隧洞混凝土衬砌腐蚀成因及防护研究
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摘要
混凝土是一种耐久性很好的材料,广泛应用于桥梁、堤坝、隧道等结构中,世界范围内由于环境条件的变化导致混凝土建筑物或构筑物出现腐蚀破坏的现象引起广泛关注。本文在系统介绍混凝土腐蚀及防护研究现状的基础上,对金堆城某隧洞混凝土衬砌腐蚀成因及防护进行了研究。通过竣工资料、测量、现场钻芯法测试检测手段,对隧洞的结构安全性进行评估,得出结论:隧洞局部施工缝、变形缝处理不密实,造成隧洞局部渗漏水,为衬砌腐蚀的发生形成了有利通道,是混凝土发生腐蚀的内因。通过对围岩特性、水化学分析、腐蚀物质及微生物分析,查明了隧洞混凝土衬砌腐蚀原因:由于围岩中含有大量的硫化矿物,隧洞地质条件的变化,使硫化物发生复杂的化学反应,使地下水pH值下降,Fe~(2+)、Fe~(3+)、SO_4~(2-)、Mg~(2+)等腐蚀离子成倍增加,污染了隧洞地下水,是混凝土发生腐蚀的外因。隧洞中微生物对混凝土的腐蚀虽不占主要部分,但也应引起相应的重视。空气对隧洞衬砌混凝土腐蚀危害较小,主要发生在隧洞出口处。环境气候中干湿交替、冻融交替频率的高低,直接影响着混凝土在腐蚀介质中的腐蚀速度,对混凝土腐蚀起到促进作用。内因和外因相互作用造成混凝土的腐蚀,因此对于隧洞混凝土衬砌的防护要从提高混凝土施工质量入手,在治理上要从减缓硫化矿物氧化速度和排除地下水两方面进行。
The concrete is a very good durable material, widely applying to the structure of the bridge, the dike, the tunnel and so on. The environmental condition change causes the concrete building or the construction appears the corrosion destruction phenomenon, which arouses the widespread concern in the world scope. This paper, based on systematically introducing concrete corrosion and the present situation of its protection research, has conducted the research to some tunnel concrete lining corrosion reason and the protection in Jin Duicheng. By means of analysing the completion material, surveying, using the law of drilling the core to test the scene, this paper carries on the appraisal to the tunnel structure security, and draws the conclusion: The tunnel partial construction joint and distortion seam processing are not dense, which creates the tunnel partial percolating water, and corrodes the occurrence for the lining work to form the advantageous channel. That is the internal cause for concrete corrosion. Through making analysis to the adjacent formation characteristic, the hydrochemistry, the corrosion matter and the microbiological, the writer has verified the tunnel concrete lining corrosion reason: in the adjacent formation there includes the massive curings mineral, the tunnel geology condition changes, the sulphurize has the complex chemical reaction and causes the ground water pH value to drop, corrosionion Fe~(2+), Fe~(3+), SO_4~(2-), Mg~(2+) and so on become double increasing, polluting the tunnel groundwater which are the external factor for the concrete corrosion. In the tunnel the microorganism although does not occupy the main part of the concrete corrosion, it should bring to the corresponding attention; The air is smaller to the tunnel lining concrete corrosion in harm, mainly occurring in tunnel exit. In the environment climate dry and wet changes in turn, the alternation of freezing and thawing frequency height, directly affect the concrete in corrosive medium corrosion rate, and corrode the promoter action to the concrete. The internal causes and the external factors mutually affect each other and cause the concrete corrosion, therefore we must start with improving the concrete construction quality considering the tunnel concrete lining protection and with slowing down the curing mineral oxidation rate in the government and removing the ground water to carry on.
