室内空气污染分析及典型污染物的释放规律研究
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摘要
目前人类已进入了以“室内环境污染”为特点的第三次污染时期,世界各国科研工作者都相继展开研究,而我国室内环境污染问题的研究还仍然处于起步阶段。通过本文的研究,积累了许多第一手资料,使得室内空气污染的研究更系统化和深入化,也得到了许多具有创新性意义的结论。
本文选取商场、超市、家居城、图书城、影剧院、火车站候车室6类有代表性的大型和超大型室内公共场所共18家,分别在不同区域或楼层布点采样,通过仪器法、分光光度法、气相色谱法、高效液相色谱法等方法检测这些场所的温度、相对湿度、空气流速、二氧化碳、臭氧、甲醛、氨、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、苯并[a]芘、总挥发性有机物、空气菌落总数、氡等14项环境指标,通过近1000个数据的对比分析总结出室内公共场所的污染分布规律。结果表明：典型室内公共场所各指标超标情况与场所内功能区有关。各场所物理性指标变化无规律性；化学性指标主要以二氧化碳、氨气、甲醛、TVOC以及BaP超标为主,并有其各自释放源与释放规律,场所内这些指标的浓度受温度等物理性指标的影响；生物性指标菌落总数超标率较低；放射性指标氡无超标现象。
选取百户新装修居室和百户非新装修居室,采集各户室内空气样(通风后门窗关闭12小时采样),分别运用乙酰丙酮分光光度法和气相色谱法进行甲醛、苯系物浓度的检测。对200户共800个数据进行对比分析,结果表明：新装修居室室内空气中甲醛超标严重,超标率为80%,最高超标近10倍。苯系物以甲苯和二甲苯的污染为主要特征,苯超标率为2%,污染不普遍；甲苯超标10%；二甲苯超标23%。通过统计软件SPSS13.0进行spearman相关性分析发现新装修居室中甲醛与苯系物主要来自不同释放源,而苯系物之间具有同源性。百户非新装修居室中甲醛污染仍十分严重,超标率为62%。苯的超标率仍为2%,甲苯和二甲苯的超标率均降至3%,污染已不具普遍性,因此苯系物不具有长达数年的污染时效。各选取50户装修1周、1个月、3个月以上的居室,运用气-质联用仪对其室内空气进行TVOC检测,发现TVOC浓度随装修时间的延长逐渐降低,3个月后超标率从68%降为26%。3个月后仍存在的TVOC组分59种,其中31种具有污染普遍性,组分中大多数为毒性物质。结合分析发现目前尚无有效实用的治理室内污染的设备、方法。
以甲醛、苯系物为研究对象在气候箱中按周期或时间段进行释放规律及影响因素的分析,发现不同测定时期板材中甲醛具有相似的释放规律,其释放曲线的多项式回归方程为Y=0.1398+0.02239X-3.89276E-4X2+2.85189E-6X3-7.26359E-9X4。不同板材来源对甲醛释放规律无显著影响;升高温度能加快甲醛的释放速率；改变湿度对甲醛的释放无显著影响；新风的通入会暂时改变甲醛的释放规律；板材表面暴露面积对甲醛释放有影响,但不呈线性关系。苯系物的释放规律为苯系物浓度随时间呈逐渐减弱的趋势,苯系物总浓度释放曲线的多项式回归方程为Y=0.11107+0.00915X-4.92932E-5X2。装修材料不同并不引起苯系物释放规律的显著变化：升温对苯系物各个时期的释放均有促进作用；湿度不能引起苯系物释放的明显变化；新风的通入只起到稀释作用,不能缩短释放周期。
采取实验与理论分析并用的方法对污染物释放周期、释放本质及是否产生二次污染物等问题进行深入分析得出结论：甲醛释放具有长期性,并通过计算得出中等装修、15m2左右居室中甲醛释放至少需要16年左右。在保证一定换气频率且无其它固定释放源的基础上,中等装修房屋中苯系物的释放期不超过1年。甲醛释放本质通过分析证明为：板材在使用后发生单体游离式和复合分解式甲醛的同时释放,但以单体游离式甲醛的释放为主,不会少于70%。分别于居室封闭1天、1周、1个月时采集室内空气样品,运用气相色谱法进行检测,发现室内空气中TVOC组分和浓度都发生变化,TVOC组分从18种增加到50种再降低到36种,但分析证明整个过程中并没有二次污染物的生成。
People have entered the third pollution period which characteristic was the indoor environmental pollution now, many scientists in the world have started their studies on it, but the studies of that in our country are just beganning. A lot of first-hand information was accumulated by the study of this paper, that made the study of indoor air pollution more systematically and deep, and also obtained a lot of innovative conclusions.
