作物对外源硒的吸收效果及外源硒对作物生物量的影响研究
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摘要
硒在生态环境中是非常重要的微量元素,现在医学证明,缺硒和多种疾病有关。在人们通过食物摄取的硒达不到体内求的情况下,补硒成为客观要求,而在各种补硒的方法中,通过食用品对人体进行补硒被广泛关注:通过将无机硒化合物施用到种植的作物上,经作物自身的转化将无机硒变为有机硒化合物即有利于人体吸收,又可防范人体补硒过量,使人们对硒的利用变得安全可靠,因此对作物施硒效果研究有十分重要的意义。
本文以盆栽试验的方式,研究在土壤中加入外源硒、和叶面喷施外源硒时,种植的小白菜、生菜对硒的吸收效果,以及外源硒对小白菜、生菜生物量和品质的影响;通过大田玉米叶面喷施外源硒的实验,研究玉米对外源硒的吸收效果、以及硒对玉米产量及品质的影响;以富硒作物大蒜为研究对象,通过水培试验,进一步研究不同浓度的硒对大蒜生长及品质的影响。主要研究结果如下
1.小白菜
(1)土壤施硒和叶面喷施硒肥条件下,随着施硒浓度的不断增加,小白菜含硒量不断增加。土壤施硒、叶面喷施硒肥浓度和小白菜含硒量相关系数分别为0.8977、0.9709,都达到了显著正相关,而小白菜喷施硒肥的相关系数性要好于土壤施硒肥相关系数性,小白菜喷施硒肥吸收硒的效果要好于土壤施硒肥。
(2)土壤施硒浓度≤5mg/kg时,明显增加小白菜鲜重、株高。土壤施硒浓度为5mg/kg时,小白菜鲜重和株高均达到最大值,当施硒浓度≥30 mg/kg水平时,小白菜鲜重、株高较对照开始下降;叶面喷施硒12mg/L时,小白菜鲜重和株高均达到最大值,当叶面喷施硒>15mg/L时,小白菜鲜重下降,株高降低。
(3)土壤施硒和叶面喷硒两种施硒方法,明显增加小白菜N元素含量,但小白菜P、K元素含量有所降低。
(4)土壤施硒和叶面喷施硒两种施硒方法,都能使小白菜中Cu、Mn、Zn元素含量增加,且随着施硒浓度的增加而增高。
土壤施硒条件下,小白菜含Cu量最高增幅达77.27%;小白菜含Mn、Zn量较对照也有所增加,增加不是太显著。
叶面喷施硒时,小白菜含Cu量增幅最高达到24.55%;小白菜含Mn、Zn量较对照也有所增加。
2.生菜
(1)土壤施硒和喷施硒肥都明显提高生菜体内的含硒量,随着施硒浓度的不断增加,生菜含硒量不断增加,且施硒浓度和生菜含硒量相关系数达到了极显著正相关。
(2)土壤施硒浓度为5mg/kg水平时,生菜鲜重、株高在所有处理中最大,且与对照鲜重、株高差异显著;当施硒浓度>15mg/kg水平时,生菜鲜重、株高较对照开始下降。
叶面喷施硒肥为6mg/L时,生菜地上部鲜重、株高,在所有处理中最大,且与对照鲜重、株高差异显著;当喷硒浓度12mg/L时,生菜鲜重、株高较对照开始下降。
(3)土壤施硒和叶面喷施硒肥后,增加生菜N、P元素含量而K元素含量有所下降。低浓度硒水平下,生菜K元素含量下降幅度不是太多,对生菜含K量影响不大。
(4)土壤施硒和喷施硒肥,都会造成生菜Cu、Mn、Zn、元素的含量的减少,且随着施硒浓度的增加降低幅度增大。
(1)玉米硒含量随着喷施硒肥浓度不断增大而递增。玉米喷硒浓度与玉米含硒量相关系数为0.9754 (N=4, r0.05=0.950,r0.01=0.990),达到显著相关水平。
(2)玉米喷施硒肥后,玉米各处理产量相差不大。
(3)喷施硒肥增加玉米N、K元素的含量,明显增加玉米N含量,降低玉米P元素的含量。
(4)玉米喷施硒肥后,会使Mn、Zn元素的含量增加,Mn元素增幅最高为53.83%,Zn元素增幅最高为16.17%,而玉米中Cu元素的含量降低,但下降幅度较小。
4.大蒜
(1)营养液硒的浓度与大蒜含硒量相关系数0.9727 (N=6,r0.05=0.811,r0.01=0.917),达到及显著相关性,说明施硒能够明显增高大蒜体内的硒含量。
(2)低浓度硒时,能促进大蒜的生长,增加大蒜的产量,高浓度的硒明显的抑制大蒜鲜重、根重、株高和根长的增加。营养液施硒浓度为50mg/L水平时,大蒜的鲜重、根重、株高和根长增加幅度最高,随着营养液硒浓度的增加,大蒜鲜重、根重、株高和根长大幅下降,营养液施硒浓度<50mg/L水平时,适合大蒜生长,并能增加其产量。
(3)低浓度的硒时,大蒜根系粗壮、根毛长呈现白色,叶部高大旺盛,大蒜增加产量较多;高浓度的硒时,大蒜的根系根色为黄黑色,呈絮状,叶部生长矮小,叶片泛黄且有大片白斑叶尖枯萎,大蒜产量下降较多,不利于大蒜的生长。
(4)施硒浓度<50mg/L时,能明显增加大蒜含N量,施硒浓度>300mg/L时,明显降低大蒜含N量。施硒低浓度硒能够增加大蒜含P、K量,高浓度的硒强烈抑制大蒜对P、K元素的吸收,降低大蒜含P、K量。
(5)随着营养液中硒浓度能增加,明显增加了大蒜对Cu元素的吸收,降低大蒜Mn、Zn含量。施硒浓度>300mg/L时,大蒜Mn、Zn含量下降幅度达到83.53%、22.54%。
Selenium is very important trace element in the environment,it has been Proved that selenium has relationship with a variety of diseases by now Medicine. As an objective requirement for selenium when People intake selenium fail to seek the body of the case through food, through food supplies on the human body with selenium has been widespread concern in various ways, By application of inorganic selenium compounds to the cultivation of crops, and the crop transformat inorganic selenium into organic selenium compounds by itself that help the body absorb, but also against the body of selenium excess,which make people become safe and reliable for useing selenium, so to study effects of Selenium on crop has very important significance.