The concrete is a very good durable material, widely applying to the structure of the bridge, the dike, the tunnel and so on. The environmental condition change causes the concrete building or the construction appears the corrosion destruction phenomenon, which arouses the widespread concern in the world scope. This paper, based on systematically introducing concrete corrosion and the present situation of its protection research, has conducted the research to some tunnel concrete lining corrosion reason and the protection in Jin Duicheng. By means of analysing the completion material, surveying, using the law of drilling the core to test the scene, this paper carries on the appraisal to the tunnel structure security, and draws the conclusion: The tunnel partial construction joint and distortion seam processing are not dense, which creates the tunnel partial percolating water, and corrodes the occurrence for the lining work to form the advantageous channel. That is the internal cause for concrete corrosion. Through making analysis to the adjacent formation characteristic, the hydrochemistry, the corrosion matter and the microbiological, the writer has verified the tunnel concrete lining corrosion reason: in the adjacent formation there includes the massive curings mineral, the tunnel geology condition changes, the sulphurize has the complex chemical reaction and causes the ground water pH value to drop, corrosionion Fe~(2+), Fe~(3+), SO_4~(2-), Mg~(2+) and so on become double increasing, polluting the tunnel groundwater which are the external factor for the concrete corrosion. In the tunnel the microorganism although does not occupy the main part of the concrete corrosion, it should bring to the corresponding attention; The air is smaller to the tunnel lining concrete corrosion in harm, mainly occurring in tunnel exit. In the environment climate dry and wet changes in turn, the alternation of freezing and thawing frequency height, directly affect the concrete in corrosive medium corrosion rate, and corrode the promoter action to the concrete. The internal causes and the external factors mutually affect each other and cause the concrete corrosion, therefore we must start with improving the concrete construction quality considering the tunnel concrete lining protection and with slowing down the curing mineral oxidation rate in the government and removing the ground water to carry on.
引文
[1]吴中伟,廉慧珍.高性能混凝土[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1999:27-29
[2]伍勇华.高矿化度沙漠水对基础混凝土的腐蚀及其防治技术.西安建筑科技大学硕士论文,2002
[3]韩静云,戴超,郜志海等.混凝土的微生物腐蚀[J].材料导报,2002,16(10):42-44
[4]洪乃丰.混凝土中钢筋腐蚀与防护技术-钢筋腐蚀危害与对混凝土的破坏作用[J].工业建筑,1999(8):68-70
[5]华畅主编.矿山与煤矿防腐工程设计施工新工艺新技术使用手册[M].当代中国音像出版社,2005
[6]张学元,杜元龙,史志明.钢筋混凝土腐蚀与防护的技术发展动态[J].腐蚀与防护,1999,20(1):9-12
[7]仲伟秋,王海超,何世钦.受腐蚀钢筋混凝土结构性能的研究[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报(自然科学版),2003,22(1):50-53
