复杂山地多波宽频带地震数据采集关键技术研究
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摘要
随着工业化水平的提升和经济的快速发展，能源问题已成为我国经济发展的重大制约因素，数据显示至2015年我国石油需求量将达5.4亿吨，对外依存度也将升至60%以上。为应对能源紧缺问题，需要加快油气资源勘探的步伐，扩大能源勘探的领域，而我国中西部主要盆地山前带勘探面积大，勘探程度低，但勘探潜力巨大，因此油气勘探面向复杂山地区域延伸是当前比较有效的解决途径。
作为当前油气资源勘探的主要方法，地震勘探在长期的实践应用过程中，取得了比较丰硕的成果，尤其是大规模陆上地震勘探设备性能的不断提升，使得地震勘探施工布线更为灵活，勘探效率也不断得到提升。然而在复杂山地地区，由于其地表地形条件和地下构造的复杂性，以及地理环境的特殊性，使得地震资料的采集非常困难，由此也对地震勘探技术和设备的进步与发展提出严峻的挑战。尤其是对设备的可扩展性及便携性、三分量检波器布设的随机性和不确定性、设备整体的兼容性以及在复杂条件下布设的灵活性、恶劣环境的同步问题及地震资料的现场质量控制等诸多关键问题提出了新的要求。同时地震勘探的首要问题是地震资料的科学采集问题，多波地震勘探方法尽管在技术上还有很多问题需要解决，但由于单次投入的成本就可以得到丰富的全波信息，因此纵波和转换波联合勘探代替单纯纵波勘探将成为一种趋势，尤其是其野外的可操作性和低成本特点，更适合复杂山地地震勘探。
针对上述山地勘探的特殊需求，本文依托于国家自然科学基金重大科研仪器设备研制专项“复杂山地多波宽频带地震数据采集系统研制”和国家杰出青年基金“核地球物理勘探技术仪器开发及应用研究”，从提高地震数据采集质量和勘探效率角度出发，以多波地震勘探方法为主导，开展集成姿态检测的多功能检波器、便携独立式信号采集站、自适应数据传输网络及控制采集软件等几个方面的研究，论文主要关键技术及取得的成果如下：
（1）多功能检波器姿态检测。采用高灵敏度MEMS加速度计组合正交三分量检波器，并集成高精度陀螺仪及电子罗盘、倾角传感器等，分别用于获取微弱地震信号、检波器方位及倾角等相关信息，以便调整检波器各分量更有效地接收多种地震波成分，更有利于实现检波器各个分量方位角偏差的修正。这种方式取代了传统能量近似估计方法所存在的固有误差。其方位信息能为传感器布设的提供很好支撑，保证震源激发点与接收点的一致性。
（2）基于FPGA及IP软核的信号采集站开发。将多路ADC（A/D转换器）的逻辑时序完全由硬件控制，利用双缓存技术实现数据的切换式存储，以消除存储延时导致的非均匀采样问题，并以此构建严格并行采集的数据通道。完全基于IP核开发的多任务驱动，使系统的配置和调整更为灵活，更大大提升了整机的集成化程度，从而提高了采集站的便携性。
系统基于FPGA平台的多功能IP软核驱动方式，从硬件方面提供采集系统的集成化程度，缩小设备体积。而采用单个信号采集站挂接四路三分量检波器，方便采集通道的扩展与裁剪需求，同时配合有线无线混合组网的数据传输方法，保证系统能够结合现场勘探需求，“因地制宜”地选取合理的观测系统，从而提高地震数据采集的质量和勘探的效率。
（3）系统动态范围的提升和低噪声处理。采用极低失调的固定增益运放级联可编程放大器，实现微伏级信号响应水平，以此提高系统输入动态范围；而干净稳定的电源是系统低噪声的保证，为了兼顾电源效率，采用LC滤波及LDO纹波抑制电路处理电源纹波及噪声，从而降低系统噪声，提高采集系统的保真性。
（4）提高采集系统兼容性及适应性。实现系统前级放大、滤波功能参数的可动态配置，以此兼容多种检波器和勘探方法，在加大系统带宽的同时，更能消除假频及畸变影响。系统采取有线无线以太网混合组网的数据传输方式，使得系统的施工布线更为灵活。
（5）基于QT平台和OpenGL的控制采集软件开发。开发易操作的图形化控制平台，并集成控制及传输协议、预处理及分析、二维波形快速切换显示、三维姿态显示等功能；基于矩形填充技术增强波形的可读性，并采用基于双缓冲技术的QWidget自动处理二维波形显示的屏幕闪烁现象；针对三维空间显示则基于OpenGL的3D框架，配合自定义检波器立体模型来实现，实时捕捉检波器姿态。
总体来说，本文利用独立式采集站，采用分布式远距离遥测采集的设计思想构建地震数据采集网络，集成三分量MEMS加速度计、电子罗盘、陀螺仪、倾角等传感器组成多功能检波器，设计多路可配置信号调理模块，提高系统动态范围及带宽，配合并行采集技术构成可扩展裁剪的多路严格并行采集电路，使得采集站能兼容多种检波器，同时利用有线无线混合组网的以太网传输技术增强系统在各种复杂施工条件下的适应性，提高地震数据传输的实时性和抗干扰能力，从硬件角度提升地震数据采集的品质。从而增强地震勘探设备在复杂山地施工的适应能力，灵活构建观测系统，进一步提高地震数据采集质量和勘探效率。
