分布式光纤测温技术确定水文地质参数及集合卡尔曼滤波法预测地下水位的研究
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摘要
干旱半干旱地区的水资源问题是一个世界性的难题，在我国的西北地区也不例外。如何合理、有效的利用有限的水资源，一直是水资源管理者和研究者们关注的重点，而其中一个关键问题就是如何对水资源进行有效存储。多年以来，水资源管理者倾向于将水资源存储地表水库之中，存储和利用都比较方便。然而，由于干旱半干旱地区自身的特点—降雨量少，蒸发量大，利用地表水库储水的方式导致了大量水资源的无效损失。在此背景之下，研究者们提出了“地下水库”的概念，即将水资源存储于地下水，从而到达减少无效的蒸发量，提高可被利用的水资源量。
“地下水库”的研究涉及内容较多，如地下水库库址的选择、库容设计、水资源论证等等。本论文选择了位于新疆乌鲁木齐流域的柴窝堡盆地-河谷区为研究对象，①从区域地质、地质构造、水文地质条件、水资源条件等分析了“地下水库”建设的可行性，认为柴窝堡盆地的乌鲁木齐河径流区比较适合建设天然的“地下水库”；②通过利用分布光纤测温技术，监测在注水补给模式下，柴窝堡盆地的河床地层浅层的温度变化过程，定性分析了注水模式下，水流运动的基本特征以及河床浅层沉积物的热物理性质，认为在松散沉积物中和垂向补给方式下，水的运动一般以垂向运动为主；随着深度的增加，水流在垂向下移的过程中，还是会伴随着水平流动的迹象，但水平方向上受到水流的影响范围比较有限，另外，柴窝堡盆地浅层沉积物导热性能较好，而散热性能较差；③根据水热传导模型和温度场监测数据，通过模型模拟手段，间接获得河床浅层的水文地质参数，经过模型识别，在试验点的水平和垂向渗透系数分别为1.48×10-4m/s和1.34×10-5m/s。④将集合卡尔曼滤波法与数值模拟方法相结合，进行地下水位预测研究。通过理论分析和实例验证，集合卡尔曼滤波法是提高模型预测结果精度的有效方法之一。
Water crisis in arid and semi-arid regions is a worldwide problem, not excludingthe Northwest region in China. How to use the limited water resources reasonably andefficiently is a focused topic by water resources managers and researchers. One of keyissues is where to store the limited water resources. Since years, the water resourcesmanagers preferred to store water in the surface water reservoirs. It is conviniet tostore and divert. However, due to its characteristics of high evaporation in the arid andsemi-arid region, the way of storing water in the surface water reservoir resulted inunvaild losses of water resources. Under this background, the researchers brought outthe idea of groundwater reservoir. It is to store water in the underground in order todecrease the unvalid evaporation losses while the total amount of usable water isincreased.
The groundwater reservoir concerns many research contents, such as location ofthe groundwater reservoir, volume design, water resources assessment, etc. In thisthesis, the Chaiwopu Basin including river valley located in the Urumqi River Basinin Xinjiang Province is chose as the research area. Four aspects of research contentswere carried out and conclusions were drawed:①the feasibility of groundwaterreservoir is analyzed from geological structure, hydrogeologicalconditions, conditions of water resources. It is concluded that the UrumqiRiver runoff area in the Chaiwopu Basin is suitable for the construction of a naturalunderground reservoir,②Using the technique of Distributed Temperature Sensor(DTS), the temperature variation process in the shallow layers of riverbed inChaiwopu Basin is moinotored under the recharge mode. The basic characteristicsof flow and the thermophysical properties of riverbed sediments were analyzedqualitatively. Under the vertical recharge mode, water moves mainly downwards inunconsolidated sediments. With the increase of depth, horizontal flow of wateroccurred while its influenced range is quite limited. In addition, the thermalconductivity of sediments in shallow layers of the Chaiwopu Basin is good, while thethermal dispersion capability is poor.③According to the flow and heat transport modeling and monitored temperature data, the riverbed hydrogeological parameters ofshallow layers are calibrated and obtained. After model calibration, the horizontaland vertical permeability of the testing area are1.48×10-4m/s and1.34×10-5m/srespectively.④The Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) and numeric simulation arecoupled in groundwater level prediction. Theretically and practically, EnKF is provedto be an effective method to improve the accuracy of model prediction.