[8]储炜,史苑芗,魏宝明等.模拟混凝土孔溶液中钢筋钝化膜生长动力学及孔蚀过程的研究[J].电化学,1995,1(4):415-421
[9]马孝轩.混凝土土壤腐蚀快速模拟试验研究[J].建筑科学,1993,4:45-48.
[10]韩同春,王海青.热力学在混凝土腐蚀研究中的应用[J].焦作工学院学报,1997,16(4):67-72
[11]郭济中.对腐蚀破坏的钢筋混凝土构件加固防腐[J].工业建筑,1995,25(2):11
[12]张晓静.腐蚀对混凝土结构物的影响及防治[J].黑龙江水专学报,2002,29(4):106-107
[13]李永和,葛修润.钢筋混凝土结构腐蚀腐蚀裂纹扩展轨迹模拟与数值分析[J].土木工程学报,2003,36(2):3-7
[14]陈志城,包亦望.酸环境腐蚀对混凝土接触变形和腐蚀的影响[J].建筑材料学报,2001,4(3):45-50
[15]李清富,李瑞锋,李平先.水工混凝土结构损伤的特点和原因浅析[J].郑州工学院学报,1994,15(1):20-24
[16]张吉佐,方仲欣.滨海工业区钢筋混凝土构造物之腐蚀防制[J].土木水利,2002,28(1):41-52
[17]解灵霞.有害介质对钢筋混凝土的腐蚀特征综述[J].河北科技图苑,1996,(1):28-31
[18]左勇志,闫玉海,宋晓冰等.温度对碳化引起的钢筋混凝土腐蚀影响研究[J].工业建筑,2003,33(3):8-10
[19]谢绍东,周定.模拟酸雨对钢筋混凝土和三种外装饰材料影响的研究[J].四川师范学院学报(自然科学版),1995,16(1):43-50
[20]牛耀玉,李胜彪.环境温度对钢筋混凝土腐蚀的影响[J].全面腐蚀控制,2002,16(6):25-27
[21]刘晓敏,史志明,许刚等.硫酸盐和温度对钢筋腐蚀行为的影响[J].中国腐蚀与防护学报,1999,19(1):55-59
[22]王铠.环境气候与混凝土的结晶类腐蚀[J].勘查科学技术,1992,(1):8-12
[23]左伶俐.环境水对混凝土结构腐蚀的分析方法[J].工业安全预防尘,1995(6)
[24]Ellis W E,Jr.For Durable Concrete,Fly Ash Does Not "Replace"Cement,Point of View.Concerete International,1992,(7)
[25]周新刚,周长军,王振.混凝土中消除氯离子的原理与应用[J].工业建筑,2002,32(2):15-18
[26]杨建森,崔自治.氯离子对混凝土中钢筋的催蚀机理与防腐技术[J].工业建筑,2002,32(2):1-4
[27]盛东劲,霍加庆.四川崇州某水电站引水隧洞混凝土腐蚀原因分析及防治建议[J].现代隧道技术,2003,40(2):21-23
[28]石山,于延寿.污水隧道衬砌防腐蚀设计浅析[J].铁道标准设计,2002,(4):41-42
[29]唐国荣.铁路隧道衬砌抗侵蚀的试验研究[J].铁道标准设计,1966,(5):19-21
[30]陈友治,徐瑛,丁庆军等.酸性介质对钢筋混凝土腐蚀机理研究[J].武汉理工大学学报,2001,23(8):6-8
[31]G.J.Sulaimani,M.Kaleemullah.Influence of Corrosion and Cracking on Bond Behavior and Strength of Reinforced Concrete Members[J].ACI Structure Journal,1990,(2):220-231
[32]张文渊.SA改性水泥砂浆在水工混凝土表面腐蚀修补中的应用[J].建材技术与应用,2003,(1):50-51
[33]A STM Designation C1202294.Standard test method for electrical indication of concrete's ability to resist chlorideion penetration[S].USA,1994
[34]#12 测与设计,1993,(4):42-44
[35]马孝轩.混凝土土壤腐蚀快速模拟试验研究[J].建筑科学,1993,(4)
[36]Tvarusko A.Cathodic protection of new steel reinforced concrete sturctures[C].In:Proc 12th Inter Corr Cong,Houston USA,1993
[37]金堆城贫矿场堆浸实验研究报告.昆明理工大学,2003
[38]董国贤.水下公路隧道[M].北京:人民交通出版社,1984.12
[39]卢龙.硫化物矿物的表面反应及其在矿山环境研究中的应用.岩石矿物学杂志,2001,20(4):387-394
[40]大坝混凝土水灰比的选择(内部资料).丹江工程局,1978
[41]李侠,张益谦.金堆城钼矿固体废物对水环境的污染.地下水[J],2006,128(15):64-66
[42]马保平,胡高社,贺金刚等.金堆城钼业公司露天矿排土场稳定性及排土规划研究报告.金堆城钼业公司,2002
[43]阎兴虎.金堆城钼矿伴生元素赋存特征及综合利用[J].综合利用,1995,(1):50-52
[44]雷怡生,董振平,贺金刚等.金堆城钼业集团有限公司西川河排洪隧洞检测鉴定报告.西安建筑科技大学建(构)筑物检测鉴定站,2007
[2]伍勇华.高矿化度沙漠水对基础混凝土的腐蚀及其防治技术.西安建筑科技大学硕士论文,2002
[3]韩静云,戴超,郜志海等.混凝土的微生物腐蚀[J].材料导报,2002,16(10):42-44
[4]洪乃丰.混凝土中钢筋腐蚀与防护技术-钢筋腐蚀危害与对混凝土的破坏作用[J].工业建筑,1999(8):68-70
[5]华畅主编.矿山与煤矿防腐工程设计施工新工艺新技术使用手册[M].当代中国音像出版社,2005
[6]张学元,杜元龙,史志明.钢筋混凝土腐蚀与防护的技术发展动态[J].腐蚀与防护,1999,20(1):9-12
[7]仲伟秋,王海超,何世钦.受腐蚀钢筋混凝土结构性能的研究[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报(自然科学版),2003,22(1):50-53
[8]储炜,史苑芗,魏宝明等.模拟混凝土孔溶液中钢筋钝化膜生长动力学及孔蚀过程的研究[J].电化学,1995,1(4):415-421
[9]马孝轩.混凝土土壤腐蚀快速模拟试验研究[J].建筑科学,1993,4:45-48.
