大学生宿舍气氛调查及其与心理健康的关系分析
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摘要
宿舍被认为是大学生的第二个家，宿舍气氛对大学生的学习与成长有着重要的影响。很多研究者认识到这一点，并进行了理性探讨，但迄今还没有较为统一的宿舍气氛概念，对大学生宿舍气氛的实证研究则更少。本研究首次从组织行为学的角度对大学生宿舍气氛进行界定，在此基础上编制出大学生宿舍气氛量表，并进一步探讨大学生宿舍气氛的现状特点及其与大学生心理健康的关系。这对营造良好的大学生宿舍气氛和维护大学生的心理健康具有较高的理论意义与实践价值。
通过文献分析，本研究认为，大学生宿舍气氛是指大学生对所在宿舍环境(物质环境和非物质环境)的一种总体的、被宿舍成员广泛共享的、相对持久的、多维度的心理认知，是对宿舍特征、事件和运作过程的固有特性的一种表征，主要包括四个维度：物质环境气氛、学习气氛、生活气氛、交往气氛。
以大学生宿舍气氛的维度构成为基础，根据开放式问卷调查结果以及有关专家的意见，编制出大学生宿舍气氛初测量表。采用自编大学生宿舍气氛初测量表对207名大学生进行调查，对调查结果进行探索性因素分析，最终形成大学生宿舍气氛正式量表。之后，采用自编大学生宿舍气氛正式量表、心理健康量表对重庆五所高校的519名大学生进行调查，将获得的各项数据进行统计分析，结果发现：
(1)大学生宿舍气氛包括四个维度：物质环境气氛、学习气氛、生活气氛、交往气氛。其中，物质环境气氛由硬件设施度、整洁舒适度和有序条理度三个因素组成；学习气氛由学习态度、学习信任与合作度和学习和谐度三个因素组成；生活气氛由生活和谐度、生活合作度和生活规范度三个因素组成；交往气氛由交往态度、交往和谐度和交往亲密度三个因素组成。
(2)对大学生宿舍气氛量表进行信效度检验，其内部一致性信度、分半信度、内容效度、构念效度等信效度指标均较佳，表明大学生宿舍气氛量表可以作为测量大学生宿舍气氛的有效工具。
(3)大学生宿舍总体气氛在性别、年级上存在显著性差异。女生宿舍的总体气氛好于男生宿舍的总体气氛，女生宿舍的整洁舒适度、有序条理度、学习信任与合作、生活合作度、学习态度都显著优于男生宿舍；总体气氛在年级上来说，大一到大三呈现下滑趋势，到大四略有回升。不同年级之间除了在交往态度上不存在显著差异外，其余各个维度上都存在显著差异。宿舍气氛状况在宿舍人数、家庭差异、在宿舍停留时间、干部数水平上存在显著差异。
(4)大学生宿舍气氛与大学生心理健康存在显著相关，大学生宿舍气氛中的生活气氛和学习气氛可以预测自我肯定状况，交往气氛和生活气氛可以预测大学生的犹豫和焦虑状况。处在良好宿舍气氛与较差宿舍气氛中的大学生的心理健康状况差异显著。
Dormitory is the 2~(nd) home of college students, and dormitory climate has important effect on college students' development. Many scholars have realized and thought of this, but there were not much assured academic definition and positive research on it. The dissertation firstly put forward the definition on college students' dormitory climate in terms of organizational behavior psychology, developed the scale of college students' dormitory climate, discuss the characteristic, actuality of college students' dormitory climate and the relationship between college students' dormitory climate and college students' mental health. The research not only has academic value but also has applied significance on building favorable college students' dormitory climate and keeping college students' mental health.
After reading the literature review, we think college students' dormitory climate is a psychological cognize that college students form in dormitory surroundings (material surroundings and immaterial surroundings) and that can be shared and enjoyed with roommates, is a token that exist among dormitory characteristic, affairs and operation process. It has effect on roommates' psychology and behavior, and there are four dimensions, that is, material surroundings' climate, study climate, life climate, intercourse climate.