Eighteen representative large public places such as shopping malls, supermarkets, furniture stores, theater and railway station's waiting room were selected and sampled in their different areas or floors, then forteen environmental indicators in these places were detected by instrument method, spectrophotometry, gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and other methods, the indicators are temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, carbon dioxide, ozone, formaldehyde, ammonia, benzene, toluene, xylene, BaP, TVOC, colony number and radon. The distribution of pollution in public places was inferred through comparing and analyzing near 1000 datas, that was the exceeding standard of each indicator was related to the function areas of public places. The changes of physical indicators had no obvious rule. Carbon dioxide, ammonia, formaldehyde, TVOC and BaP were main exceeding standard ones in chemical indicators, and they had their own emission source and rules. The concentration of these indicators was affected by physical indicators such as temperature etal. The exceeding standard rate of biological indicator-total number of colonies was very low. Radioactive indicator-radon didn't exceed standard.
One hundred newly decorated rooms and one hundred non-newly decorated rooms were chosen to collect indoor air(sampling 12 hours later after closing doors and windows). Acetylacetone spectrophotometric method and gas chromatography were used to detect formaldehyde and BTEX in indoor air. Through comparing and analyzing 800 datas of 200 rooms, the result showed that formaldehyde exceeded standard seriously, and its exceeding standard rate was 80%, the highest concentration of formaldehyde exceeded standard nearly ten times. Toluene and xylene were main pollutants in BTEX. The exceeding standard rate of benzene was 2%, so its pollution was not widespread. Toluene's exceeding standard rate was 10%, and the same to xylene was 23%. The spearman correlation analysis was done by spss13.0 and the result showed that formaldehyde and BTEX in newly decorated rooms were from different sources, but all BTEX were from the same source. Pollution of formaldehyde in non-newly decorated rooms was still serious, its exceeding standard rate was 62%. The exceeding standard rate of benzene was still 2%, and that of toluene and xylene all reduced to 3%, their pollution weakened and inferred that the pollution of BTEX couldn't last more than several years. One hundred and fifty decorated rooms was chosen to detect TVOC of indoor air with GC-MS, among these rooms, fifty ones have decorated about one week, fifty ones have decorated about one month, and the others have decorated about three months. Analysis result showed that the concentration of TVOC decreased gradually with the time of decorating, its exceeding standard rate reduced to 26% from 68%. There were 59 TVOC components in indoor air of those rooms whose decorated time was more than three months, among them,31 TVOC components could pollute widely, and most of these components were toxic substances. All kinds methods used today to control pollution of indoor air were analysed and detected, and it was found that there was not effective and practical equipment or method to governance pollution of indoor air.
Formaldehyde and BTEX's release rules and influencing factors were researched in climate chamber according to release cycle or release time, it was found that fonnaldehyde in wood panels had similar release rule in different release cycle, its polynomial regression equation of release curves was Y=0.1398+0.02239X-3.89276E-4X2+2.85189E-6X3-7.26359E-9X4. The sources of wood panels had no effect on formaldehyde's release rule, elevating temperature could speed up formaldehyde's release rate, humidity's change had no visible effect on formaldehyde's release rule, importing of fresh air could change formaldehyde's release rule temporarily, and the area exposed of plate's surface had effect on formaldehyde's release rule, but they did not conform linear relationship. BTEX's release rule was their concentration lowed gradually with time, the polynomial regression equation of BTEX's release curves was Y=0.11107+0.00915X-4.92932E-5X2. The difference of decoration materials had no obvious effect on BTEX's release rule, elevating temperature could speed up BTEX's release in both periods, humidity's change had no visible effect on BTEX's release rule, fresh air could dilute BTEX's concentration, but it couldn't shorten the release time.
Experimental and theoretical analysis were all used to research some problems, such as the release time of pollutants, the nature of formaldehyde's releasing and whether it produced secondary pollutants, it was concluded that formaldehyde's release would last long time, and calculated that the release time of formaldehyde was 16 years at least in a medium decoration room whose area was about 15m2. On the basis of keeping regular ventilating and having no other release source, the release time of BTEX would not be more than one year in a medium decoration room. It was proved that wood panels would release single free-style formaldehyde and composite decomposition type formaldehyde at the same time, but single free-style formaldehyde was main, and it was released not less than 70%. Indoor air was sampled and detected respectively when the room was closed one day, one week and one month by using gas chromatography, it was found that the components and concentration of TVOC all changed, the components of TVOC increased to 50 kinds from 18 kinds, and then reduced to 36 kinds, but there was no formation of secondary pollutants through the whole process.