Along with the upgrading of the level of industrialization and rapid economy, theenergy problem has become the important restriction factor of economic developmentin China, Statistics show that China's oil demand will reach to540million tons to2015, and external dependency also will arise to more than60%. In order to deal withthe energy shortage problem, we need to accelerate the pace of oil and gas resourcesexploration and expand energy exploration areas, and the exploration area is large andlow degree in China’s Midwest basin piedmont zone, but the exploration potential ishuge, Therefore, the oil and gas exploration extends to complex mountainous regionwill be the more effective solutions.
As the main method of current oil and gas exploration, the seismic explorationhave made more fruitful results in the long-term practice process, especiallycontinuous increase of land seismic exploration equipment performance in a largescale, which make the seismic exploration construction wiring more flexible, andexploration efficiency has been improved continuously. In complex mountainousregion, however, because of the complexity of the surface topography condition andunderground structure, as well as the particularity of geographic environment, whichmakes it is very difficult to acquired the seismic data, and because of these it proposedsevere challenges to progress and development of seismic exploration technology andequipment. Especially proposing some new requirements to those key technologyincluding the calability and portability of the equipment, the randomness anduncertainty to layout three-component geophones, the overall compatibility of thedevice and its laid flexibility under complicated conditions, time synchronization inadverse environments and field quality control of seismic data. The primary problem of seismic exploration is the science of seismic data acquisition problems. Althoughmulti-wave seismic exploration method still has a lot of problems need to solve intechnically, but due to the cost of a single input can get abundant full waveinformation, so it will become a trend that the longitudinal wave and converted wavejoint exploration instead of pure longitudinal wave exploration, especially itsoperability and low cost characteristics in the field, which is more suitable forcomplex mountainous seismic exploration.