This pot experiment, the exogenous selenium added yellow cinnamon soil to plant rape, lettuce,.To study the rape, lettuce on the absorption, and selenium on the rape, lettuce growth and quality of field by spraying selenium test, spraying the different concentrations of selenium to study the absorption effects of selenium in corn and selenium on the yield and quality of corn;we take selenium-enriched garlic crop as study object by the hydroponic experiment,to further research effect the growth and quality of garlic at different concentrations of selenium. the main research results as following:
1. rape
(1) Selenium adding soil and spraying selenium, with the concentration of selenium increasing, the selenium content of rape growing.Selenium adding soil、spraying selenium and selenium content in rape correlation coefficients were 0.8799,0.9709, which have reached a very significant positive correlation, but the correlation coefficient of rape spraying selenium is better than correlation coefficients of soil adding selenium, rape spraying selenium absorption better than selenium in the soil.
(2) Selenium adding soil≤5mg/kg, the significant increase fresh weight, plant height of rape while Selenium adding soil 5mg/kg, green weight and plant height of rape is the highest, when the Selenium concentration≥30 mg / kg l, compared with the control , green weight, plant height of rape began to decrease; concentration of spyaying selenium 12mg/L, green weight、plant height of rape is the highest, when spraying selenium > 15mg / L, green weight、plant height began to decrease .
(3) Selenium adding soil and spraying selenium two methods significantly increase the N element content of rape, but decreased P, K content elements of rape.
(4) Selenium adding soil and spraying selenium two methods can make the Cu, Mn, Zn element of the rape increase, and with the Selenium concentration increaseing . underSe soil conditions, Cu content of rape increases the highest range of 77.27%; cabbage with Mn, Zn content of rape compare with Comparison are also increase.increase is not too significant.
under spraying selenium , Cu content of rape increases up to 24.55%; Compare with Comparison Mn, Zn content of rape are also increased.
2. Lettuce
(1) Selenium adding soil and spraying selenium significantly increased selenium content of Lettuce, with the concentration of selenium increasing, the selenium content of Lettuce growing. Selenium concentration and Selenium content of Lettuce, the correlation coefficient reached a very significant positive correlation.