本文选取商场、超市、家居城、图书城、影剧院、火车站候车室6类有代表性的大型和超大型室内公共场所共18家,分别在不同区域或楼层布点采样,通过仪器法、分光光度法、气相色谱法、高效液相色谱法等方法检测这些场所的温度、相对湿度、空气流速、二氧化碳、臭氧、甲醛、氨、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、苯并[a]芘、总挥发性有机物、空气菌落总数、氡等14项环境指标,通过近1000个数据的对比分析总结出室内公共场所的污染分布规律。结果表明：典型室内公共场所各指标超标情况与场所内功能区有关。各场所物理性指标变化无规律性；化学性指标主要以二氧化碳、氨气、甲醛、TVOC以及BaP超标为主,并有其各自释放源与释放规律,场所内这些指标的浓度受温度等物理性指标的影响；生物性指标菌落总数超标率较低；放射性指标氡无超标现象。
选取百户新装修居室和百户非新装修居室,采集各户室内空气样(通风后门窗关闭12小时采样),分别运用乙酰丙酮分光光度法和气相色谱法进行甲醛、苯系物浓度的检测。对200户共800个数据进行对比分析,结果表明：新装修居室室内空气中甲醛超标严重,超标率为80%,最高超标近10倍。苯系物以甲苯和二甲苯的污染为主要特征,苯超标率为2%,污染不普遍；甲苯超标10%；二甲苯超标23%。通过统计软件SPSS13.0进行spearman相关性分析发现新装修居室中甲醛与苯系物主要来自不同释放源,而苯系物之间具有同源性。百户非新装修居室中甲醛污染仍十分严重,超标率为62%。苯的超标率仍为2%,甲苯和二甲苯的超标率均降至3%,污染已不具普遍性,因此苯系物不具有长达数年的污染时效。各选取50户装修1周、1个月、3个月以上的居室,运用气-质联用仪对其室内空气进行TVOC检测,发现TVOC浓度随装修时间的延长逐渐降低,3个月后超标率从68%降为26%。3个月后仍存在的TVOC组分59种,其中31种具有污染普遍性,组分中大多数为毒性物质。结合分析发现目前尚无有效实用的治理室内污染的设备、方法。
以甲醛、苯系物为研究对象在气候箱中按周期或时间段进行释放规律及影响因素的分析,发现不同测定时期板材中甲醛具有相似的释放规律,其释放曲线的多项式回归方程为Y=0.1398+0.02239X-3.89276E-4X2+2.85189E-6X3-7.26359E-9X4。不同板材来源对甲醛释放规律无显著影响;升高温度能加快甲醛的释放速率；改变湿度对甲醛的释放无显著影响；新风的通入会暂时改变甲醛的释放规律；板材表面暴露面积对甲醛释放有影响,但不呈线性关系。苯系物的释放规律为苯系物浓度随时间呈逐渐减弱的趋势,苯系物总浓度释放曲线的多项式回归方程为Y=0.11107+0.00915X-4.92932E-5X2。装修材料不同并不引起苯系物释放规律的显著变化：升温对苯系物各个时期的释放均有促进作用；湿度不能引起苯系物释放的明显变化；新风的通入只起到稀释作用,不能缩短释放周期。
采取实验与理论分析并用的方法对污染物释放周期、释放本质及是否产生二次污染物等问题进行深入分析得出结论：甲醛释放具有长期性,并通过计算得出中等装修、15m2左右居室中甲醛释放至少需要16年左右。在保证一定换气频率且无其它固定释放源的基础上,中等装修房屋中苯系物的释放期不超过1年。甲醛释放本质通过分析证明为：板材在使用后发生单体游离式和复合分解式甲醛的同时释放,但以单体游离式甲醛的释放为主,不会少于70%。分别于居室封闭1天、1周、1个月时采集室内空气样品,运用气相色谱法进行检测,发现室内空气中TVOC组分和浓度都发生变化,TVOC组分从18种增加到50种再降低到36种,但分析证明整个过程中并没有二次污染物的生成。
People have entered the third pollution period which characteristic was the indoor environmental pollution now, many scientists in the world have started their studies on it, but the studies of that in our country are just beganning. A lot of first-hand information was accumulated by the study of this paper, that made the study of indoor air pollution more systematically and deep, and also obtained a lot of innovative conclusions.
