.King DL, King DL Jr, Shao MY. Evalation of in vitro measurement accuracy of a three-dimensional ultrasound scanner. J Ultrasound Med 1991,10:77-82.
11.King DL, King DL Jr, Shao MY. Three-dimensional spatial registration and interative display of position and orientation of real-time ultrasound images. J Ultrasound Med 1990,9:525-532
12 徐辉雄，张青萍，周玉清．三维超声透明成像技术的临床应用探讨．中国超声医学杂志，1999，15(6)：411-415
13．张青萍，周玉清．肝内血管结构的三维超声成像．中华超声影像学杂志，1999，8(2)：72—75
14.Pretorius DH, Nelson TR. Fetal face visualization using three-dimensional ultrasonography. J Ultrasound Med 1995,14:349-356.
15．王连生，王心房，陈汉荣．三维超声计测膀胱肿瘤重量的实验研究．中华超声影像学杂志，1998，7：180—182．
16．唐杰．膀胱壁隆起性病变的三维超声．中华超声影像学杂志，1998，7：102—103．
17.Baba K, Okai T, Kozuma S..Real-time processable three-dimensional fetal ultrasound. Lancet 1996,348:1307.
18.Baba K, Okai T, Kozuma S, et al. .Real-time processable three-dimensional US in obstetrics. Radiology 1997,203:571-574.
19.Balen FG,Allen CM,Gardener JE, et al.. 3-dimensional reconstruction of ultrasound images of the uterine cavity. Br J Radiol 1993,66:588-591.
20.Blankenhorn DH, Chin HP, Stricwerda S,et al..Common carotid artery contours reconstruction in three dimensions from parallel ultrasonic images, work in progress. Radiology 1983,148:533-537.
21.Riccabona M, Nelson TR,Pretorius DH, et al. In vivo three-dimensional sonographyic mesurement of organ volume:Validation in the urinary blaader. J Ultrasound Med 1996, 5:627-632.
22.Tong S, Downey DB, Cardinal HN, et al. A three-dimentional
ultrasond prostate imaging system. Ultrasound Med Bio 1996, 22: 735-746．
23． Terris MK, Stamey TA. Determination of prostate volume by transrectal ultrasound. J Urol 1991 145:984-987．
24． Riccabona M, Nelson TR, Pretorius DH, et al. Three-dimensional ultrasond: accuracy of distance and volume measurements. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1996,7: 429-434．
25． Sivan E, Chan L, Uerpairojkit B, et al. Growth of fetal forehead and normative dimensions developed by three-dimensional ultrasonographic tecnology. J Ultrasound Med 1997,16:401-406．
26． Chang FM, Hsu KF, Ko HC, et al. Three-dimensional ultrasound assessments of fetal liver volume in normal pregnancy: A comparison of reproducibility with two-dimensional ultrasound and a search for a volume constant. Ultrasound Med Bio 1997, 23:381-389．
27． Pauletzki J, Sackmann M, Holl J, et al. Evaluation of gallbllader volume and emptying with a novel three-dimensional ultrasound system: comparison with the sum-of-cylinders and the ellipsoid methods. J Clinical Ultrasound. 1996, 24:277-285．
28． Gilja OH, Thune N, Matre K, et al. In vivo evaluation of
three-dimensional ultrasound in volume estimation of abdominal organs. Ultrasound Med Bio 1994,120:157-165．
29． Thrush AJ, Bonnett DE, Elliott MR, et al. An Ev uation of the potential and limitations of three-dimensional reconstruction from intravascular ultrasound images. Ultrasound Med Bio 1997,23:437-445．
30． Blankenhorn DH,Chin HP, Strikwerda S, et al.Common carotid artery contours reconstructed in three dimentionals from parallel ultrasounic images.Work in progress.Radiology 1983;148:533-537．
31． Runner M,Obruca A, Bauer P,.et al. Clinical application of volume estimation based on three-dimensional ultrasonagrophy.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1995,6:358-361．
32． Fine D,Perring MA,Herbetko J,et al.Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging of the gallbladder and dilated biliary tree reconstruction from real-time B-scans.Br J Radiol 1991,64:1056-7．
33． Liu JB, Miller LS, Chung CY,et al .Vadilation of volume measurements in esophageal pseudotumors using 3D endoluminal ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Bio 2000,26:735-741．
33 Detmer A , Diener HC. Quantification of atherosclerotic plaques in carotid arteries by three-dimensional ultrasound.Br J Radiol
1994,67:672-678.
34 Devonald KJ,Ellwood DA,Griffiths KA,et al. Volume imaging:Three-dimensional appreciation of the fetal head and face.J Ultrasound Med 1995,14:919-925.
35.Hughes SW, D'Arcy TJ, Maxwell DJ, et al. Volume estimation from multiplanar 2D ultrasound images usign a remote electromagnetic position and orientation sensor. Ultrasound Med Biol 1996;22-561-572.