For the special requirements of the mountain exploration, this article relies on the"the development of multi-wave and broadband seismic data acquisition system undercomplicated mountainous condition which belongs to important scientific instrumentsequipment developed special for NSFC, and the "nuclear geophysical prospectingtechnology instrument development and application research" belonging to theNational Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholar. Improving the quality ofseismic data acquisition and the exploration efficiency as the springboard, anddominated by multi-wave seismic exploration method, launching several research thatmulti-functional sensor integrating the gesture detection, portable self-containedsignal acquisition station, adaptive data transmission network and control acquisitionsoftware and so on. There are the following key technologies and innovativeachievements in this paper:
(1) Gesture detection for multi-functional gepohone. Assembling the orthogonalthree-component geophone with high sensitivity of MEMS accelerometer, andintegrating high precision gyroscope, electronic compass and angle sensors,respectively for acquire the weak seismic signals, the orientation of geophone and tiltangle and other relevant information, in order to adjust the detector of eachcomponent to receive various seismic composition more effectively, and it isadvantage to implement the amendment of the each components of the detectorazimuth deviation. It replaced the traditional energy approximation estimation methodwhich exist the inherent errors. Its azimuth information can offer a good support forsensor layout of azimuth adjustment in the construction processed. Ensure theconsistency that the shot point of seismic source and acceptance point.
(2) Signal acquisition station development based on FPGA and IP soft-core. Thelogical sequence of the multi-channel ADC (A/D converter) is controlled by hardware,using the double buffer technology to realize the switch type storage of data toeliminate non-uniform use problem which is caused by the storage time delay caused,and build strict parallel acquisition data channels. Completely based on IP core development of multi-tasking driving, which make the system configuration andadjust more flexible, and enhance the integration degree of the machine greatly, thusimprove the portability of the acquisition station.
The system was based on FPGA platform, and multi-functional IP soft-core drivemode, it improves integration degree of the acquisition system from the aspects ofhardware, reduce the size of equipment. Using a single signal collection stationconnect four-way three-component geophone, and convenient to the expansion of theacquisition channel and meet the demand of cutting, at the same time, cooperate withdata transmission method of wire and wireless hybrid network, and ensures the systemcan meet with the need of field exploration,"adjust measures to local conditions " toselect reasonable observation system, so as to improve the quality of seismic dataacquisition and the efficiency of exploration.
(3) Upgrade of the system dynamic range and low noise processing. Achievingmicrovolt level signal response level to improve the input dynamic range adoptingfixed-gain amplifier with very low offset voltage and cascading programmableamplifier. Clean and stable power supply system is the assurance of low noise, inorder to balance the power efficiency, using LC filter and LDO ripple suppressioncircuit to processing power ripple and noise, thereby reducing the system noise andimprove the fidelity of the acquisition system.
(4) Improve the acquisition system compatibility and adaptability. Achieveprime amplification of the system, filtering function parameters could be configureddynamically. Therefore it is compatible to a variety of detectors and explorationmethods, at the same time, increasing system’s bandwidth, it eliminate aliasing anddistortion effects. The system adopts the mode of data transmission of wired andwireless Ethernet hybrid network, which make the construction and wiring moreflexible.
(5) The development of control acquisition software based on QT platform andOpenGL. Development of graphical control platform which is easy to operate andintegrated control and transmission protocol, pretreatment and analysis,2d waveformdisplay and switch quickly,3d gesture show and so on. Enhance the readability of thewaveform based on rectangle filling technology, and process the phenomenon oftwo-dimensional waveform display screen flicker automatically using the QWidgetwhich is based on double buffer technique. For the3D display, it is based on the3dframe of OpenGL, coordinating with custom three-dimensional model of the detector,and capturing detector’s gesture real-time.
Overall, the paper makes use of independent acquisition station, using the designidea of distributed remote telemetry collecting to building seismic data acquisitionnetwork, integrating three-component MEMS accelerometer sensors, electroniccompass, gyroscope, angle sensors to make up multi-functional detector, designingmulti-channel signal conditioning module which can be configured, and improve thesystem dynamic range and bandwidth, cooperating with parallel acquisitiontechnology to form the strict parallel acquisition circuit which can extensible and becutting, and making the acquisition station can be compatible with a variety ofdetector. At the same time, to use the Ethernet transmission technology of wire andwireless hybrid network to enhance the adaptability of system under variouscomplicated construction conditions, and to improve seismic data transmission ofreal-time and anti-interference ability, from the point of hardware to improve thequality of seismic data acquisition. Thus enhance the adaptability of seismicexploration equipment in complex mountainous region construction, and construct theobservation system flexibly, to further improve the quality of seismic data acquisitionand exploration efficiency.