“地下水库”的研究涉及内容较多，如地下水库库址的选择、库容设计、水资源论证等等。本论文选择了位于新疆乌鲁木齐流域的柴窝堡盆地-河谷区为研究对象，①从区域地质、地质构造、水文地质条件、水资源条件等分析了“地下水库”建设的可行性，认为柴窝堡盆地的乌鲁木齐河径流区比较适合建设天然的“地下水库”；②通过利用分布光纤测温技术，监测在注水补给模式下，柴窝堡盆地的河床地层浅层的温度变化过程，定性分析了注水模式下，水流运动的基本特征以及河床浅层沉积物的热物理性质，认为在松散沉积物中和垂向补给方式下，水的运动一般以垂向运动为主；随着深度的增加，水流在垂向下移的过程中，还是会伴随着水平流动的迹象，但水平方向上受到水流的影响范围比较有限，另外，柴窝堡盆地浅层沉积物导热性能较好，而散热性能较差；③根据水热传导模型和温度场监测数据，通过模型模拟手段，间接获得河床浅层的水文地质参数，经过模型识别，在试验点的水平和垂向渗透系数分别为1.48×10-4m/s和1.34×10-5m/s。④将集合卡尔曼滤波法与数值模拟方法相结合，进行地下水位预测研究。通过理论分析和实例验证，集合卡尔曼滤波法是提高模型预测结果精度的有效方法之一。
Water crisis in arid and semi-arid regions is a worldwide problem, not excludingthe Northwest region in China. How to use the limited water resources reasonably andefficiently is a focused topic by water resources managers and researchers. One of keyissues is where to store the limited water resources. Since years, the water resourcesmanagers preferred to store water in the surface water reservoirs. It is conviniet tostore and divert. However, due to its characteristics of high evaporation in the arid andsemi-arid region, the way of storing water in the surface water reservoir resulted inunvaild losses of water resources. Under this background, the researchers brought outthe idea of groundwater reservoir. It is to store water in the underground in order todecrease the unvalid evaporation losses while the total amount of usable water isincreased.
The groundwater reservoir concerns many research contents, such as location ofthe groundwater reservoir, volume design, water resources assessment, etc. In thisthesis, the Chaiwopu Basin including river valley located in the Urumqi River Basinin Xinjiang Province is chose as the research area. Four aspects of research contentswere carried out and conclusions were drawed:①the feasibility of groundwaterreservoir is analyzed from geological structure, hydrogeologicalconditions, conditions of water resources. It is concluded that the UrumqiRiver runoff area in the Chaiwopu Basin is suitable for the construction of a naturalunderground reservoir,②Using the technique of Distributed Temperature Sensor(DTS), the temperature variation process in the shallow layers of riverbed inChaiwopu Basin is moinotored under the recharge mode. The basic characteristicsof flow and the thermophysical properties of riverbed sediments were analyzedqualitatively. Under the vertical recharge mode, water moves mainly downwards inunconsolidated sediments. With the increase of depth, horizontal flow of wateroccurred while its influenced range is quite limited. In addition, the thermalconductivity of sediments in shallow layers of the Chaiwopu Basin is good, while thethermal dispersion capability is poor.③According to the flow and heat transport modeling and monitored temperature data, the riverbed hydrogeological parameters ofshallow layers are calibrated and obtained. After model calibration, the horizontaland vertical permeability of the testing area are1.48×10-4m/s and1.34×10-5m/srespectively.④The Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) and numeric simulation arecoupled in groundwater level prediction. Theretically and practically, EnKF is provedto be an effective method to improve the accuracy of model prediction.
引文
Anderson P．Heat as a ground water tracer［J］．Ground Water，2005，43（6）：951-968．.
