控释氮肥在超级玉米上的平衡施肥与养分高效利用研究
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摘要
通过平衡施肥,降低施肥量,提高肥料利用率是实现超级玉米大面积应用推广和高产、优质、高效、安全生产的关键因素。控释氮肥作为平衡施肥中的氮肥品种既可实现养分配比的横向平衡,又可实现氮素供应在各生育期的纵向平衡。通过两年的田间试验,研究了在平衡施肥条件下超级玉米对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收累积规律,以及对玉米产量、肥料利用率、硝态氮累积和施肥模型的影响,旨在通过对上述研究内容的了解和掌握,为合理施肥提供科学依据。主要研究结果如下:
平衡施肥对超级玉米有显著的增产作用。过量施肥没有增产效果,且随施肥量的增加籽粒产量有所降低。当季控释氮减半磷钾中量处理N1P2K2产量较速效氮中量磷钾中量处理SN2P2K2低1.72%,连续三季(包括冬小麦)施用后玉米产量较速效尿素处理SN2P2K2增加6.46%。空白处理N0P0K0与无氮处理N0P2K2相比,玉米产量未表现出显著性差异,表明在此土壤条件下不施氮,仅施用磷、钾肥不能提高玉米产量。2008年最高产量处理(N2P1K2)较其它处理增产1.43%～36.59%,2009年最高产处理处理(N2P2K2)较其它处理增产3.56%～116%。同时控释氮肥的1次施用满足了玉米各生育期营养需求,与普通尿素2次施用相比,株高、茎粗显著增加,植株生长健壮,增产效果显著。
在各试验处理条件下,玉米的地上部干物质累积动态曲线基本一致呈“S”型,符合生物量累积的一般规律。玉米植株内氮磷钾含量均随生育期的延长而逐渐降低。玉米地上部氮、磷和钾累积量均在成熟期达到最大。2008季成熟期时,处理N2P2K2氮素累积量较无、低、高氮中量磷钾处理高58.70%、24.4%、0.25%,N2P2K2有利于玉米氮素累积;处理N2P1K2磷累积量较无、中、高磷处理高35.24%、1.73%、11.21%,N2P1K2有利于玉米磷素累积;处理N2P2K3钾累积量较无、低、中钾处理高81.15%、58.39%、14.83%,N2P2K3有利于玉米钾素累积。
玉米氮肥农学效率、氮肥利用效率和氮肥偏生产力均随施氮量的增加而显著降低,表现为N1P2K2>N2P2K2>SN2P2K2>N3P2K2/ SN3P2K2。等氮条件下,控释氮处理N2P2K2的氮效率高于速效氮处理SN2P2K2。各施磷处理也表现为随施磷水平的增加,磷肥农学效率和利用效率有所降低,但在某些处理间未达到显著性差异。2008年N2P3K2的磷肥农学效率为负值,说明过量施磷抑制了对玉米的增产作用。合理施钾可提高钾素农学效率,施钾过量后钾效率下降。平衡施肥可以提高肥料利用率。
施氮可显著增加玉米季0～100cm剖面土壤NO_3~--N含量,施氮量高,累积量也高。玉米生育前期普通尿素处理NO_3~--N主要累积在40～80cm剖面范围,而控释氮肥处理NO_3~--N累积则更多集中于0～40cm剖面范围。收获期由于控释氮肥缓慢释放特点,使0～100cm土层内NO_3~--N含量普遍较普通尿素处理高。随施氮量的增加,各处理土壤氮素总的表观盈余量明显增大,最高可达128.7 kgN·hm~(-2)。在等量施氮条件下,控释氮肥的土壤氮素盈余量均高于普通尿素。
综合考虑田块土壤实际情况、肥料利用率及肥料效应拟合结果等因素,根据玉米产量与施肥量的关系,结合专业判断确定最佳施肥量,提出该超高产夏玉米品种(登海661)理论肥料组合为掺混比7:3的控施氮肥(纯N) 375~487kg·hm~(-2)、磷肥(P2O5) 75~150kg·hm~(-2)、钾肥(K_2O) 300~363kg·hm~(-2)。控释氮肥释放具有与玉米吸收相同步的特点,可以一季作物作基肥一次使用,连续施用控释氮肥后,根据控释氮肥的较强后效性特点可以适当减少控释氮肥施用量。
Balancing fertilization, reducing the quantity of applied fertilizers and raising the utilization efficiency were the key factors which could accomplish“the good quality, high yield, high efficiency and security”of super maize. Controlled-release N fertilizer could realize the balance not only on the proportioning of nutrients, but also on the supply of N during the different growth period. The field experiment was taken for two years and analyzed the effects of balancing fertilization on the rules of N, P, K nutrient uptake and accumulation. Meanwhile, the effects on maize yield, nutrient use efficiency, NO3--N accumulation and model of fertilization were studied. By understanding and mastering the content, it gave a scientific suggestion for fertilizer application. The main results were showed as follows:
Balancing fertilization had a significantly effects on summer maize yield. It did not have notable action on increase of crop production with excessive nitrogenous fertilizers. And the maize yield decreased with the increase of the fertilizer. The seasonal yield was 1.72% lower than treatment SN2P2K2, and after three successive season maize yield increased by 6.46% under N1P2K2 (50% nitrogen fertilizer). However, N0P0K0 and N0P2K2 had no significant differences among yield, which indicated that on non-nitrogen fertilizer and in P, K treatments could not increase the yield of maize. The yield of N2P1K2 was the highest, and it was higher than other treatments by 1.43% to 36.59% in 2008.Then in 2009 N2P2K2 increasing were ranged from 3.56% to 116% in comparison with other treatments. Compared with urea fertilizer be applied twice in summer maize, controlled -release fertilizer could meet the nutrient requirement of summer maize. The plant of maize grew strongly, and the plant height, stalk diameter increased significantly.
Under the experimental conditions, shoot biomass of summer maize could be described by“S”curve. N, P, K concentration was highest in seeding stage of summer maize, and was lessening nutrient content with growth periods. N, P, K accumulation in stem maximized in maturing stage. In 2008, N accumulation of N2P2K2 increased 58.70%, 24.40%, 0.25% in comparison with N0P2K2, N1P2K2 and N3P2K2; P accumulation of N2P1K2 increased 5.24%, 1.73%, 11.21% in comparison with N2P0K2, N2P2K2 and N2P3K2; K accumulation of N2P2K3 increased 81.15%, 58.39%, 14.83%, N2P2K3 was ranged from 14.83% to 116.0% in comparison with other K treatments.
The agronomy efficiency of applied N, the efficiency of nitrogenous and partial factor productivity from applied N of summer maize were generally decreased with fertilizer rate increasing, and the order was as follows: N1P2K2>N2P2K2>SN2P2K2>N3P2K2/ SN3P2K2. Nitrogen use efficiency of controlled-release N fertilizer treatments were elevated comparing to urea treatments. The agronomy efficiency of applied P, the efficiency of phosphate decreased with the increase of the phosphate fertilizer, and there was not significant difference on some of treatments. The agronomy efficiency of applied P was negative value in 2008 which indicated that excessive P fertilizer would restrain increasing production of summer maize. Rational K fertilization increased the agronomy efficiency of applied K, and the efficiency of K decreased with the increase of K fertilizer. As a result, balanced fertilization could increase fertilizer use efficiency.
N application significant increased NO_3~--N accumulation in 0～100cm depth of soil profile, residual NO_3~--N was high when high N rate was applied in summer maize season. NO_3~--N more accumulated in 40～80cm depth of urea treatments soil profile, and in 0～40cm depth of controlled release N fertilizer treatments soil profile at summer maize early growth stage. For controlled release N fertilizer treatments, accumulated in 0～100cm depth of soil profile with its slowly release characters. In addition, the apparent budget of soil N (ABSN) increased with the application of N fertilizer, and the highest ABSN content was 128.7 kgN·hm~(-2). ABSN of controlled-release N fertilizer treatments were elevated comparing to urea treatments.