作为当前油气资源勘探的主要方法，地震勘探在长期的实践应用过程中，取得了比较丰硕的成果，尤其是大规模陆上地震勘探设备性能的不断提升，使得地震勘探施工布线更为灵活，勘探效率也不断得到提升。然而在复杂山地地区，由于其地表地形条件和地下构造的复杂性，以及地理环境的特殊性，使得地震资料的采集非常困难，由此也对地震勘探技术和设备的进步与发展提出严峻的挑战。尤其是对设备的可扩展性及便携性、三分量检波器布设的随机性和不确定性、设备整体的兼容性以及在复杂条件下布设的灵活性、恶劣环境的同步问题及地震资料的现场质量控制等诸多关键问题提出了新的要求。同时地震勘探的首要问题是地震资料的科学采集问题，多波地震勘探方法尽管在技术上还有很多问题需要解决，但由于单次投入的成本就可以得到丰富的全波信息，因此纵波和转换波联合勘探代替单纯纵波勘探将成为一种趋势，尤其是其野外的可操作性和低成本特点，更适合复杂山地地震勘探。
针对上述山地勘探的特殊需求，本文依托于国家自然科学基金重大科研仪器设备研制专项“复杂山地多波宽频带地震数据采集系统研制”和国家杰出青年基金“核地球物理勘探技术仪器开发及应用研究”，从提高地震数据采集质量和勘探效率角度出发，以多波地震勘探方法为主导，开展集成姿态检测的多功能检波器、便携独立式信号采集站、自适应数据传输网络及控制采集软件等几个方面的研究，论文主要关键技术及取得的成果如下：
（1）多功能检波器姿态检测。采用高灵敏度MEMS加速度计组合正交三分量检波器，并集成高精度陀螺仪及电子罗盘、倾角传感器等，分别用于获取微弱地震信号、检波器方位及倾角等相关信息，以便调整检波器各分量更有效地接收多种地震波成分，更有利于实现检波器各个分量方位角偏差的修正。这种方式取代了传统能量近似估计方法所存在的固有误差。其方位信息能为传感器布设的提供很好支撑，保证震源激发点与接收点的一致性。
（2）基于FPGA及IP软核的信号采集站开发。将多路ADC（A/D转换器）的逻辑时序完全由硬件控制，利用双缓存技术实现数据的切换式存储，以消除存储延时导致的非均匀采样问题，并以此构建严格并行采集的数据通道。完全基于IP核开发的多任务驱动，使系统的配置和调整更为灵活，更大大提升了整机的集成化程度，从而提高了采集站的便携性。
系统基于FPGA平台的多功能IP软核驱动方式，从硬件方面提供采集系统的集成化程度，缩小设备体积。而采用单个信号采集站挂接四路三分量检波器，方便采集通道的扩展与裁剪需求，同时配合有线无线混合组网的数据传输方法，保证系统能够结合现场勘探需求，“因地制宜”地选取合理的观测系统，从而提高地震数据采集的质量和勘探的效率。
（3）系统动态范围的提升和低噪声处理。采用极低失调的固定增益运放级联可编程放大器，实现微伏级信号响应水平，以此提高系统输入动态范围；而干净稳定的电源是系统低噪声的保证，为了兼顾电源效率，采用LC滤波及LDO纹波抑制电路处理电源纹波及噪声，从而降低系统噪声，提高采集系统的保真性。
（4）提高采集系统兼容性及适应性。实现系统前级放大、滤波功能参数的可动态配置，以此兼容多种检波器和勘探方法，在加大系统带宽的同时，更能消除假频及畸变影响。系统采取有线无线以太网混合组网的数据传输方式，使得系统的施工布线更为灵活。
（5）基于QT平台和OpenGL的控制采集软件开发。开发易操作的图形化控制平台，并集成控制及传输协议、预处理及分析、二维波形快速切换显示、三维姿态显示等功能；基于矩形填充技术增强波形的可读性，并采用基于双缓冲技术的QWidget自动处理二维波形显示的屏幕闪烁现象；针对三维空间显示则基于OpenGL的3D框架，配合自定义检波器立体模型来实现，实时捕捉检波器姿态。
总体来说，本文利用独立式采集站，采用分布式远距离遥测采集的设计思想构建地震数据采集网络，集成三分量MEMS加速度计、电子罗盘、陀螺仪、倾角等传感器组成多功能检波器，设计多路可配置信号调理模块，提高系统动态范围及带宽，配合并行采集技术构成可扩展裁剪的多路严格并行采集电路，使得采集站能兼容多种检波器，同时利用有线无线混合组网的以太网传输技术增强系统在各种复杂施工条件下的适应性，提高地震数据传输的实时性和抗干扰能力，从硬件角度提升地震数据采集的品质。从而增强地震勘探设备在复杂山地施工的适应能力，灵活构建观测系统，进一步提高地震数据采集质量和勘探效率。
Along with the upgrading of the level of industrialization and rapid economy, theenergy problem has become the important restriction factor of economic developmentin China, Statistics show that China's oil demand will reach to540million tons to2015, and external dependency also will arise to more than60%. In order to deal withthe energy shortage problem, we need to accelerate the pace of oil and gas resourcesexploration and expand energy exploration areas, and the exploration area is large andlow degree in China’s Midwest basin piedmont zone, but the exploration potential ishuge, Therefore, the oil and gas exploration extends to complex mountainous regionwill be the more effective solutions.
As the main method of current oil and gas exploration, the seismic explorationhave made more fruitful results in the long-term practice process, especiallycontinuous increase of land seismic exploration equipment performance in a largescale, which make the seismic exploration construction wiring more flexible, andexploration efficiency has been improved continuously. In complex mountainousregion, however, because of the complexity of the surface topography