(2) Selenium adding soil concentration is 5mg/kg level, green weight、plant height is the largest of all treatments . Compared with Comparison, green weight、plant height significantly different; when Selenium concentration>15mg/ kg level, green weight、plant height of the lettuce began to decrease
spraying selenium concentration is 6mg /L level, green weight and plant height of the lettuce is the largest of all treatments . Compared with Comparison ,greenweight, plant height of the lettuce significantly different; when spraying Selenium concentration 12mg / L level, the green weight, plant height of the lettuce began to decrease.
(3) Selenium adding soil and spraying selenium add N, P content of Lettuce and decrease K of Lettuce. Low concentrations of selenium levels, K element content of Lettuce dropis not too much.
(4) Selenium adding soil and spraying selenium can cause lettuce Cu、Mn、Zn content of Lettuce to crease and with the Se concentration increaseing,the reduction rate will increase.
3.corn
(1) with the spraying concentration of selenium increaseding, selenium of corn increaseing. Spraying concentration of seleniucorn and selenium content of corn the correlation coefficient is 0.9754 (N = 4, r0.05 = 0.950, r0.01= 0.990), significantly correlated level
(2) Spraying concentration of selenium, the corn yield little difference in each treatment
(3) Spraying selenium increase N, K elements content of corn, significantly increased N elements content of corn, decrease P element content of corn.
(4) Spraying selenium corn will lead to increase Mn, Zn elements content, while deincrease Cu element content of corn.Mn element increases up to 53.83%, Zn element increases up to 16.17%, but Cu element e decrease of 0.18%～5.82%.
4. Garlic
(1)Application at the selenium concentration and selenium content in garlic to a very significant correlation coefficient of correlation shows that selenium can significantly increase the selenium content of garlic
(2) Low concentrations of selenium can promote the growth of garlic, garlic to increase the yield of high concentrations of selenium in garlic significantly inhibited the green weight、root weight、plant height and root length increased. Se concentration of nutrient solution 50mg/L levels, garlic green weight, root weight, plant height and root length of the maximum rate of increase, with increasing concentration of nutrient selenium, garlic, green weight, root weight, plant height and root length begin to decrease
(3)When low concentrations of selenium, garlic roots thick, long root hairs showed a white, tall and vigorous leaf, garlic increase production more; high concentrations of selenium, the garlic root root color is yellow and black, were flocculent, leaf growth and short stature, leaf yellowing and there is a large white tip wilt, garlic decline would be detrimental to the growth of garlic.