Barnett S．，Howles S．，Martin R．，et al．Aquifer storage and recharge:innovation in water resources management ［J］． Australian Journal of EarthSciences，2000，47：13－19．
Becker W．，Georgian T．，Ambrose H．，et al．Estimating flow and flux of groundwater discharge using water temperature and velocity［J］．Journal of Hydrology，2004，296：221-233．
Chadi S．，Christopher G．，Maria G．，et al．Feasibility of soil moisturemonitoring with heated fiber optics［J］．Water Resources Research，2010，46（6）． DOI:10.1029/2009WR007846．
Chen Y．and Zhang D．Data assimilation for transient flow in geologic formationsvia ensemble Kalman filter [J]．Advances in Water Resources，2006，29（8）：1107-122．
Constanz J． Interaction between stream temperature， streamflow， andgroundwater exchanges in alpine streams［J］．Water Resources Research，1998，34（7）：1609-1615．
Constanz J．，Amy S．，Richard N．，et al．Analysis of temperature profiles forinvestigating stream losses beneath ephemeral channels ［J］． Water ResourcesResearch，2002，38（12）：52-1~52-13．
Constanz J．，David S．，Amy S．，et al．Analysis of streambed temperatures inephemeral channels to determine streamflow frequency and duration［J］．WaterResources Research，2001，37（2）：317-328．
Dillon P．and Molloy R．Developing Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR)Opportunities in Melbourn（eTechnical Guidance for ASR）［R］．U．S．GEOLOGICALSURVEY，Water-Resources Investigations Report02－4036．
Doherty J． Groundwater model calibration using pilot points andregularization．Ground Water，2003，41（2）：170-177．
Doherty J．PEST: model-independent parameter estimation, User manual:5thEdition．2005，Watermark Computing，Brisbane．
Evensen G．The Ensemble Kalman Filter: theoretical formation and practicalimplementation［J］．Ocean Dynamics，2003，53：343-367．
Fetter C W. Applied Hydrogeology. New Jersey: Pren-tice-Hall Inc.,2001:511-541.
Franssen H．and Kinzenbach W．Rea l time groundwater flow modeling with theEnsemble Kalman Filter: Joint estimation of states and parameters and the filterinbreeding problem [J]．Water Resources Research，2008，44（9）：21．
Kalman W． A new approach to linear filtering and prediction problems［J］．Transaction of theASME-Journal of basic engineering，1960，P35-45．
Liu G．S．，Chen Y．，and Zhang D．Investigation of flow and transport processesat the MADE site using ensemble Kalman filter [J]．Advances in Water Resources，2008，31（7）：975-986．
Poeter P．and Hill M．Inverse models：A necessary next step in groundwater flowmodeling［J］．Groundwater，1997，35：250－260．
Reese S．Inventory and Review of Aquifer Storage and Recovery in SouthernFlorida［R］．U．S．GEOLOGICAL SURVEY，Water-Resources Investigations Report02－4036．
Scott T．，John S．，Mark H．，et al．Environmental temperature sensing usingRaman spectra DTS fiber-optic methods［J］．Water Resources Research，2009，45（1）．DOI:10.1029/2008WR007052．
Schmidt C．，Conant B．，Bayer M．，et al．Evaluation and field-scale applicationof an analytical method to quantify groundwater discharge using mappedstreambed temperatures［J］．Journal of Hydrology，2007，347：292-307．
Stonestrom A．and Constantz J．Heat as a tool for studying the movement ofground water near streams［J］．U.S. Geological Survey，Circular1260，2003，RestonVirginia．
Told D K. Groundwater Hydrology. New York: John Willey&Sons,1980:353-356,458-488.