[10]韩同春,王海青.热力学在混凝土腐蚀研究中的应用[J].焦作工学院学报,1997,16(4):67-72
[11]郭济中.对腐蚀破坏的钢筋混凝土构件加固防腐[J].工业建筑,1995,25(2):11
[12]张晓静.腐蚀对混凝土结构物的影响及防治[J].黑龙江水专学报,2002,29(4):106-107
[13]李永和,葛修润.钢筋混凝土结构腐蚀腐蚀裂纹扩展轨迹模拟与数值分析[J].土木工程学报,2003,36(2):3-7
[14]陈志城,包亦望.酸环境腐蚀对混凝土接触变形和腐蚀的影响[J].建筑材料学报,2001,4(3):45-50
[15]李清富,李瑞锋,李平先.水工混凝土结构损伤的特点和原因浅析[J].郑州工学院学报,1994,15(1):20-24
[16]张吉佐,方仲欣.滨海工业区钢筋混凝土构造物之腐蚀防制[J].土木水利,2002,28(1):41-52
[17]解灵霞.有害介质对钢筋混凝土的腐蚀特征综述[J].河北科技图苑,1996,(1):28-31
[18]左勇志,闫玉海,宋晓冰等.温度对碳化引起的钢筋混凝土腐蚀影响研究[J].工业建筑,2003,33(3):8-10
[19]谢绍东,周定.模拟酸雨对钢筋混凝土和三种外装饰材料影响的研究[J].四川师范学院学报(自然科学版),1995,16(1):43-50
[20]牛耀玉,李胜彪.环境温度对钢筋混凝土腐蚀的影响[J].全面腐蚀控制,2002,16(6):25-27
[21]刘晓敏,史志明,许刚等.硫酸盐和温度对钢筋腐蚀行为的影响[J].中国腐蚀与防护学报,1999,19(1):55-59
[22]王铠.环境气候与混凝土的结晶类腐蚀[J].勘查科学技术,1992,(1):8-12
[23]左伶俐.环境水对混凝土结构腐蚀的分析方法[J].工业安全预防尘,1995(6)
[24]Ellis W E,Jr.For Durable Concrete,Fly Ash Does Not "Replace"Cement,Point of View.Concerete International,1992,(7)
[25]周新刚,周长军,王振.混凝土中消除氯离子的原理与应用[J].工业建筑,2002,32(2):15-18
[26]杨建森,崔自治.氯离子对混凝土中钢筋的催蚀机理与防腐技术[J].工业建筑,2002,32(2):1-4
[27]盛东劲,霍加庆.四川崇州某水电站引水隧洞混凝土腐蚀原因分析及防治建议[J].现代隧道技术,2003,40(2):21-23
[28]石山,于延寿.污水隧道衬砌防腐蚀设计浅析[J].铁道标准设计,2002,(4):41-42
[29]唐国荣.铁路隧道衬砌抗侵蚀的试验研究[J].铁道标准设计,1966,(5):19-21
[30]陈友治,徐瑛,丁庆军等.酸性介质对钢筋混凝土腐蚀机理研究[J].武汉理工大学学报,2001,23(8):6-8
[31]G.J.Sulaimani,M.Kaleemullah.Influence of Corrosion and Cracking on Bond Behavior and Strength of Reinforced Concrete Members[J].ACI Structure Journal,1990,(2):220-231
[32]张文渊.SA改性水泥砂浆在水工混凝土表面腐蚀修补中的应用[J].建材技术与应用,2003,(1):50-51
[33]A STM Designation C1202294.Standard test method for electrical indication of concrete's ability to resist chlorideion penetration[S].USA,1994
[34]#12 测与设计,1993,(4):42-44
[35]马孝轩.混凝土土壤腐蚀快速模拟试验研究[J].建筑科学,1993,(4)
[36]Tvarusko A.Cathodic protection of new steel reinforced concrete sturctures[C].In:Proc 12th Inter Corr Cong,Houston USA,1993
[37]金堆城贫矿场堆浸实验研究报告.昆明理工大学,2003
[38]董国贤.水下公路隧道[M].北京:人民交通出版社,1984.12
[39]卢龙.硫化物矿物的表面反应及其在矿山环境研究中的应用.岩石矿物学杂志,2001,20(4):387-394
[40]大坝混凝土水灰比的选择(内部资料).丹江工程局,1978
[41]李侠,张益谦.金堆城钼矿固体废物对水环境的污染.地下水[J],2006,128(15):64-66
[42]马保平,胡高社,贺金刚等.金堆城钼业公司露天矿排土场稳定性及排土规划研究报告.金堆城钼业公司,2002
[43]阎兴虎.金堆城钼矿伴生元素赋存特征及综合利用[J].综合利用,1995,(1):50-52
[44]雷怡生,董振平,贺金刚等.金堆城钼业集团有限公司西川河排洪隧洞检测鉴定报告.西安建筑科技大学建(构)筑物检测鉴定站,2007