(4) selenium concentration <50mg/L, can significantly increase N contentthe of garlic.selenium concentration of >300mg /L, the decrease N content of garlic; low concentrations of selenium increase P, K content of the garlic, high concentrations of selenium inhibit P, K elements of garlic absorption
(5)As the selenium concentration in nutrient solution to increase selenium which significantly increase the garlic on the absorption of Cu element and reduce Mn、Zn content of the garlic. Selenium concentration of >300mg / L, Mn、Zn content of the garlic decrease up to 83.53%、22.54%。
本文以盆栽试验的方式,研究在土壤中加入外源硒、和叶面喷施外源硒时,种植的小白菜、生菜对硒的吸收效果,以及外源硒对小白菜、生菜生物量和品质的影响;通过大田玉米叶面喷施外源硒的实验,研究玉米对外源硒的吸收效果、以及硒对玉米产量及品质的影响;以富硒作物大蒜为研究对象,通过水培试验,进一步研究不同浓度的硒对大蒜生长及品质的影响。主要研究结果如下
1.小白菜
(1)土壤施硒和叶面喷施硒肥条件下,随着施硒浓度的不断增加,小白菜含硒量不断增加。土壤施硒、叶面喷施硒肥浓度和小白菜含硒量相关系数分别为0.8977、0.9709,都达到了显著正相关,而小白菜喷施硒肥的相关系数性要好于土壤施硒肥相关系数性,小白菜喷施硒肥吸收硒的效果要好于土壤施硒肥。
(2)土壤施硒浓度≤5mg/kg时,明显增加小白菜鲜重、株高。土壤施硒浓度为5mg/kg时,小白菜鲜重和株高均达到最大值,当施硒浓度≥30 mg/kg水平时,小白菜鲜重、株高较对照开始下降;叶面喷施硒12mg/L时,小白菜鲜重和株高均达到最大值,当叶面喷施硒>15mg/L时,小白菜鲜重下降,株高降低。
(3)土壤施硒和叶面喷硒两种施硒方法,明显增加小白菜N元素含量,但小白菜P、K元素含量有所降低。
(4)土壤施硒和叶面喷施硒两种施硒方法,都能使小白菜中Cu、Mn、Zn元素含量增加,且随着施硒浓度的增加而增高。
土壤施硒条件下,小白菜含Cu量最高增幅达77.27%;小白菜含Mn、Zn量较对照也有所增加,增加不是太显著。
叶面喷施硒时,小白菜含Cu量增幅最高达到24.55%;小白菜含Mn、Zn量较对照也有所增加。
2.生菜
(1)土壤施硒和喷施硒肥都明显提高生菜体内的含硒量,随着施硒浓度的不断增加,生菜含硒量不断增加,且施硒浓度和生菜含硒量相关系数达到了极显著正相关。
(2)土壤施硒浓度为5mg/kg水平时,生菜鲜重、株高在所有处理中最大,且与对照鲜重、株高差异显著;当施硒浓度>15mg/kg水平时,生菜鲜重、株高较对照开始下降。
叶面喷施硒肥为6mg/L时,生菜地上部鲜重、株高,在所有处理中最大,且与对照鲜重、株高差异显著;当喷硒浓度12mg/L时,生菜鲜重、株高较对照开始下降。
(3)土壤施硒和叶面喷施硒肥后,增加生菜N、P元素含量而K元素含量有所下降。低浓度硒水平下,生菜K元素含量下降幅度不是太多,对生菜含K量影响不大。
(4)土壤施硒和喷施硒肥,都会造成生菜Cu、Mn、Zn、元素的含量的减少,且随着施硒浓度的增加降低幅度增大。
(1)玉米硒含量随着喷施硒肥浓度不断增大而递增。玉米喷硒浓度与玉米含硒量相关系数为0.9754 (N=4, r0.05=0.950,r0.01=0.990),达到显著相关水平。
(2)玉米喷施硒肥后,玉米各处理产量相差不大。
(3)喷施硒肥增加玉米N、K元素的含量,明显增加玉米N含量,降低玉米P元素的含量。
(4)玉米喷施硒肥后,会使Mn、Zn元素的含量增加,Mn元素增幅最高为53.83%,Zn元素增幅最高为16.17%,而玉米中Cu元素的含量降低,但下降幅度较小。
4.大蒜
(1)营养液硒的浓度与大蒜含硒量相关系数0.9727 (N=6,r0.05=0.811,r0.01=0.917),达到及显著相关性,说明施硒能够明显增高大蒜体内的硒含量。
(2)低浓度硒时,能促进大蒜的生长,增加大蒜的产量,高浓度的硒明显的抑制大蒜鲜重、根重、株高和根长的增加。营养液施硒浓度为50mg/L水平时,大蒜的鲜重、根重、株高和根长增加幅度最高,随着营养液硒浓度的增加,大蒜鲜重、根重、株高和根长大幅下降,营养液施硒浓度<50mg/L水平时,适合大蒜生长,并能增加其产量。
(3)低浓度的硒时,大蒜根系粗壮、根毛长呈现白色,叶部高大旺盛,大蒜增加产量较多;高浓度的硒时,大蒜的根系根色为黄黑色,呈絮状,叶部生长矮小,叶片泛黄且有大片白斑叶尖枯萎,大蒜产量下降较多,不利于大蒜的生长。
(4)施硒浓度<50mg/L时,能明显增加大蒜含N量,施硒浓度>300mg/L时,明显降低大蒜含N量。施硒低浓度硒能够增加大蒜含P、K量,高浓度的硒强烈抑制大蒜对P、K元素的吸收,降低大蒜含P、K量。
(5)随着营养液中硒浓度能增加,明显增加了大蒜对Cu元素的吸收,降低大蒜Mn、Zn含量。施硒浓度>300mg/L时,大蒜Mn、Zn含量下降幅度达到83.53%、22.54%。
Selenium is very important trace element in the environment,it has been Proved that selenium has relationship with a variety of diseases by now Medicine. As an objective requirement for selenium when People intake selenium fail to seek the body of the case through food, through food supplies on the human body with selenium has been widespread concern in various ways, By application of inorganic selenium compounds to the cultivation of crops, and the crop transformat inorganic selenium into organic selenium compounds by itself that help the body absorb, but also against the body of selenium excess,which make people become safe and reliable for useing selenium, so to study effects of Selenium on crop has very important significance.
