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番荔枝二萜类化合物抑制肝癌增殖及其机制的研究
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摘要
研究背景
     肝细胞癌是最常见的人类致死性恶性肿瘤之一,对人类健康危害极大。我国是原发性肝癌的高发国家之一,死亡率在消化系统恶性肿瘤中列第三位,仅次于胃癌和食道癌,但目前肝癌的中、晚期治疗,尚无有效的方法,中医药作为综合治疗的重要组成部分,有一定的疗效和独特的优势,成为肝癌治疗的重要手段之一,而发挥中医药的优势,用分子生物学方法研究中医药防治肝癌,提高肝癌的治疗效果,一直是我国肝癌研究的重要课题。近年来,中药有效成分和提取物抗肿瘤的研究一直是国内研究的热点,目前,国内外在番荔枝抗肿瘤的研究方面取得了一定的进展,以章永红教授为首的科研组初步的动物体内抗肿瘤实验结果表明,番荔枝提取物对小鼠移植性肉瘤S180有明显的抗舯瘤活性,以50mg/kg×7d剂量灌胃给药,其抑瘤率可达41%。同时研究了圆滑番荔枝中其中一个二萜类化合物对人肝癌细胞株SMMC-7721的抑制作用及其机理,结果发现可诱导SMMC-7721癌细胞凋亡,抑制Bcl-2基因的表达;增加bax基因的表达。本研究旨在为从番荔枝中寻找新的有效治疗肝癌的药物提供理论依据。
     研究目的
     本课题将从番荔枝中提出的5种二萜类化合物中筛选出抗癌活性强的单体成份,并从体外和体内两个方面评价其抗肝癌作用,在分子生物学水平初步阐明其抗肿瘤机制。为研制一种新型抗肿瘤药物奠定基础,同时为临床运用番荔枝进行抗癌治疗提供客观依据和一定的理论支持。
     研究方法
     体外实验:
     1.活性番荔枝二萜类化合物单体的筛选
     采用MTT法,观察5种番荔枝二萜类化合物单体对体外培养人肝癌细胞株HepG2 SMMC7721的抑制作用,并考察其量效和时效关系。筛选出对HepG2抑制作用强的单体。
     2.活性番荔枝二萜类化合物单体抗肿瘤作用机理探讨
     (1)活性番荔枝二萜类化合物单体体外诱导人肝癌细胞株HepG2、SMMC7721调亡的研究
     A.倒置相差显微镜观察细胞形态的变化。
     B.荧光显微镜观察细胞核内染色质的变化(AO/EB,Hoechst33258荧光染色法)。
     C.透视电子显微镜(TEM)观察细胞超微结构的变化,以观察是否出现细胞出芽,凋亡小体,胞浆内空泡和核染色质固缩,碎裂,边集等现象和线粒体嵴的变化。
     D.琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析肿瘤细胞内生化指标的变化,看是否有DNA ladder出现。
     E.流式细胞术观察有无sub-G1峰出现,检测细胞凋亡率,并进行细胞周期分析。
     从以上五种方法来确定活性番荔枝二萜类化合物单体是否以通过诱导细胞凋亡方式来抑制肿瘤细胞增殖。
     (2)活性番荔枝二萜类化合物单体体外诱导人肿癌细胞株HepG2凋亡机制的研究
     A.激光共聚焦技术(LSM)检测活性番荔枝二萜类化合物对细胞膜电位(MP)、线粒体电位(△ψm)以及细胞内Ca2+浓度的影响。
     B.基因微矩阵技术检测活性番荔枝二萜类化合物对肿瘤细胞内与凋亡相关基因的变化
     C.采用Western blot利检测与凋亡相关的基因Bax、Bcl-2、Caspase-3的变化,
     体内实验:
     1.观察活性番荔枝二萜类化合物单体的抑瘤作用及副作用
Background
    Hepatocellular cancer(HCC) is a fatal malignant tumor doing great harm to human's health. There is a high occurrence rate of HCC in China. The mortality is the 3rd highest of digestive malignant tumor following to gastric and esophageal cancer. Since there is no effective treatment to HCC at middle and late stage till now, TCM treatment with its particular effect is still an important part of integrate therapy of HCC. It is a hot research topic to find effective anticancer component and extract from natural products. The researches on the anticancer function of Annona glabra Linn had obtained good performance recently. The research group led by Pr.Zhang Yong-hong had fulfilled a series of experiments on the anticancer function of Annona glabra Linn.The results shows, the extract of Annona glabra Linn can inhibit the growth of the implanted sarcoma of the mice with the highest inhibitory rate of 41% at the dosage of 50mg/Kg×7d. It is also shown that Annona glabra Linn can inhibit the proliferation of human hepatocellular cancer cell lines SMMC-7721 and induce apoptosis by increasing the expression of bax gene and decreasing the expression of bcl-2 gene.
    Objective
    To select the most active anticancer monomer from 5 diterpenoid compounds and evaluate its anticancer action through experiments in vivo and vitro. To establish a fundamental base for putting Annona glabra Linn into a new anticancer drug by disclosing its anticancer mechanism in molecular biologic method.
    Methods
    In vitro
    1 Selection of monomer
    Observe the inhibitory action of 5 diterpenoid compounds on human hepatocellular cancer cell line HepG2 and SMMC-7721 by MTT assay and find out the correlation of dosage-effect and time-effect.
    2 Anticancer mechanism
    ①Inverted phase-contrast microscope was used to observe the morphological changes of cells.
    ②Fluorescent microscope was used to observe the change of chromatin.
    ③Transmission electron microscope was used to observe the change of the ultramicro-structure of the cells, e.g., budding, apoptotic bodies, plasma membrane blebbing, nuclear condensation, collapse, etc.
    ④Agarose gel electrophoresis was used to observe the DNA ladder and analyze the biochemical change of the cells.
    ⑤FCM(flow cytometer) was used to observe the apoptotic peak and analyze the cellular cycle and calculate the apoptotic rate.
    ⑥LCSM(laser confocal scanning microscopy) was used to observe the affection of Annona glabra Linn on the MP(cellular membrane potention), ΔΨ_m (mitochondria
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