Eighteen representative large public places such as shopping malls, supermarkets, furniture stores, theater and railway station's waiting room were selected and sampled in their different areas or floors, then forteen environmental indicators in these places were detected by instrument method, spectrophotometry, gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and other methods, the indicators are temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, carbon dioxide, ozone, formaldehyde, ammonia, benzene, toluene, xylene, BaP, TVOC, colony number and radon. The distribution of pollution in public places was inferred through comparing and analyzing near 1000 datas, that was the exceeding standard of each indicator was related to the function areas of public places. The changes of physical indicators had no obvious rule. Carbon dioxide, ammonia, formaldehyde, TVOC and BaP were main exceeding standard ones in chemical indicators, and they had their own emission source and rules. The concentration of these indicators was affected by physical indicators such as temperature etal. The exceeding standard rate of biological indicator-total number of colonies was very low. Radioactive indicator-radon didn't exceed standard.
One hundred newly decorated rooms and one hundred non-newly decorated rooms were chosen to collect indoor air(sampling 12 hours later after closing doors and windows). Acetylacetone spectrophotometric method and gas chromatography were used to detect formaldehyde and BTEX in indoor air. Through comparing and analyzing 800 datas of 200 rooms, the result showed that formaldehyde exceeded standard seriously, and its exceeding standard rate was 80%, the highest concentration of formaldehyde exceeded standard nearly ten times. Toluene and xylene were main pollutants in BTEX. The exceeding standard rate of benzene was 2%, so its pollution was not widespread. Toluene's exceeding standard rate was 10%, and the same to xylene was 23%. The spearman correlation analysis was done by spss13.0 and the result showed that formaldehyde and BTEX in newly decorated rooms were from different sources, but all BTEX were from the same source. Pollution of formaldehyde in non-newly decorated rooms was still serious, its exceeding standard rate was 62%. The exceeding standard rate of benzene was still 2%, and that of toluene and xylene all reduced to 3%, their pollution weakened and inferred that the pollution of BTEX couldn't last more than several years. One hundred and fifty decorated rooms was chosen to detect TVOC of indoor air with GC-MS, among these rooms, fifty ones have decorated about one week, fifty ones have decorated about one month, and the others have decorated about three months. Analysis result showed that the concentration of TVOC decreased gradually with the time of decorating, its exceeding standard rate reduced to 26% from 68%. There were 59 TVOC components in indoor air of those rooms whose decorated time was more than three months, among them,31 TVOC components could pollute widely, and most of these components were toxic substances. All kinds methods used today to control pollution of indoor air were analysed and detected, and it was found that there was not effective and practical equipment or method to governance pollution of indoor air.
Formaldehyde and BTEX's release rules and influencing factors were researched in climate chamber according to release cycle or release time, it was found that fonnaldehyde in wood panels had similar release rule in different release cycle, its polynomial regression equation of release curves was Y=0.1398+0.02239X-3.89276E-4X2+2.85189E-6X3-7.26359E-9X4. The sources of wood panels had no effect on formaldehyde's release rule, elevating temperature could speed up formaldehyde's release rate, humidity's change had no visible effect on formaldehyde's release rule, importing of fresh air could change formaldehyde's release rule temporarily, and the area exposed of plate's surface had effect on formaldehyde's release rule, but they did not conform linear relationship. BTEX's release rule was their concentration lowed gradually with time, the polynomial regression equation of BTEX's release curves was Y=0.11107+0.00915X-4.92932E-5X2. The difference of decoration materials had no obvious effect on BTEX's release rule, elevating temperature could speed up BTEX's release in both periods, humidity's change had no visible effect on BTEX's release rule, fresh air could dilute BTEX's concentration, but it couldn't shorten the release time.
Experimental and theoretical analysis were all used to research some problems, such as the release time of pollutants, the nature of formaldehyde's releasing and whether it produced secondary pollutants, it was concluded that formaldehyde's release would last long time, and calculated that the release time of formaldehyde was 16 years at least in a medium decoration room whose area was about 15m2. On the basis of keeping regular ventilating and having no other release source, the release time of BTEX would not be more than one year in a medium decoration room. It was proved that wood panels would release single free-style formaldehyde and composite decomposition type formaldehyde at the same time, but single free-style formaldehyde was main, and it was released not less than 70%. Indoor air was sampled and detected respectively when the room was closed one day, one week and one month by using gas chromatography, it was found that the components and concentration of TVOC all changed, the components of TVOC increased to 50 kinds from 18 kinds, and then reduced to 36 kinds, but there was no formation of secondary pollutants through the whole process.
引文
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