This pot experiment, the exogenous selenium added yellow cinnamon soil to plant rape, lettuce,.To study the rape, lettuce on the absorption, and selenium on the rape, lettuce growth and quality of field by spraying selenium test, spraying the different concentrations of selenium to study the absorption effects of selenium in corn and selenium on the yield and quality of corn;we take selenium-enriched garlic crop as study object by the hydroponic experiment,to further research effect the growth and quality of garlic at different concentrations of selenium. the main research results as following:
1. rape
(1) Selenium adding soil and spraying selenium, with the concentration of selenium increasing, the selenium content of rape growing.Selenium adding soil、spraying selenium and selenium content in rape correlation coefficients were 0.8799,0.9709, which have reached a very significant positive correlation, but the correlation coefficient of rape spraying selenium is better than correlation coefficients of soil adding selenium, rape spraying selenium absorption better than selenium in the soil.
(2) Selenium adding soil≤5mg/kg, the significant increase fresh weight, plant height of rape while Selenium adding soil 5mg/kg, green weight and plant height of rape is the highest, when the Selenium concentration≥30 mg / kg l, compared with the control , green weight, plant height of rape began to decrease; concentration of spyaying selenium 12mg/L, green weight、plant height of rape is the highest, when spraying selenium > 15mg / L, green weight、plant height began to decrease .
(3) Selenium adding soil and spraying selenium two methods significantly increase the N element content of rape, but decreased P, K content elements of rape.
(4) Selenium adding soil and spraying selenium two methods can make the Cu, Mn, Zn element of the rape increase, and with the Selenium concentration increaseing . underSe soil conditions, Cu content of rape increases the highest range of 77.27%; cabbage with Mn, Zn content of rape compare with Comparison are also increase.increase is not too significant.
under spraying selenium , Cu content of rape increases up to 24.55%; Compare with Comparison Mn, Zn content of rape are also increased.
2. Lettuce
(1) Selenium adding soil and spraying selenium significantly increased selenium content of Lettuce, with the concentration of selenium increasing, the selenium content of Lettuce growing. Selenium concentration and Selenium content of Lettuce, the correlation coefficient reached a very significant positive correlation.
(2) Selenium adding soil concentration is 5mg/kg level, green weight、plant height is the largest of all treatments . Compared with Comparison, green weight、plant height significantly different; when Selenium concentration>15mg/ kg level, green weight、plant height of the lettuce began to decrease
spraying selenium concentration is 6mg /L level, green weight and plant height of the lettuce is the largest of all treatments . Compared with Comparison ,greenweight, plant height of the lettuce significantly different; when spraying Selenium concentration 12mg / L level, the green weight, plant height of the lettuce began to decrease.
(3) Selenium adding soil and spraying selenium add N, P content of Lettuce and decrease K of Lettuce. Low concentrations of selenium levels, K element content of Lettuce dropis not too much.
(4) Selenium adding soil and spraying selenium can cause lettuce Cu、Mn、Zn content of Lettuce to crease and with the Se concentration increaseing,the reduction rate will increase.
3.corn
(1) with the spraying concentration of selenium increaseding, selenium of corn increaseing. Spraying concentration of seleniucorn and selenium content of corn the correlation coefficient is 0.9754 (N = 4, r0.05 = 0.950, r0.01= 0.990), significantly correlated level
(2) Spraying concentration of selenium, the corn yield little difference in each treatment
(3) Spraying selenium increase N, K elements content of corn, significantly increased N elements content of corn, decrease P element content of corn.
(4) Spraying selenium corn will lead to increase Mn, Zn elements content, while deincrease Cu element content of corn.Mn element increases up to 53.83%, Zn element increases up to 16.17%, but Cu element e decrease of 0.18%～5.82%.