36．周玉清，张青萍．静态结构三维成像方法学进展．中华超声影像学杂志，1999．1(2)：53—54
37.Nelson T, Pretorius DH. Three-dimentional Ultrasound imaging.Ultrasound in Med Bio. 1998;24:1243-1270.
38．王连生，王心房，陈汉荣，等．三维超声成像在胆囊息肉及胆囊癌诊断上的应用．中国超声影像杂志，1998．7(2)．67-68．
39.Caron PL,Adler DD,Fowlkes JB,Harnist K,Rubin J.Enhanced color flow images of breast cancer vasculature:Cntinuous wave Doppler, three-dimensional display. J Ultrasound Mid 1992,11:245-255.
40.Downey DB,Fenster A.Vascular imaging with a three-dimensional power Doppler system. AJR 1995,165:665-668.
41．曹海根，主编。腹部实用超声诊断学。北京，人民卫生出版社，
1994年第一版。p330-350
42． Rotten D, Levaillant JM, Zerat L . Analysis of normal breast tissue and of solid breast masses using three-dimentional ultrasound mammography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1999; 114-24
43． Riccabona M, Nelson TR, Pretorius DH, et al. In vivo three-dimensional sonographyic mesurement of organ volume: Validation in the urinary blaader. J Ultrasound Med 1996, 5:627-632．
44． Tong S, Downey DB, Cardinal HN, et al. A three-dimentional ultrasond prostate imaging system. Ultrasound Med Bio 1996, 22: 735-746．
45． Terris MK, Stamey TA. Determination of prostate volume by transrectal ultrasound. J Urol 1991,145:984-987．
46． Riccabona M, Nelson TR, Pretorius DH, et al. Three-dimensional ultrasond: accuracy of distance and volume measurements. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1996,7: 429-434．
47． S ivan E, Chan L, Uerpairojkit B, et al. Growth of fetal forehead and normative dimensions developed by three-dimensional ultrasonographic tecnology. J Ultrasound Med 1997,16:401-406．
48． Chang FM, Hsu KF, Ko HC, et al. Three-dimensional ultrasound
assessments of fetal liver volume in normal pregnancy: A comparison of reproducibility with two-dimensional ultrasound and a search for a volume constant. Ultrasound Med Bio 1997, 23:381-389．
49． Pauletzki J, Sackmann M, Holl J, et al. Evaluation of gallbllader volume and emptying with a novel three-dimensional ultrasound system: comparison with the sum-of-cylinders and the ellipsoid methods. J Clinical Ultrasound. 1996, 24:277-285．
50． Gilja OH, Thune N, Matre K, et al. In vivo evaluation of three-dimensional ultrasound in volume estimation of abdominal organs. Ultrasound Med Bio 1994,120:157-165．
51． Thrush AJ, Bonnett DE, Elliott MR, et al. An Evaluation of the potential and limitations of three-dimensional reconstruction from intravascular ultrasound images. Ultrasound Med Bio 1997,23:437-445．
52． Downey DB,Chin JL,Fenster A.Three-dimensional US-guided cryosurgery.Radiology 1995,197(P):539．
53． Elliot TL,Downey DB,Tong S,McLean CA,Fenster A.Accuracy of prostate volume measurements on vitro using three-dimensional ultrasound .Acad Radiol 1996,3:401-406．
54． Fishman EK,Magid D,Ney DR,et al.Three-dimensional
imaging.Radiology 1991,181:321-337．
55． Gerscovich EO,Greenspan A,Cronan MS,Karol LA, et al. Three-dimensional sonographic evaluation of developmental dysplasia of the hip:Preliminary findings. Radiology 1994,190:407-410．
56． Guo , Moreau M,Rickey DW, et al. A. Quantitative investigation of in vitro flow using three-dimensional colour Doppler ultrasound. Ultrasound MedBiol 1995,21:807-816．
57． King DL,King DLJ,Shao MY.Evaluation of in vitro measurement accuracy of a three-dimensional ultrasound scanner.J Ultrasound Med 1991,10:77-82．
58． King DL,King DL Jr,Shao MYC.Three-dimensional spatial registration and interactive display of position and orientation of real-time ultrasound images. J Ultrasound Med 1990,9:525-532．
59． Picot PA, Rickey DW, Mitchell R, Rankin RN, Fenster A. Three-dimensional colour Doppler imaging. Ultrasound Med Biol 1993,19:95-104．
60． Pretorius DH, Nelson TR. Prenatal visualization of cranial sutures and fontanelles with three-dimensional ultrasonography. J Ultrasound Med 1994,13:871-876．
61． Pretorius DH, Nelson TR, Jaffe JS. 3-Dimensional sonographic analysis based on color flow Doppler and gray scale image data: A preliminary report. J Ultrasound Med 1992,11:225-232．
62． Sehgal CM, Broderick GA, Whittington R, Gorniak RJ, Arger PH. Three-dimensional US and volumetric assessment of the prostate. Radiology 1994,192:274-278．
63． Warren PS, Davis W, Picker R. Volume imaging: three-dimensional appreciation of the fetal head and face. J Ultrasound Med 1995,14:919-925．
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |