有机肥与化肥配施对作物产量和紫色土肥力的影响
摘要
采用田间试验方法,于2007年-2009年在重庆市垫江县红棕紫泥紫色土上,研究了有机肥与化肥配施对小麦和玉米产量、氮素利用、土壤养分和微生物活性的影响。试验主要结果如下：
1.化肥与有机肥(猪粪、秸秆)配施,可以节约氮肥5%-63%、磷肥4%-62%、钾肥16%-98%,极大地降低了生产成本,也有利于农业环境保护。
2.有机肥与化肥配合施用,逐年增加贫瘠红棕紫泥土壤小麦和玉米产量,以大约50%的化肥配施猪粪或作物秸秆的效果最明显,与习惯施肥相比(2008-2009年),小麦年平均增产806 kg·hm-2,玉米年平均增产810 kg·hm-2。从产量构成上看,小麦千粒重、穗粒数和有效小穗数分别提高了10.6%、11.6%、7.8%,玉米百粒重、穗粒数、株高、穗长分别提高了3.6%、2.8%、2.4%、5.9%。
3.有机肥与化肥配施显著提高作物的氮素吸收量。与习惯施肥相比,猪粪与化肥配施处理(FM1)和有机肥(猪粪、秸秆)与化肥配施处理(FM3)增幅最大,分别增加了0.5%-47.6%、4.4%-37.1%。；猪粪与化肥配施(FM1)、秸秆与化肥配施(FM2)和有机肥(猪粪、秸秆)与化肥配施(FM3)处理的氮肥农学效率分别比习惯施肥处理(F1)高72.80%、72.5%和96.6%：有机肥与化肥配施显著提高作物籽粒含氮量,猪粪与化肥配施(FM1)、秸秆与化肥配施(FM2)和有机肥(猪粪、秸秆)与化肥配施(FM3)处理分别比习惯施肥处理(F1)高34.1%、13.1%和34.0%,但它们与平衡施肥处理(F2)处理之间差异不显著。
4.在耕作层(0-20cm)土壤中,除全钾外,有机质、全氮、全磷、有效N、P、K含量均高于犁底层的土壤(20-40cm),说明当地原有的施肥制度在耗竭土壤的钾素,而平衡施肥或化肥配施有机肥可以增加土壤的钾素营养,尤其是秸秆与化肥配施、有机肥(猪粪、秸秆)与化肥配施的效果十分明显。
5.在小麦主要生育期,各处理的土壤NH4+-N变化于4.21 mg·kg-1-11.78 mg·kg-1,NO3--N变化于3.70 mg·kg-1-31.85 mg·kg-1之间。在玉米生育期,土壤NH4+-N变化范围为4.15mg·kg-1-14.34 mg·kg-1,NO3--N为1.65 mg·kg-1-33.40 mg·kg-1。小麦拔节期,玉米的喇叭口期和抽雄期是氮素营养的强度期,化肥配施有机肥使土壤NH4+-N和NO3--N变化与作物需求协调,有机肥供肥平缓持续,这可能是获得作物高产的原因之一。
6.有机肥与化肥配施显著提高土壤微生物活性,并在作物旺长期达到最大值。在微生物活性最强的小麦灌浆期和玉米抽雄期,有机肥与化肥配施的微生物碳分别比常规施肥提高122.6%-151.4%、44.30%-97.5%。较强的微生物活性能够促进有机质转化分解,有利作物中后期养分的持续供应。
In order to study the influence of organic and chemical fertilizer combination on crop yields, nitrogen utilization, nutrient and microbial carbon in soil, a field experiment was carried out with wheat and maize growing in purple soil in Dianjiang County, Chongqing, from 2007 to 2009. The main results obtained were as follows:
1. Application of chemical fertilizer plus manure or straw decreased greatly N fertilizer by 5%～63%, P by 4%～62%, and K by 16%～98%, respectively, resulting in less environment pollution.
2. Combination of organic and chemical fertilizers also enhanced significantly the yields of wheat and maize year by year. FM3 obtained highest crop yields compared to the traditional fertilization treatment, namely with the yield increment of 806 kg·hm-2s for wheat and 810 kghm-2for maize during 2008-2009. The direct reasons for high grain output were mainly due to the enhancement of grain weight per a thousand grain, grain numbers per ear, and available spikelet for both wheat and maize.
3. Plant N uptake enhanced significantly by adding organic fertilizer together with chemical fertilizers. Compare to traditional fertilization, FM1 and FM3 resulted in the largest increment of plant N absorption by 0.5%～47.6% and by 4.4%～37.1%. Agronomic N efficiency increased by 72.8%(FM1),72.5%(FM2), and 96.6%(FM3), respectively, on the base of Fl. Similarly, FM1, FM2 and FM3 increased N content in grain was by 34.1%,13.1%, and 34%. However, there were no significant differences in grain N contents among with balance fertilization treatments.
4. Contents of organic matter, total N, total P and available N, P, K in the farming layer(0～20cm) were significantly higher than in the plow pan(20～40cm) except total K, which show that K in soil is being exhausted by the original fertilization systems in local. Balanced fertilization or combined application of organic and chemical fertilizers and increase the content of K in soil, the effection is especially significant when applied with straw (FM2, FM3).
5. Concentration of NH4+-N in soil varied from 4.21 mg·kg-1～11.78 mg·kg-1 on main growth stage of wheat, and NO3--N in soil varied from 3.70 mg·kg-1～31.85 mg·kg-1. And on maim growth stage of maize, NH4+-N in soil varied from 4.15 mg-kg-1-14.34 mg·kg-1,NO3--N varied from 1.65 mg·kg-1～33.40 mg·kg-1. Jointing stage of wheat, trumpet stage and tasseling stage of maize are the period of strength for N uptake. Changes of NH4+-N and NO3--N concentration in soil in treatments applied with organic and chemical fertilizers are consistent with the demand, and the supply is gradual and sustainable, which is probably one of the reason for high outputs.
6. Soil microbial activity can be increased significantly and reach the highest point in vigorous growth stages when organic and chemical fertilizers were applied together, and SMBC is higher than F1 by 122.6%～151.4% and 44.3%～97.5% at filling stage of wheat and tasseling stage of maize when the soil microbial activity is the strongest. It is beneficial to supply consistent nutrition in the middle-late growth stage when more organic matter is decomposed by stronger microbial activity.
1.化肥与有机肥(猪粪、秸秆)配施,可以节约氮肥5%-63%、磷肥4%-62%、钾肥16%-98%,极大地降低了生产成本,也有利于农业环境保护。
2.有机肥与化肥配合施用,逐年增加贫瘠红棕紫泥土壤小麦和玉米产量,以大约50%的化肥配施猪粪或作物秸秆的效果最明显,与习惯施肥相比(2008-2009年),小麦年平均增产806 kg·hm-2,玉米年平均增产810 kg·hm-2。从产量构成上看,小麦千粒重、穗粒数和有效小穗数分别提高了10.6%、11.6%、7.8%,玉米百粒重、穗粒数、株高、穗长分别提高了3.6%、2.8%、2.4%、5.9%。
3.有机肥与化肥配施显著提高作物的氮素吸收量。与习惯施肥相比,猪粪与化肥配施处理(FM1)和有机肥(猪粪、秸秆)与化肥配施处理(FM3)增幅最大,分别增加了0.5%-47.6%、4.4%-37.1%。；猪粪与化肥配施(FM1)、秸秆与化肥配施(FM2)和有机肥(猪粪、秸秆)与化肥配施(FM3)处理的氮肥农学效率分别比习惯施肥处理(F1)高72.80%、72.5%和96.6%：有机肥与化肥配施显著提高作物籽粒含氮量,猪粪与化肥配施(FM1)、秸秆与化肥配施(FM2)和有机肥(猪粪、秸秆)与化肥配施(FM3)处理分别比习惯施肥处理(F1)高34.1%、13.1%和34.0%,但它们与平衡施肥处理(F2)处理之间差异不显著。
4.在耕作层(0-20cm)土壤中,除全钾外,有机质、全氮、全磷、有效N、P、K含量均高于犁底层的土壤(20-40cm),说明当地原有的施肥制度在耗竭土壤的钾素,而平衡施肥或化肥配施有机肥可以增加土壤的钾素营养,尤其是秸秆与化肥配施、有机肥(猪粪、秸秆)与化肥配施的效果十分明显。
5.在小麦主要生育期,各处理的土壤NH4+-N变化于4.21 mg·kg-1-11.78 mg·kg-1,NO3--N变化于3.70 mg·kg-1-31.85 mg·kg-1之间。在玉米生育期,土壤NH4+-N变化范围为4.15mg·kg-1-14.34 mg·kg-1,NO3--N为1.65 mg·kg-1-33.40 mg·kg-1。小麦拔节期,玉米的喇叭口期和抽雄期是氮素营养的强度期,化肥配施有机肥使土壤NH4+-N和NO3--N变化与作物需求协调,有机肥供肥平缓持续,这可能是获得作物高产的原因之一。
6.有机肥与化肥配施显著提高土壤微生物活性,并在作物旺长期达到最大值。在微生物活性最强的小麦灌浆期和玉米抽雄期,有机肥与化肥配施的微生物碳分别比常规施肥提高122.6%-151.4%、44.30%-97.5%。较强的微生物活性能够促进有机质转化分解,有利作物中后期养分的持续供应。
In order to study the influence of organic and chemical fertilizer combination on crop yields, nitrogen utilization, nutrient and microbial carbon in soil, a field experiment was carried out with wheat and maize growing in purple soil in Dianjiang County, Chongqing, from 2007 to 2009. The main results obtained were as follows:
1. Application of chemical fertilizer plus manure or straw decreased greatly N fertilizer by 5%～63%, P by 4%～62%, and K by 16%～98%, respectively, resulting in less environment pollution.
2. Combination of organic and chemical fertilizers also enhanced significantly the yields of wheat and maize year by year. FM3 obtained highest crop yields compared to the traditional fertilization treatment, namely with the yield increment of 806 kg·hm-2s for wheat and 810 kghm-2for maize during 2008-2009. The direct reasons for high grain output were mainly due to the enhancement of grain weight per a thousand grain, grain numbers per ear, and available spikelet for both wheat and maize.
3. Plant N uptake enhanced significantly by adding organic fertilizer together with chemical fertilizers. Compare to traditional fertilization, FM1 and FM3 resulted in the largest increment of plant N absorption by 0.5%～47.6% and by 4.4%～37.1%. Agronomic N efficiency increased by 72.8%(FM1),72.5%(FM2), and 96.6%(FM3), respectively, on the base of Fl. Similarly, FM1, FM2 and FM3 increased N content in grain was by 34.1%,13.1%, and 34%. However, there were no significant differences in grain N contents among with balance fertilization treatments.
4. Contents of organic matter, total N, total P and available N, P, K in the farming layer(0～20cm) were significantly higher than in the plow pan(20～40cm) except total K, which show that K in soil is being exhausted by the original fertilization systems in local. Balanced fertilization or combined application of organic and chemical fertilizers and increase the content of K in soil, the effection is especially significant when applied with straw (FM2, FM3).
5. Concentration of NH4+-N in soil varied from 4.21 mg·kg-1～11.78 mg·kg-1 on main growth stage of wheat, and NO3--N in soil varied from 3.70 mg·kg-1～31.85 mg·kg-1. And on maim growth stage of maize, NH4+-N in soil varied from 4.15 mg-kg-1-14.34 mg·kg-1,NO3--N varied from 1.65 mg·kg-1～33.40 mg·kg-1. Jointing stage of wheat, trumpet stage and tasseling stage of maize are the period of strength for N uptake. Changes of NH4+-N and NO3--N concentration in soil in treatments applied with organic and chemical fertilizers are consistent with the demand, and the supply is gradual and sustainable, which is probably one of the reason for high outputs.
6. Soil microbial activity can be increased significantly and reach the highest point in vigorous growth stages when organic and chemical fertilizers were applied together, and SMBC is higher than F1 by 122.6%～151.4% and 44.3%～97.5% at filling stage of wheat and tasseling stage of maize when the soil microbial activity is the strongest. It is beneficial to supply consistent nutrition in the middle-late growth stage when more organic matter is decomposed by stronger microbial activity.
引文
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