4. Garlic
(1)Application at the selenium concentration and selenium content in garlic to a very significant correlation coefficient of correlation shows that selenium can significantly increase the selenium content of garlic
(2) Low concentrations of selenium can promote the growth of garlic, garlic to increase the yield of high concentrations of selenium in garlic significantly inhibited the green weight、root weight、plant height and root length increased. Se concentration of nutrient solution 50mg/L levels, garlic green weight, root weight, plant height and root length of the maximum rate of increase, with increasing concentration of nutrient selenium, garlic, green weight, root weight, plant height and root length begin to decrease
(3)When low concentrations of selenium, garlic roots thick, long root hairs showed a white, tall and vigorous leaf, garlic increase production more; high concentrations of selenium, the garlic root root color is yellow and black, were flocculent, leaf growth and short stature, leaf yellowing and there is a large white tip wilt, garlic decline would be detrimental to the growth of garlic.
(4) selenium concentration <50mg/L, can significantly increase N contentthe of garlic.selenium concentration of >300mg /L, the decrease N content of garlic; low concentrations of selenium increase P, K content of the garlic, high concentrations of selenium inhibit P, K elements of garlic absorption
(5)As the selenium concentration in nutrient solution to increase selenium which significantly increase the garlic on the absorption of Cu element and reduce Mn、Zn content of the garlic. Selenium concentration of >300mg / L, Mn、Zn content of the garlic decrease up to 83.53%、22.54%。
引文
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[12]吴耀明,杨玉爱.硒的土壤化学及其生物有效性[J].广东微量元素科学,1996,3(7):14-20
[13]赵成义.环境中的硒及其与植物的关系[J].新疆环境保护, 1991,13(3): 28-34
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[16]鄢明才,迟清华.中国东部地壳与岩石的化学组成[M].北京:地质出版社,1997,292
[17]杨光圻,商瑞华..人的地方性硒中毒和环境及人体硒水平[J].营养学报,1982,4(2):81-89
[18]王明远.中国粮食硒含量的地区分布[J].地理研究,1982,(2):51-57
[19]呼世斌,薛澄泽,李嘉瑞,等.食物链植物施硒的研究进展[J].西北农业学报,1996,5(3):87—90.
[20]万洪富.大麦等四种作物对土壤中硒的吸收与累积[J].土壤,1989,21(5):268～271.
[21]Hamilton J W,Benth A.Amount and chemical form of selenium in vegetable plants[J].Journal Agricutural Food Chemstry,1964,12:371—374.
[22].Wan H F,Mikkelesen R L Selenium uptake by some agricultural crops from central California soil[J].Journal Environment Quality,1988,17:269—272.姚林,高振敏,龙洪波.分散元素的地球化学循环及其富集作用[J].中国科学,1999,29(5):426-432
[23].张驰,吴永尧,彭振坤油菜中硒含量分布和赋存形态研究湖北农业科学2004,(2):40—42
[24]中国矿物岩石地球化学会环境地质地球化学会编.环境地球化学与健康.北京:地震出版社,1991,198-248
[25] Beath O A.Selenium.New York,1964
[26] Cary E E et al.SSSAP,1967,31(1):21-26
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[29]杨俊诚等.硒的生物学研究进展.农业环境与发展1994,42(4):37
[30]朱永懿等.植物对硒的吸收研究进展.核农学通报,1994,15(5):241
[31]郑达贤等.初论世界低硒带.环境科学学报,1982,2(3):2 4
[32]任胜云译.硒和外界环境土壤学进展,1993,21(5):34
[33]郝玉怀,鱼宏斌等.硒肥对硒区谷子籽粒含硒量及产量的影响[J].土壤通报,1991,22(1):47.
[34]张玲玲,张培禄等.温州蜜桔追施硒肥对果实含硒量的影响.浙江农业科学,1995,(2):70-72
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[38]刘湘元,张宏志.荞麦富硒试验研究及其开发前景资源科学,1998,20(6)61-65
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[40]张秀梅.硒对玉米发芽率及植株生长的影响安徽科技通讯2005(8):18-19
[41]黄爱缨,吴珍龄. Na2Se03对稻苗生长及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的影响西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),22(4): 421-425
[42]李登超,朱祝军,韩秋敏,徐志豪.硒对菠菜、小白菜生长及抗氧化活性的研究.上海交通大学学报,2003,21(1):5-8
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