Based on the dimension structure of college students' dormitory, the results of open questionnaire, and the suggestions of scholars, a preliminary scale was developed. With the scale, 207 college students were surveyed. By the analysis of exploring factors, the formal scale is worked out. After this, With self-developed scale of college students' dormitory climate and GHQ-20 mental health scale, 519 college students of five universities in Chongqing were surveyed. Through data analysis, we discovered that:
(1)College students' dormitory climate includes four dimensions, that is, material surroundings' climate, study climate, life climate, intercourse climate. There are three factors in material surroundings' climate, hardware establishment degree, neatness and comfort degree, consecution degree. study climate include study attitude, study trust and cooperate degree, study harmony degree; life climate include life harmony degree, life cooperate degree, life standardization degree; intercourse climate include intercourse attitude, intercourse harmony degree, intercourse intimacy degree.
(2) By testing its validity and reliability, the scale of college students' dormitory climate has good Cronbachα, split-half reliability, content validity, construct validity. So the scale can be effective scale to survey college students' dormitory climate.
(3)There is distinct difference between gender and grades in the total College students' dormitory climate. Female college students' dormitory climate, neatness and comfort degree, consecution degree, study trust and cooperate degree, life cooperate degree, and study attitude are much better than male college students' dormitory climate; the total climate is falling from the 1~(st) grade to 3~(rd) grade, but going up little in the 4~(th) grade. There is distinct difference among grades except for intercourse attitude about idiographic degrees. There was distinct differentia between dormitory climate and numbers of roommates, dormitory climate and family background, dormitory climate and years of living in the dormitory, dormitory climate and numbers of students' cadre.
(4) There is distinct correlation between college students' dormitory climate and college students' mental health. Life climate and study climate can forecast self-affirmation; Intercourse climate and life climate can forecast hesitation and anxiety of college students; There is distinct differentia in college students' mental health between in good dormitory climate and in bad dormitory.
通过文献分析，本研究认为，大学生宿舍气氛是指大学生对所在宿舍环境(物质环境和非物质环境)的一种总体的、被宿舍成员广泛共享的、相对持久的、多维度的心理认知，是对宿舍特征、事件和运作过程的固有特性的一种表征，主要包括四个维度：物质环境气氛、学习气氛、生活气氛、交往气氛。
以大学生宿舍气氛的维度构成为基础，根据开放式问卷调查结果以及有关专家的意见，编制出大学生宿舍气氛初测量表。采用自编大学生宿舍气氛初测量表对207名大学生进行调查，对调查结果进行探索性因素分析，最终形成大学生宿舍气氛正式量表。之后，采用自编大学生宿舍气氛正式量表、心理健康量表对重庆五所高校的519名大学生进行调查，将获得的各项数据进行统计分析，结果发现：
(1)大学生宿舍气氛包括四个维度：物质环境气氛、学习气氛、生活气氛、交往气氛。其中，物质环境气氛由硬件设施度、整洁舒适度和有序条理度三个因素组成；学习气氛由学习态度、学习信任与合作度和学习和谐度三个因素组成；生活气氛由生活和谐度、生活合作度和生活规范度三个因素组成；交往气氛由交往态度、交往和谐度和交往亲密度三个因素组成。
(2)对大学生宿舍气氛量表进行信效度检验，其内部一致性信度、分半信度、内容效度、构念效度等信效度指标均较佳，表明大学生宿舍气氛量表可以作为测量大学生宿舍气氛的有效工具。
(3)大学生宿舍总体气氛在性别、年级上存在显著性差异。女生宿舍的总体气氛好于男生宿舍的总体气氛，女生宿舍的整洁舒适度、有序条理度、学习信任与合作、生活合作度、学习态度都显著优于男生宿舍；总体气氛在年级上来说，大一到大三呈现下滑趋势，到大四略有回升。不同年级之间除了在交往态度上不存在显著差异外，其余各个维度上都存在显著差异。宿舍气氛状况在宿舍人数、家庭差异、在宿舍停留时间、干部数水平上存在显著差异。
(4)大学生宿舍气氛与大学生心理健康存在显著相关，大学生宿舍气氛中的生活气氛和学习气氛可以预测自我肯定状况，交往气氛和生活气氛可以预测大学生的犹豫和焦虑状况。处在良好宿舍气氛与较差宿舍气氛中的大学生的心理健康状况差异显著。
Dormitory is the 2~(nd) home of college students, and dormitory climate has important effect on college students' development. Many scholars have realized and thought of this, but there were not much assured academic definition and positive research on it. The dissertation firstly put forward the definition on college students' dormitory climate in terms of organizational behavior psychology, developed the scale of college students' dormitory climate, discuss the characteristic, actuality of college students' dormitory climate and the relationship between college students' dormitory climate and college students' mental health. The research not only has academic value but also has applied significance on building favorable college students' dormitory climate and keeping college students' mental health.