condition andunderground structure, as well as the particularity of geographic environment, whichmakes it is very difficult to acquired the seismic data, and because of these it proposedsevere challenges to progress and development of seismic exploration technology andequipment. Especially proposing some new requirements to those key technologyincluding the calability and portability of the equipment, the randomness anduncertainty to layout three-component geophones, the overall compatibility of thedevice and its laid flexibility under complicated conditions, time synchronization inadverse environments and field quality control of seismic data. The primary problem of seismic exploration is the science of seismic data acquisition problems. Althoughmulti-wave seismic exploration method still has a lot of problems need to solve intechnically, but due to the cost of a single input can get abundant full waveinformation, so it will become a trend that the longitudinal wave and converted wavejoint exploration instead of pure longitudinal wave exploration, especially itsoperability and low cost characteristics in the field, which is more suitable forcomplex mountainous seismic exploration.
For the special requirements of the mountain exploration, this article relies on the"the development of multi-wave and broadband seismic data acquisition system undercomplicated mountainous condition which belongs to important scientific instrumentsequipment developed special for NSFC, and the "nuclear geophysical prospectingtechnology instrument development and application research" belonging to theNational Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholar. Improving the quality ofseismic data acquisition and the exploration efficiency as the springboard, anddominated by multi-wave seismic exploration method, launching several research thatmulti-functional sensor integrating the gesture detection, portable self-containedsignal acquisition station, adaptive data transmission network and control acquisitionsoftware and so on. There are the following key technologies and innovativeachievements in this paper:
(1) Gesture detection for multi-functional gepohone. Assembling the orthogonalthree-component geophone with high sensitivity of MEMS accelerometer, andintegrating high precision gyroscope, electronic compass and angle sensors,respectively for acquire the weak seismic signals, the orientation of geophone and tiltangle and other relevant information, in order to adjust the detector of eachcomponent to receive various seismic composition more effectively, and it isadvantage to implement the amendment of the each components of the detectorazimuth deviation. It replaced the traditional energy approximation estimation methodwhich exist the inherent errors. Its azimuth information can offer a good support forsensor layout of azimuth adjustment in the construction processed. Ensure theconsistency that the shot point of seismic source and acceptance point.