Combination the factors of nutrient accumulation, grain yield, fertilizer use efficiency, fitting the results of fertilizer effects and the professional judgments,the most optimum amounts of fertilizers of N(blending ratio of CRU/U was 7:3), P_2O_5, K_2O were 375~487kg·hm~(-2), 75~150kg·hm~(-2) and 300~363kg·hm~(-2). Under continuous controlled-release N fertilizer and according to the characteristics of the continuous effects, the amount of applied controlled-release fertilizer could be reduced significantly.
平衡施肥对超级玉米有显著的增产作用。过量施肥没有增产效果,且随施肥量的增加籽粒产量有所降低。当季控释氮减半磷钾中量处理N1P2K2产量较速效氮中量磷钾中量处理SN2P2K2低1.72%,连续三季(包括冬小麦)施用后玉米产量较速效尿素处理SN2P2K2增加6.46%。空白处理N0P0K0与无氮处理N0P2K2相比,玉米产量未表现出显著性差异,表明在此土壤条件下不施氮,仅施用磷、钾肥不能提高玉米产量。2008年最高产量处理(N2P1K2)较其它处理增产1.43%～36.59%,2009年最高产处理处理(N2P2K2)较其它处理增产3.56%～116%。同时控释氮肥的1次施用满足了玉米各生育期营养需求,与普通尿素2次施用相比,株高、茎粗显著增加,植株生长健壮,增产效果显著。
在各试验处理条件下,玉米的地上部干物质累积动态曲线基本一致呈“S”型,符合生物量累积的一般规律。玉米植株内氮磷钾含量均随生育期的延长而逐渐降低。玉米地上部氮、磷和钾累积量均在成熟期达到最大。2008季成熟期时,处理N2P2K2氮素累积量较无、低、高氮中量磷钾处理高58.70%、24.4%、0.25%,N2P2K2有利于玉米氮素累积;处理N2P1K2磷累积量较无、中、高磷处理高35.24%、1.73%、11.21%,N2P1K2有利于玉米磷素累积;处理N2P2K3钾累积量较无、低、中钾处理高81.15%、58.39%、14.83%,N2P2K3有利于玉米钾素累积。
玉米氮肥农学效率、氮肥利用效率和氮肥偏生产力均随施氮量的增加而显著降低,表现为N1P2K2>N2P2K2>SN2P2K2>N3P2K2/ SN3P2K2。等氮条件下,控释氮处理N2P2K2的氮效率高于速效氮处理SN2P2K2。各施磷处理也表现为随施磷水平的增加,磷肥农学效率和利用效率有所降低,但在某些处理间未达到显著性差异。2008年N2P3K2的磷肥农学效率为负值,说明过量施磷抑制了对玉米的增产作用。合理施钾可提高钾素农学效率,施钾过量后钾效率下降。平衡施肥可以提高肥料利用率。
施氮可显著增加玉米季0～100cm剖面土壤NO_3~--N含量,施氮量高,累积量也高。玉米生育前期普通尿素处理NO_3~--N主要累积在40～80cm剖面范围,而控释氮肥处理NO_3~--N累积则更多集中于0～40cm剖面范围。收获期由于控释氮肥缓慢释放特点,使0～100cm土层内NO_3~--N含量普遍较普通尿素处理高。随施氮量的增加,各处理土壤氮素总的表观盈余量明显增大,最高可达128.7 kgN·hm~(-2)。在等量施氮条件下,控释氮肥的土壤氮素盈余量均高于普通尿素。
综合考虑田块土壤实际情况、肥料利用率及肥料效应拟合结果等因素,根据玉米产量与施肥量的关系,结合专业判断确定最佳施肥量,提出该超高产夏玉米品种(登海661)理论肥料组合为掺混比7:3的控施氮肥(纯N) 375~487kg·hm~(-2)、磷肥(P2O5) 75~150kg·hm~(-2)、钾肥(K_2O) 300~363kg·hm~(-2)。控释氮肥释放具有与玉米吸收相同步的特点,可以一季作物作基肥一次使用,连续施用控释氮肥后,根据控释氮肥的较强后效性特点可以适当减少控释氮肥施用量。
Balancing fertilization, reducing the quantity of applied fertilizers and raising the utilization efficiency were the key factors which could accomplish“the good quality, high yield, high efficiency and security”of super maize. Controlled-release N fertilizer could realize the balance not only on the proportioning of nutrients, but also on the supply of N during the different growth period. The field experiment was taken for two years and analyzed the effects of balancing fertilization on the rules of N, P, K nutrient uptake and accumulation. Meanwhile, the effects on maize yield, nutrient use efficiency, NO3--N accumulation and model of fertilization were studied. By understanding and mastering the content, it gave a scientific suggestion for fertilizer application. The main results were showed as follows:
Balancing fertilization had a significantly effects on summer maize yield. It did not have notable action on increase of crop production with excessive nitrogenous fertilizers. And the maize yield decreased with the increase of the fertilizer. The seasonal yield was 1.72% lower than treatment SN2P2K2, and after three successive season maize yield increased by 6.46% under N1P2K2 (50% nitrogen fertilizer). However, N0P0K0 and N0P2K2 had no significant differences among yield, which indicated that on non-nitrogen fertilizer and in P, K treatments could not increase the yield of maize. The yield of N2P1K2 was the highest, and it was higher than other treatments by 1.43% to 36.59% in 2008.Then in 2009 N2P2K2 increasing were ranged from 3.56% to 116% in comparison with other treatments. Compared with urea fertilizer be applied twice in summer maize, controlled -release fertilizer could meet the nutrient requirement of summer maize. The plant of maize grew strongly, and the plant height, stalk diameter increased significantly.