Voss C I， Provost A M． SUTRA： A model for saturated-unsaturatedvariable-density ground-water flow with solute or energy transport ［R］．U.S.Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report02-4231，2010，291p．
杜汉学，常国纯，张乔生，等．利用地下水库蓄水的初步认识［J］．水科学进展，2002，13（5）：18－622．
杜新强，廖资生，李砚阁，等．地下水库调蓄水资源的研究现状与展望.科技进步与对策，2005.2：178-180．
高山红，吴增茂，谢红琴．Kalman滤波在气象数据同化中的发展与应用［J］．地球科学进展，2000，15（5）：571-575．
黄丽，郑春苗，刘杰，等．分布式光纤测温技术在黑河中游地表水与地下水转换研究中的应用[J]．水文地质工程地质，2012，39（2）：1-6．
李采，何庆成．饱和带／非饱和带运移模型(SUTRA)软件介绍．水文地质工程地质，2005，1：119-120．
李度．测定水文地质参数的方法［J］．吉林大学学报，2001，2（6）．
李宁．乌鲁木齐河流域柴窝堡盆地地下水数值模拟及其可持续开采量评价．[硕士学位论文].北京：中国地质大学（北京），2008。
李旺林，束龙仓，殷宗泽．地下水库的概念和设计理论［J］．水利学报，2006，37（5）：613－618．
李文鹏，周红春，周仰效，等．中国西北典型干旱区地下水流系统［M］，地震出版社，1995．
李文鹏，郑跃军，郝爱兵．北京平原区地下水位预警初步研究［J］．地学前缘，2010，17（6）：166-173．
李砚阁，地下水库建设研究［M］．北京：中国环境科学出版社，2007．
林学钰，论地下水库开发利用中的几个问题［J］．长春地质学院学报，1984，2：113－21．
聂琴，赵坚，刘强．地下水库与地表水库的对比分析研究［J］．水电能源科学，2008，26（1）：81-96．
吴忱，王子惠．南宫地下水库的古河流沉积与古河型特征．地理学报，1982，7(3):317-324
吴林娜．地下水位预报方法的探讨［J］．陕西水利科技，1996，113（4）：63-65．
薛禹群．中国地下水数值模拟的现状与展望［J］．高校地质学报，2010，16（1）：1-6．
薛禹群，谢春红．地下水数值模拟［M］．北京：科学出版社，2007．
曾铁梅，徐卫军，侯建国．分布式光纤测温技术在隧道火灾和渗漏探测中的应用［J］．防灾减灾工程学报，2007，27（1）：52-56．
张济世，陈仁升，吕世华，等．物理水文学［M］．河南郑州：黄河水利出版社，2007．
张在宣，刘红林，王剑锋，等．分布式光纤拉曼散射测温技术的进展［J］．世界仪表与自动化，2005，1：25-27．
赵天石．关于地下水库几个问题的探讨［J］．水文地质工程地质，2002，5：65－67．
中国地质调查局．水文地质手册［M］．北京：地质出版社，2012．
周训，金晓媚，梁四海，等．地下水科学专论［M］．北京：地质出版社，2010．
周仰效，李文鹏．地下水监测、信息系统、模型及可持续发展［M］．北京：科学出版社，2011．
Barnett S．，Howles S．，Martin R．，et al．Aquifer storage and recharge:innovation in water resources management ［J］． Australian Journal of EarthSciences，2000，47：13－19．
Becker W．，Georgian T．，Ambrose H．，et al．Estimating flow and flux of groundwater discharge using water temperature and velocity［J］．Journal of Hydrology，2004，296：221-233．
Chadi S．，Christopher G．，Maria G．，et al．Feasibility of soil moisturemonitoring with heated fiber optics［J］．Water Resources Research，2010，46（6）． DOI:10.1029/2009WR007846．
Chen Y．and Zhang D．Data assimilation for transient flow in geologic formationsvia ensemble Kalman filter [J]．Advances in Water Resources，2006，29（8）：1107-122．
Constanz J． Interaction between stream temperature， streamflow， andgroundwater exchanges in alpine streams［J］．Water Resources Research，1998，34（7）：1609-1615．
Constanz J．，Amy S．，Richard N．，et al．Analysis of temperature profiles forinvestigating stream losses beneath ephemeral channels ［J］． Water ResourcesResearch，2002，38（12）：52-1~52-13．
Constanz J．，David S．，Amy S．，et al．Analysis of streambed temperatures inephemeral channels to determine streamflow frequency and duration［J］．WaterResources Research，2001，37（2）：317-328．
Dillon P．and Molloy R．Developing Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR)Opportunities in Melbourn（eTechnical Guidance for ASR）［R］．U．S．GEOLOGICALSURVEY，Water-Resources Investigations Report02－4036．
Doherty J． Groundwater model calibration using pilot points andregularization．Ground Water，2003，41（2）：170-177．
Doherty J．PEST: model-independent parameter estimation, User manual:5thEdition．2005，Watermark Computing，Brisbane．
Evensen G．The Ensemble Kalman Filter: theoretical formation and practicalimplementation［J］．Ocean Dynamics，2003，53：343-367．
Fetter C W. Applied Hydrogeology. New Jersey: Pren-tice-Hall Inc.,2001:511-541.