(2) Signal acquisition station development based on FPGA and IP soft-core. Thelogical sequence of the multi-channel ADC (A/D converter) is controlled by hardware,using the double buffer technology to realize the switch type storage of data toeliminate non-uniform use problem which is caused by the storage time delay caused,and build strict parallel acquisition data channels. Completely based on IP core development of multi-tasking driving, which make the system configuration andadjust more flexible, and enhance the integration degree of the machine greatly, thusimprove the portability of the acquisition station.
The system was based on FPGA platform, and multi-functional IP soft-core drivemode, it improves integration degree of the acquisition system from the aspects ofhardware, reduce the size of equipment. Using a single signal collection stationconnect four-way three-component geophone, and convenient to the expansion of theacquisition channel and meet the demand of cutting, at the same time, cooperate withdata transmission method of wire and wireless hybrid network, and ensures the systemcan meet with the need of field exploration,"adjust measures to local conditions " toselect reasonable observation system, so as to improve the quality of seismic dataacquisition and the efficiency of exploration.
(3) Upgrade of the system dynamic range and low noise processing. Achievingmicrovolt level signal response level to improve the input dynamic range adoptingfixed-gain amplifier with very low offset voltage and cascading programmableamplifier. Clean and stable power supply system is the assurance of low noise, inorder to balance the power efficiency, using LC filter and LDO ripple suppressioncircuit to processing power ripple and noise, thereby reducing the system noise andimprove the fidelity of the acquisition system.
(4) Improve the acquisition system compatibility and adaptability. Achieveprime amplification of the system, filtering function parameters could be configureddynamically. Therefore it is compatible to a variety of detectors and explorationmethods, at the same time, increasing system’s bandwidth, it eliminate aliasing anddistortion effects. The system adopts the mode of data transmission of wired andwireless Ethernet hybrid network, which make the construction and wiring moreflexible.
(5) The development of control acquisition software based on QT platform andOpenGL. Development of graphical control platform which is easy to operate andintegrated control and transmission protocol, pretreatment and analysis,2d waveformdisplay and switch quickly,3d gesture show and so on. Enhance the readability of thewaveform based on rectangle filling technology, and process the phenomenon oftwo-dimensional waveform display screen flicker automatically using the QWidgetwhich is based on double buffer technique. For the3D display, it is based on the3dframe of OpenGL, coordinating with custom three-dimensional model of the detector,and capturing detector’s gesture real-time.
Overall, the paper makes use of independent acquisition station, using the designidea of distributed remote telemetry collecting to building seismic data acquisitionnetwork, integrating three-component MEMS accelerometer sensors, electroniccompass, gyroscope, angle sensors to make up multi-functional detector, designingmulti-channel signal conditioning module which can be configured, and improve thesystem dynamic range and bandwidth, cooperating with parallel acquisitiontechnology to form the strict parallel acquisition circuit which can extensible and becutting, and making the acquisition station can be compatible with a variety ofdetector. At the same time, to use the Ethernet transmission technology of wire andwireless hybrid network to enhance the adaptability of system under variouscomplicated construction conditions, and to improve seismic data transmission ofreal-time and anti-interference ability, from the point of hardware to improve thequality of seismic data acquisition. Thus enhance the adaptability of seismicexploration equipment in complex mountainous region construction, and construct theobservation system flexibly, to further improve the quality of seismic data acquisitionand exploration efficiency.
引文
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