After reading the literature review, we think college students' dormitory climate is a psychological cognize that college students form in dormitory surroundings (material surroundings and immaterial surroundings) and that can be shared and enjoyed with roommates, is a token that exist among dormitory characteristic, affairs and operation process. It has effect on roommates' psychology and behavior, and there are four dimensions, that is, material surroundings' climate, study climate, life climate, intercourse climate.
Based on the dimension structure of college students' dormitory, the results of open questionnaire, and the suggestions of scholars, a preliminary scale was developed. With the scale, 207 college students were surveyed. By the analysis of exploring factors, the formal scale is worked out. After this, With self-developed scale of college students' dormitory climate and GHQ-20 mental health scale, 519 college students of five universities in Chongqing were surveyed. Through data analysis, we discovered that:
(1)College students' dormitory climate includes four dimensions, that is, material surroundings' climate, study climate, life climate, intercourse climate. There are three factors in material surroundings' climate, hardware establishment degree, neatness and comfort degree, consecution degree. study climate include study attitude, study trust and cooperate degree, study harmony degree; life climate include life harmony degree, life cooperate degree, life standardization degree; intercourse climate include intercourse attitude, intercourse harmony degree, intercourse intimacy degree.
(2) By testing its validity and reliability, the scale of college students' dormitory climate has good Cronbachα, split-half reliability, content validity, construct validity. So the scale can be effective scale to survey college students' dormitory climate.
(3)There is distinct difference between gender and grades in the total College students' dormitory climate. Female college students' dormitory climate, neatness and comfort degree, consecution degree, study trust and cooperate degree, life cooperate degree, and study attitude are much better than male college students' dormitory climate; the total climate is falling from the 1~(st) grade to 3~(rd) grade, but going up little in the 4~(th) grade. There is distinct difference among grades except for intercourse attitude about idiographic degrees. There was distinct differentia between dormitory climate and numbers of roommates, dormitory climate and family background, dormitory climate and years of living in the dormitory, dormitory climate and numbers of students' cadre.
(4) There is distinct correlation between college students' dormitory climate and college students' mental health. Life climate and study climate can forecast self-affirmation; Intercourse climate and life climate can forecast hesitation and anxiety of college students; There is distinct differentia in college students' mental health between in good dormitory climate and in bad dormitory.
引文
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[2] 黄希庭等著．当代大学生心理特点与教育．上海：教育出版社，1998．12
[3] 胡金莲，李辉，余江．我国大学生心理健康研究(1996-2004)综述．云南电大学报，2005，7(2)：32～33
[4] 魏纯镭，马申．浙江省1000名在校大学生心理健康水平量表调查．中国临床康复，2005，4：44～45
[5] 高玉宇．优化宿舍管理 促进大学生心理健康．浙江万里学院学报，2003，8：139～140
[6]、[52] 丘怡．浅议高校女生宿舍矛盾的起因和疏导．宁德师专学报，2004，2：99～101
[7] 中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室编．《现代汉语词典》(第五版)．北京：商务印书馆，2005：1303、1107
[8] 黄希庭主编．《简明心理学辞典》．合肥：安徽人民出版社，2004：279
[9] Owens R．教育组织行为学．武汉：华中师范大学出版社，1988，101-103
[10] Tagiuri R.The Concept of Organizational Climate. In: Tagiuri R, Litwin G Hed Organizational Climate: Exploration of a Concept. Boston: Harvard University Press, 1968: 11-32
[11] James,L.,&Jones,A. 1974.Organizational climate: A review of theory and research. Psychological Bulletin, 18: 1096-1112.
[12] Koys,D.,&Decotiis,t.1991.Inductive measures ofpsychological climate, human Relations,44:265-285.
[13] James, L.R., James, L.A. and Ashe, D.K., 1990. The meaning of organizations: the role of cognition and values. In: Schneider, B., Editor,, 1990. Organizational Climate and Culture, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 40-84.
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