Franssen H．and Kinzenbach W．Rea l time groundwater flow modeling with theEnsemble Kalman Filter: Joint estimation of states and parameters and the filterinbreeding problem [J]．Water Resources Research，2008，44（9）：21．
Kalman W． A new approach to linear filtering and prediction problems［J］．Transaction of theASME-Journal of basic engineering，1960，P35-45．
Liu G．S．，Chen Y．，and Zhang D．Investigation of flow and transport processesat the MADE site using ensemble Kalman filter [J]．Advances in Water Resources，2008，31（7）：975-986．
Poeter P．and Hill M．Inverse models：A necessary next step in groundwater flowmodeling［J］．Groundwater，1997，35：250－260．
Reese S．Inventory and Review of Aquifer Storage and Recovery in SouthernFlorida［R］．U．S．GEOLOGICAL SURVEY，Water-Resources Investigations Report02－4036．
Scott T．，John S．，Mark H．，et al．Environmental temperature sensing usingRaman spectra DTS fiber-optic methods［J］．Water Resources Research，2009，45（1）．DOI:10.1029/2008WR007052．
Schmidt C．，Conant B．，Bayer M．，et al．Evaluation and field-scale applicationof an analytical method to quantify groundwater discharge using mappedstreambed temperatures［J］．Journal of Hydrology，2007，347：292-307．
Stonestrom A．and Constantz J．Heat as a tool for studying the movement ofground water near streams［J］．U.S. Geological Survey，Circular1260，2003，RestonVirginia．
Told D K. Groundwater Hydrology. New York: John Willey&Sons,1980:353-356,458-488.
Voss C I， Provost A M． SUTRA： A model for saturated-unsaturatedvariable-density ground-water flow with solute or energy transport ［R］．U.S.Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report02-4231，2010，291p．
杜汉学，常国纯，张乔生，等．利用地下水库蓄水的初步认识［J］．水科学进展，2002，13（5）：18－622．
杜新强，廖资生，李砚阁，等．地下水库调蓄水资源的研究现状与展望.科技进步与对策，2005.2：178-180．
高山红，吴增茂，谢红琴．Kalman滤波在气象数据同化中的发展与应用［J］．地球科学进展，2000，15（5）：571-575．
黄丽，郑春苗，刘杰，等．分布式光纤测温技术在黑河中游地表水与地下水转换研究中的应用[J]．水文地质工程地质，2012，39（2）：1-6．
李采，何庆成．饱和带／非饱和带运移模型(SUTRA)软件介绍．水文地质工程地质，2005，1：119-120．
李度．测定水文地质参数的方法［J］．吉林大学学报，2001，2（6）．
李宁．乌鲁木齐河流域柴窝堡盆地地下水数值模拟及其可持续开采量评价．[硕士学位论文].北京：中国地质大学（北京），2008。
李旺林，束龙仓，殷宗泽．地下水库的概念和设计理论［J］．水利学报，2006，37（5）：613－618．
李文鹏，周红春，周仰效，等．中国西北典型干旱区地下水流系统［M］，地震出版社，1995．
李文鹏，郑跃军，郝爱兵．北京平原区地下水位预警初步研究［J］．地学前缘，2010，17（6）：166-173．
李砚阁，地下水库建设研究［M］．北京：中国环境科学出版社，2007．
林学钰，论地下水库开发利用中的几个问题［J］．长春地质学院学报，1984，2：113－21．
聂琴，赵坚，刘强．地下水库与地表水库的对比分析研究［J］．水电能源科学，2008，26（1）：81-96．
吴忱，王子惠．南宫地下水库的古河流沉积与古河型特征．地理学报，1982，7(3):317-324
吴林娜．地下水位预报方法的探讨［J］．陕西水利科技，1996，113（4）：63-65．
薛禹群．中国地下水数值模拟的现状与展望［J］．高校地质学报，2010，16（1）：1-6．
薛禹群，谢春红．地下水数值模拟［M］．北京：科学出版社，2007．
曾铁梅，徐卫军，侯建国．分布式光纤测温技术在隧道火灾和渗漏探测中的应用［J］．防灾减灾工程学报，2007，27（1）：52-56．
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