Under the experimental conditions, shoot biomass of summer maize could be described by“S”curve. N, P, K concentration was highest in seeding stage of summer maize, and was lessening nutrient content with growth periods. N, P, K accumulation in stem maximized in maturing stage. In 2008, N accumulation of N2P2K2 increased 58.70%, 24.40%, 0.25% in comparison with N0P2K2, N1P2K2 and N3P2K2; P accumulation of N2P1K2 increased 5.24%, 1.73%, 11.21% in comparison with N2P0K2, N2P2K2 and N2P3K2; K accumulation of N2P2K3 increased 81.15%, 58.39%, 14.83%, N2P2K3 was ranged from 14.83% to 116.0% in comparison with other K treatments.
The agronomy efficiency of applied N, the efficiency of nitrogenous and partial factor productivity from applied N of summer maize were generally decreased with fertilizer rate increasing, and the order was as follows: N1P2K2>N2P2K2>SN2P2K2>N3P2K2/ SN3P2K2. Nitrogen use efficiency of controlled-release N fertilizer treatments were elevated comparing to urea treatments. The agronomy efficiency of applied P, the efficiency of phosphate decreased with the increase of the phosphate fertilizer, and there was not significant difference on some of treatments. The agronomy efficiency of applied P was negative value in 2008 which indicated that excessive P fertilizer would restrain increasing production of summer maize. Rational K fertilization increased the agronomy efficiency of applied K, and the efficiency of K decreased with the increase of K fertilizer. As a result, balanced fertilization could increase fertilizer use efficiency.
N application significant increased NO_3~--N accumulation in 0～100cm depth of soil profile, residual NO_3~--N was high when high N rate was applied in summer maize season. NO_3~--N more accumulated in 40～80cm depth of urea treatments soil profile, and in 0～40cm depth of controlled release N fertilizer treatments soil profile at summer maize early growth stage. For controlled release N fertilizer treatments, accumulated in 0～100cm depth of soil profile with its slowly release characters. In addition, the apparent budget of soil N (ABSN) increased with the application of N fertilizer, and the highest ABSN content was 128.7 kgN·hm~(-2). ABSN of controlled-release N fertilizer treatments were elevated comparing to urea treatments.
Combination the factors of nutrient accumulation, grain yield, fertilizer use efficiency, fitting the results of fertilizer effects and the professional judgments,the most optimum amounts of fertilizers of N(blending ratio of CRU/U was 7:3), P_2O_5, K_2O were 375~487kg·hm~(-2), 75~150kg·hm~(-2) and 300~363kg·hm~(-2). Under continuous controlled-release N fertilizer and according to the characteristics of the continuous effects, the amount of applied controlled-release fertilizer could be reduced significantly.
引文
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